STS111
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
System of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method.
Origin of the Universe?
Origin of the Planets?
End of the World?
1) Nuclear war
2) Biological and chemical warfare
3) Catastrophic climate change
4) Ecological collapse
5) Pandemics
6) Asteroid impact
7) Supervolcanic eruption
8) Solar geoengineering
10) Unknown risks
1ST SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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Galileo Galilei
Nicolas Copernicus
Charles Darwin
Galileo Galilei
● Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath
- Telescope
- Moons of Jupiter
Nicolas Copernicus
● Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon,
who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.
Charles Darwin
● Was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.
His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now generally accepted and
considered a fundamental concept in science
CHARLES DARWIN FORMULATED THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Scientific Inquiry
- is a process that is used to solve everyday problems or questions.
- Scientific Inquiry is also called the Scientific Method
In biology,
- Observation
- Hypothesis formation
- Hypothesis testing
- Data Analysis
- Acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis
Problem/Question: Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation.
Observation/Research: Make observations and research your topic of interest.
Formulate a Hypothesis: Predict a possible answer to the problem or question
- it should answer the original question, and it should be testable!
Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase.
Testing the Hypothesis/Experiment:
- Develop and follow a procedure. Include a detailed materials list.
The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).
Collect and Analyze Results (Data Analysis)
- Modify the procedure if needed.
- Confirm the results by retesting.
- Include tables, graphs, and photographs
Conclusion: Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis.
- Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure.
Communicate the Results:
- Be prepared to present the project to an audience.
- Expect questions from the audience.
HYPOTHESIS VS THEORY
Hypothesis
- Never really proven
- After many tests → True
- Takes the form of experimental or
comparative method.
- In ecology, we manipulate variable
Example:
- In 16th century in Europe, Heavier object fell faster than the lighter objects?
- Over time THEORY to explain natural phenomenon supported with evidences.
Scientific Revolution
● Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply
trying moments to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious
institutions whIt has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and
technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants.
● Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the people.
● There have also been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people’s perceptions and
beliefs.
● Much of these events happened in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution.
● Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the great intellectual achievements of science from sixteenth to
seventeenth century marking a radical change in the assumptions attitudes and methods in scientific inquiry.
● Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply
trying moments to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious
institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion and theological views.
● The Scientific Revolution develops as an offshoot of the Renaissance. The same questioning spirit that fueled the
Renaissance led scientists to question traditional beliefs and the Church about the workings of the universe. It
was a new way of thinking about the natural world.
● Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the only authorities accepted as truth
● A geocentric model of the universe, in which the Earth is at the center was supported during the Middle Ages
● Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars accepted and believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek
astronomer.
● Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of the universe.
● People felt this was common sense, and the geocentric theory was supported by the Church.
● It was not until some startling discoveries caused Europeans to change the way they viewed the physical world.
Industrial revolution- refers to complex technological innovations from 1750 to 1895 characterized by the substitutions
of machines for human skill and machine power for that of human and animal bringing a shift from handicraft to
manufacture and marking the birth of modern economy.
Causes or Genesis of the Scientific Revolution
● The remarkable achievements of specific individuals such as Nicolas Copernicus, Francis Bacon, Rene
Descartes, Andreas Vesalius, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton.
● The philosophy of new science, a new way of doing science using what is known as the
Comparative method:
“Effect of smoking on lung cancer in humans”
1. We cannot expose humans to cigarette smoke on a daily basis over long periods
2. Compare groups of humans that have voluntarily smoked for long period (>30 years) vs. never smoked
3. Compare the incidence of cancer
TECHNOLOGY
Greek words tekhne meaning “art or craft” and logi meaning a “subject or interest”.
● Practical application of knowledge
● Science of industrial arts and manufacture
● Material products or result of human fabrication and making.
TECHNOLOGY PROCECESS
● Identification (need) desire
● Conceptualization
● Production or execution of plan or design
● The use of phase.
DEVELOPMENT VS. INNOVATIONS
INNOVATIONS
Which involves commercialization of prototype inventions of Research and Development into marketable products or
processes.
DEVELOPMENT
Involves transforming research findings into prototype inventions of new materials, devices and processes.
Classification of technology based on a country’s level of technological sophistication.
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First Wave Technology-Agricultural Age- comprising the pre- industrial technologies which are
labor-intensive, small-scale, decentralized and based on empirical rather than scientific knowledge.
Second Wave technology- comprising the industrial technologies which were developed since the time of
industrial revolution until the end of World War II. These are usually capital-intensive technologies and are
essentially based on the classical principles of classical physics, chemistry and biology.
Third-Wave technology-comprising the post-industrial or the high technologies which are called
science-intensive since they are based on the modern scientific knowledge of the structures, properties and
interaction of molecules, atoms and nuclei.
SOCIETY
- A group of people living as a community or an organized group of people for a common purpose
Evolution of Societies
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Hunter and Gatherer Societies - the most primitive of all societies.
Shifting and Farming - slash and burn farming
Agricultural and Mining Societies
Manufacturing and Processing Societies- the use of coal marked the start of industrialization.
Synthesizing and Recycling Societies- production of synthetic food and other resources and recycling of
nonrenewable resources.
Historical Antecedents
Ancient Times
1.
Sumerian Civilization
Significant Contributions
● Cuneiform- a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks.
● Sexagesimal - using the number 60 as base, system of counting and a form of place notation.
● Ziggurats- Mountain of god, served as the sacred place of their chief god
● Potter’s wheel.
● Wheeled vehicle made of solid wooden wheels on axles now regarded as the greatest mechanical invention of all
time.
● materia medica -made up of assorted botanical, zoological and mineralogical ingredients.
● seed plow
● sail boat
● intricate system of canals, dikes and reservoir.
● the City of Uruk- a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world
● Divided the circle into 360 degrees.
● Developed advances mathematical functions to permit accurately plot and forecast.
● Zodiacal map of Sumer was used for practical mathematical and observational purposes.
● Code of Ur-Nammu- the oldest surviving law in the world. It is the earliest existing legal text
● Fabrication of copper
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Babylonian Civilization
Babylonia- ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq)
Significant Contributions:
● Nebuchadnezzar ordered the construction of the famous “Hanging Gardens of Babylon” and the Isthar Gate.
● They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system of counting in units, Ziggurat and cuneiform.
● Their measurements made use of fractions, squares and square roots.
● book-keeping, a simple but adequate system of double-entry accounting.
● Zodiac signs, concept of horoscope
● Prediction of solar and lunar eclipses.
● Jewelry making originated from the Babylonians
● Code of Hammurabi
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The Babylonian Map of the World- first map
Astrology, the science of studying the position of celestial bodies.
Egyptian Civilization
Egypt- located in the Northeastern part of the African continent, a desert country thriving on an agricultural economy.
Significant Contributions:
● The Egyptian writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics, representing individual
objects or actions.
● They wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus reeds.
● studies the heavens to record time, calculate distances/directions, forecast the seasons and predict annual
flooding of the Nile river.
● Egyptian calendar was based on their observations of the regular appearance and disappearance of Sirius the
brightest star
● The first 365-day calendar was possibly devised by IMHOTEP
● calculated the time by means of waterclock
● Another calendar was based on the phases of the moon, consisting of 29 and ½ days
● Nobles, men and women wore wigs, they used a variety of preparations for the hair such as henna.
● They used tweezers and razors to remove unwanted body hair.
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Both sexes wore jewelries, sandals, perfume and cosmetics-eye make-up and Kohl around the eyes to prevent or
even cure eye diseases.
They built pyramids such as Pyramid of Sakkara as Zoser’s tomb and memorial and Pyramid of Khufu or Cheof
Great sphinx- a stone statue with a king;s head and a lion’s boy to guard the pharaoh’s tomb
Egyptians knowledge of human anatomy, physiology and medical plants enabled them to master the art and
science of embalming the dead
From the Hyksos, they learned military technology and system
invented and used many simple machines such as ramp and lever, to aid construction process.
Take note: Nile River – yearly flooding, deposit of minerals
In Hellenistic Egypt, lighthouse technology was developed, the most famous example being the Lighthouse of
Alexandria- a port for the ships that traded the goods manufactured in Egypt or imported in Egypt.
4.
Greek Civilization
Greece- is an archipelago in the Southeastern part of Europe.
Significant Contributions:
● Take note: Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.
● Some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics.
● Their wise men were the first to systematically separate scientific ideas from superstition and stressed the
logical development of general principles or theories about natural phenomena.
● invented the alarm clock- used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm.
● Take note: Watermills were also considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization
to the world.
Greek Philosophers:
● Galen made the first steps for the advancement of the science of anatomy.
● Hippocrates- “Father of Greek Medicine”
Take note: He taught that diseases have natural causes and that somehow the human body is capable of healing or repairing
itself.
● According to Empedocles nature was a mixture of four elements: earth, fire, air and water.
● Thales of Miletus- Father of Philosophy,
● Anaxagoras- argued that matter was composed of countless tiny particles, atom
● Aristotle- identification and classification of organisms
● Archimedes
invented the science of hydrostatics- measurement and use of water-power
Take note: discovered the concept of gravity
● Thales,Phythagoras,Euclid- perfected geometry, as a single logical system.
● Ptolemy- wrote the Almagest, wherein he presented his ideas and summarized those of the earlier Greek
astronomers about the universe.
Take note: earth is the center of the solar system
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Roman Civilization
Take note: Roman Empire - Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.
Significant Contributions:
● One of the major contributions of the Romans is the newspaper- Gazettes
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Roman Empire was able to produce the first books or codex
They introduced the Roman numeral
Pantheon as one of the world’s greatest domed buildings and Colosseum
Chariot races and gladiatorial fights were held at Rome’s principal stadium, the Circus Maximus, which
accommodated some 300,000 people
large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, amphitheaters and even residential houses
Vitruvius first described the odometer
Anaximander was one of the first pioneer cartographers to create a map of the world
Olympics were dedicated to the Olympian Gods
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Arabic/Islamic Civilization
Take note: Arabia- is a rocky peninsula in Southwestern Asia. The most influential Muslim
Significant contributions:
● introduced the Arabic system of numbers
● They were the first to use glass lens for magnification
● They mix elements into gold
● produced the first gun
● First to manufacture the black powder
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Chinese Civilization
Take note: oldest civilization in Asia
It is also known as the middle kingdom, located on the far east of Asia
Significant contributions:
● People learned the technology of silk production
● Chopsticks came into use
● They invented the escapement, the basic device used to regulate clocks
● Great Wall of China – it serves as a barrier
● The Chinese had one of the most advanced systems of pharmacology- discovery of healing drugs and herbs
● They also practice apothecaries and acupuncture- was used to treat illnesses or pain by pricking the patient’s
body with needles at points believed to be connected with the visceral organs causing the pain
● They invented the “earthquake weathercock” to detect earthquake occurrence
● The use of toilet paper was also traced in China back to the sixth century
● Development of calligraphy, water color, painting and block printing were invented
● first movable type printer made form pottery was developed by Pi Sheng
● Tea production was developed
8.
Indus-Hindu Civilization
Take note: India- mainly in the Northwestern regions of South Asia
Significant contributions:
● Considered the most remarkable accomplishment of the Indus civilization was the construction layout of its
cities which featured water wells (that piped water supply) bathrooms and wastepipe or drains
● They excelled particularly in medicine and mathematics
● Traditional Indian medication had a very extensive pharmacopoeia and varieties of herbal remedies and drugs
● Indian surgeons successfully performed various operations like repair of broken limbs, complicated bone setting,
amputation, plastic surgery and Caesarian section
● They introduced the negative and positive quantities, square and cube roots, quadratic equations, mathematical
implications of zero and infinity and value of pi up to nine decimal places
● They also developed the steps in sine functions, spherical geometry and calculus
● Iron pillar of Delhi-the world’s first iron pillar
● Stupa was used as commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics
● Great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry
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Persian Civilization
Introduction of a uniform system of gold and silver coinage
first regular postal system in the world
Taxation system, an important component of the Achaemenid state administration
Qanat is a gently sloping underground channel that carries water from an aquifer or water well to houses and
fields. It is used for drinking water and irrigation of crops
Sulfuric acid was first discovered by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi
Medieval Times
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The period from 450A.D to 1450 A.D
is generally known as the period of history between Ancient Times and Modern Times.
This is usually divided into the so called Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages
The Age of Exploration
The start of the middle ages was marked by massive invasions and migrations
The Islamic world had become a civilization of colossal expansive and had imposed a unity of religion and
culture on much of southwest Asia and North Africa
Significant contributions:
● Printing press- After the Chinese, Johann Gutenberg developed a more reliable and way of printing using a cast
type
● Gunpowder and Canon- appeared around the 9th century A.D, followed by vigorous development of explosive
weapons from 1040 A.D
● Water mill – it was an integral part of the feudal economy. By using suitable mechanism, its rotary motion could
be converted to reciprocal motion making it a source of general power
● Windmill was used primarily for blowing bellows, filling cloth, forging iron, sawing, weaving and threshing
● Mechanical clock- tells time using gears driven by weights that pull the gears at the right pace
● Horse Harness and Horse shoe allowed the horse to increase its” attractive” effort five times and for protection
● Distillation and Alcohol- the first preparation of strong spirits of wine was made in Europe in the 12th century
● Universities and Scholastics - The first and most famous of these was the University of Paris in 1160. In the
eleventh century A.D, medical school had been existence in Salermo
● Church, medieval towns, Iron-chain suspension bridges, segmental arch structures were built
● Canon of Medicine- authored by Avicenna, an Arab physician
● War Weapons such as cross bows, long bows was developed
● Lenses with spectacles- The discovery of lenses resulted in the invention of spectacles in Italy around 1350 A.D
● The sternpost rudder apparently came also from China
● Mariner’s Magnetic Compass- the ability of a natural magnet to show direction
● Flying Buttress- one of the architectural innovations associated with Gothic churches
● Library of Malatesta Novella in casena – first public library
● Coffee House became popular in Arabic and Ottoman lands
Renaissance ( 14th century -16th century)
Take note: period of rebirth
Beginning of the cultural movement
Rediscovery of ancient texts was accelerated after the fall of Constantinople in 1453
Significant contributions:
● Technology for printing books was regarded as the most important invention that facilitated dissemination of
knowledge and new ideas
● Paracelsus- an alchemist and physician of the Renaissance. Medieval alchemists worked with two main
elements: Sulphur and mercury
● The astronomy was based on geocentric model (earth-centered) described by Claudius Ptolemy
● Nicolas Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”
● Andreas Vesalius described the anatomy of the brain’s function. He wrote the book “On the Fabric of the Human
Body”
Modern Times
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Pasteurization- invented by Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist
Petroleum Refinery- is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants
Telephone- invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a way to easily maintain connection and communication with
each other in real time
Calculator- a faster way to compute more complicated equations
Electricity- the heart of many modern technologies, is the set of physical phenomena associated with presence
and motion of electric charge
Electric power- where electric current is used to energize equipment
Electronics- which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes,
transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies
Smartwatches
Robotics- is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering
Incandescent light bulb
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Airplane- is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or rocket
engine. The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, the first sustained and controlled
heavier-than-air powered flight
Computer- is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically via computer programming
Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive
Cellphone or mobile phone- a device that has at least the same functions of a standard wired telephone but is
smaller and more mobile
Internet- is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the internet protocol suite ( TCP/IP)
to link devices worldwide
Television- is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and
white) or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound
Veterinary medicine was for the first time, truly separated from human medicine in 1761, when French
Veterinarian Claude Bourgelat founded the world’s first veterinary school in Lyon, France
Penicillin- discovered by Alexander Fleming in September 1928, marks the start of modern antibiotics
Genomics- is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping and
editing of genomes
Biotechnology- is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make
products, or any technological application that uses biological systems
Automobile (car)- is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation
Nuclear weapon- is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or
from a combination of fission and fusion reactions.
Nuclear power- is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most
frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant
Satellites- is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit
Vaccine- is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease
telegraphy-is the long distance transmission of textual or symbolic messages without the physical exchange of an
object bearing the message
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner- is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures
of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease
Computed tomography (CT) scan- makes use of computer-processes combinations of many X-ray measurements
taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of scanned object, allowing the
user to see the object without cutting
Liquid-crystal display (LCD projector)- is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer
data on a screen or other flat surface
Bluetooth- is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from ixed and mobile
devices and building personal area networks
Wi-Fi- is a technology for radio wireless local area networking of devices
Printer- is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on
paper
Camera- is an optical instrument for recording or capturing images, which may be stored locally, transmitted to
another location or both
Closed-circuit television (CCTV)- also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a
signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors
Submarine- is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It is used in military, marine science,
search-and-rescue and tourism
Stethoscope- is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or
human body
Laptop or notebook computer- is a small, portable personal computer with a “clamshell”form factor
Credit card- is a payment card issued to users to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services.
Steam engine- is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid
Light Amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (Laser)- is a device that emits light through a process of
optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation
ADDITIONAL INFO:
Science and Technology – is evident since the beginning of time
New knowledge made it possible to create new things that would help people improve their everyday living
Ancient Times – stones, bones antler and woods
EURO
1. The wooden bow and arrow
2. Stone-headed spears are used in Europe
3. Ironworking is introduced in Greece.
4. Sewing needles made from bone
5. Fire is used by Homo erectus
6. False teeth from gold.
THE AMERICAS
- North American makes stone arrowheads.
- Pottery is made in Southern America.
- Peruvians build a long canal tool to irrigate their crops.
THE ASIA AND OCEANIA
- Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture
- Bronze is first made in Thailand
- People in Iran make wine
AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST
- an ancient region in Southern Mesapotamia
- Homo erectus – uses stone as tools in Palestine to build houses from sun-dried bricks
- In Africa, bone harpoons (barbed spears) are used for fishing
- Homo erectus uses antlers to create tools for cutting and drilling
MEDIEVAL PERIOD (ca. 500-1500)
- known as “Dark Ages”
- is considered to be one of thecreative periods in the history of humans and said to be the start of the first industrial
revolution
- The term Dark Ages came up because there are few written records remained from the said era. There are very little
evidence that will support that there was progress in the society during the periods 500 to 1500
Charlemagne (742-814) - a medieval emperor who ruled Western Europe in 800-814, tried to establish a scholastic
tradition.
- Later Middle Ages (around 1250-1500 A.D) - saw philosophy of science
an advancement and the refinement of the scientific method
- One of the greatest inventions during the Middle Ages was the printing press of Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1395-1468) in
the 15th century
RENAISSANCE PERIOD (14-17th Century) - The term Renaissance is used to refer to the period of
rebirth as age of preparation for the 17th century scientific development and achievements
Wood printing and papermaking originated from China in 1250-1350
Western Europe: printing books
Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) - he presented the theory of Heliocentric
Isaac Newton (1643-1727) – discoveries about gravity
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) - improved the telescope, about gravity
Industrial Revolution (18th Century)
It began in Great Britain and spread across Europe, America, and even Asia from 1760 to 1840.
It was a time of scientific and technological advancement which spanned the period during late 18th century to
early 19th century
One of the major setbacks of the Industrial Revolution was skilled workers were set aside because of operation
of new machines were used
Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) invented the telephone
George Stephenson (1781-1922) developed the first steam-powered locomotive
1879, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb
Steam engine by Scottish James Watt (1736-1819)
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated the Periodic Table
Joseph Thomson discovered the electron in 1897
John Dalton (1766-1844) published atomic theory in 1803
19th CENTURY
Marie Curie and Pierre Curie- discovered radium in 1898
Henri Becquerel – discovered radioactivity in 1896
20th CENTURY
Use of scientific methods and funding for research
Scientific Revolution
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It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time
period were due to human needs and wants.
Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the people.
There have also been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs.
Much of these events happened in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution
Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the great intellectual achievements of science from sixteenth to seventeenth
century marking a radical change in the assumptions attitudes and methods in scientific inquiry.
Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying
moments to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who
tried to preserve their faith, religion and theological views.
The Scientific Revolution develops as an offshoot of the Renaissance. The same questioning spirit that fueled the
Renaissance led scientists to question traditional beliefs and the Church about the workings of the universe. It was a new
way of thinking about the natural world.
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Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the only authorities accepted as truth
A geocentric model of the universe, in which the Earth is at the center was supported during the Middle Ages
Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars accepted and believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer.
Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of the universe.
People felt this was common sense, and the geocentric theory was supported by the Church.
It was not until some startling discoveries caused Europeans to change the way they viewed the physical world.
Industrial revolution- refers to complex technological innovations from 1750 to 1895 characterized by the substitutions
of machines for human skill and machine power for that of human and animal bringing a shift from handicraft to
manufacture and marking the birth of modern economy.
Causes or Genesis of the Scientific Revolution
The remarkable achievements of specific individuals such as Nicolas Copernicus, Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes,
Andreas Vesalius, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton.
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The philosophy of new science, a new way of doing science using what is known as the
scientific method advocated by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes among others.
The desire to break away from the ideas of the feudal middle ages and the Aristotelian view.
The establishments of the universities from the 12th century which were later engaged in the critical analysis of the
Aristotelean views
The Renaissance hopeful period of concerned with the present life as well as the empirical and mundane interest in the
natural world and humanity.
Important inventions such as mechanical clock, lenses, telescope, microscope etc.
The combinations and cooperation’s of the skills of the craftsmen and the intellectual, computational and logical method of
the scholars.
Printing press spread new ideas
Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of scientific research because of technology needed for navigation
Translation of the works of Muslim scholars opened the minds of European thinkers to new scientific knowledge
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Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and astronomer who studied in Italy.
In 1543 Copernicus published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres).
In his book, Copernicus made two conclusions: The universe is heliocentric, or sun-centered.
The Earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun.
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Copernicus’ model of the solar system:
Sun
Moon
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
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Copernicus came to these conclusions using mathematical formulas.
The Copernican conception of the universe marked the start of modern science and astronomy.
Up to the time of Copernicus, people thought that there was a sort of crystal sphere that kept the planets, moon, and stars in
orbit around the Earth. It was Copernicus that proposed the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice
versa… The sun was the center of the Universe, not the Earth.
Most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory.
Most scholars rejected his theory because it went against Ptolemy, the Church, and because it called for the Earth to rotate
on its axis.
Many scientists of the time also felt that if Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was wrong, then the whole system of
human knowledge could be wrong.
Tycho Brahe
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In the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.
Brahe set up an astronomical observatory.
Every night for years he carefully observed the sky, accumulating data about the movement of the stars and planets.
Johannes Kepler
After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler, used Brahe’s data to
calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.
Kepler’s calculations supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.
His calculations also showed that the planets moved in oval shaped orbits, and not perfect circles, as Ptolemy and
Copernicus believed.
Kepler’s finding help explain the paths followed by man-made satellites today.
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by Copernicus and Kepler.
Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see mountains on the moon and fiery spots on the sun.
He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter – exactly the way Copernicus said the Earth rotated around the sun.
Galileo also discovered that objects fall at the same speed regardless of weight.
The Church punished him for his belief in this idea. He was questioned by the Inquisition and forced to confess that his
ideas were wrong.
The Church came against Galileo because it claimed that the Earth was fixed and unmoving.
When threatened with death before the Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his beliefs, even though he knew the Earth
moved.
Galileo was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas.
Sir Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo.
Newton was the most influential scientist of the Scientific Revolution.
He used math to prove the existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in their orbits around the sun, and also caused
objects to fall towards the earth.
Newton published his scientific ideas in his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
He discovered laws of light and color, and formulated the laws of motion:
A body at rest stays at rest
Acceleration is caused by force
For every action there is an equal opposite reaction
He invented calculus: a method of mathematical analysis.
Charles Darwin
Studied medicine at Edinburgh, theology at Cambridge
Interest in natural history
Taught by a freed black slave who told him exciting tales of the South American Rainforest
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Darwin developed the biological theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of
time through descent from common ancestors
In 1831, he began a 5 year voyage on the HMS Beagle that would change his life.
Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different Galapagos
Islands. Among the tortoises, the shape of the shell corresponds to different habitats.
Darwin thought about the patterns he’d seen on his voyage
He realized that there were many similarities between the animals he’d seen.
There was evidence that suggested that species were not fixed and that they could change by some natural process.
Artificial Selection
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To find an explanation for change in nature, Darwin studied the changes produced by plant and animal breeders
Some plants bear larger or smaller fruits than others
Some cows give more or less milk than others in their herd
This told Darwin that variation could be passed from parents to offspring and used to improve crops and livestock
In artificial selection, nature provides the variations, and humans select the ones they find useful
Darwin knew that variation occurs in wild species as well as domesticated species
He realized that that natural variation provided the raw material for evolution
Darwin wanted to gather as much evidence as he could to support his ideas before he made them public
In 1858, Darwin read an essay by Alfred Wallace whose thoughts about evolution were almost identical to his!
In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin decided to present his work at a scientific meeting in 1858 along with some of
Wallace’s essay
The next year, Darwin published his complete work on evolution: On the Origin of Species
Struggle for Existence
● From Malthus’ theory of supply and demand, Darwin reasoned that if more individuals are produced than can
survive, they will have to compete for food, living space and other necessities of life
● Darwin described this as the struggle for existence
Variation and Adaptation
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Individuals have natural variations among their inheritable traits
Some variations are better suited to life in their environment than others
Fast predators capture prey more efficiently
Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or better protected avoid being caught.
Variation and Adaptation
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Any heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is
called an adaptation
Examples of Adaptations:
Tiger’s claws
Camouflage colors
Plant structures
Avoidance behaviors
Survival of the Fittest
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Darwin felt that there must be a connection between an animal’s environment and how it survives
Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called FITNESS
Fitness depends upon how well an organism is suited for its environment
Fitness is a result of ADAPTATION
Good adaptations allow organisms to survive and are passed on to their offspring.
Good fitness: Reproduce
Low Fitness: Few offspring/extinction
Darwin thought that this seemed very similar to artificial selection
He referred to “survival of the fittest” as Natural Selection
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Survival means more than just staying alive. It means reproducing and passing adaptations on to the next
generation
Natural Selection: Nature chooses
Artificial selection: Man chooses
Favorable characteristics are inherited over several generations.
Natural Selection is the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment
survive and leave more offspring
Natural Selection occurs in any situation in which more individuals are born than can survive
Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population.
These changes increase a species’ fitness in its environment.
A single “tree of life” links all living things
This is known as the principle of common descent.
Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on Earth for millions of years.
Today, fields like genetics and molecular biology support Darwin’s basic ideas about evolution
DARWIN'S FOUR POSTULATES
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individuals within species vary
some of these variations are passed on to offspring
individuals vary in their ability to survive and reproduce
Individuals with the most favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Natural selection produces organisms with different structures than their ancestor, different niches, and new
habitats.
Each living species has descended, with changes, over time.
Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypotheses
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Proposed that the use or disuse of organs caused organisms to gain or lose traits over time.
These new characteristics could be passed on to the next generation.
Suggest that species are not fixed
Explain that evolution uses natural processes
Recognize that there is a link between an organism’s environment and its body structures
Lamarck’s work paved the way for later biologists, including Darwin.
Thomas Malthus
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In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed that people were being born faster than people were dying
He reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there would not be enough living space and food for
everyone
The forces that work against human population growth are war, famine and disease
He reasoned that what Malthus proposed for human populations also applied to all living things.
He observed that most organisms produce many more offspring than survive.
He wondered which individuals would survive . . . and why
If all the offspring that were produced did survive, they would overrun the world.
ORGANIC EVOLUTION
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the slow and gradual process by which living organisms have changed from the simplest unicellular form to the
most complex multi-cellular forms that are existing today.
Sigmund Freud
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An Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with studying hysteria.
Father of psychoanalysis.
Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science.
Psychoanalysis- is the study that explains human behavior.
Levels of Consciousness: Iceberg theory
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Conscious mind – like the top of the iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is accessible to us.
Preconscious mind – material that is unconscious, but can be easily brought into awareness. Moves back &
forth easily between conscious & unconscious.
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Unconscious mind – is completely outside of our awareness (could produce anxiety if made conscious).
Structures of Personality
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Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious impulses that want to be gratified, without regard to potential
punishment.
Original Core of an Individual personality
Biological Driven
Primarily Unconscious
Ego “reality principle” – tries to satisfy id impulses while minimizing punishment & guilt.
Self- Identity which arises out of ID
It controls voluntary motion and self- reservation behavior
Superego – the “moral principle” of our personality which tells us right from wrong our conscience.
Developing out of the Ego
Serves as conscience
Conscious mind- consists of thoughts that focus on the present state of the mind
Preconscious mind- consists of what can be retrieved from the memory
Subconscious mind- consists of primitive desires, wishes or impulse which is mediates by the preconscious mind
Pre-Colonial Period
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Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to
science and technology.
Filipinos were engaged in different kinds of activities like farming, weaving, shipbuilding and mining.
The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the cultured productsof engineering that were built with minimal
equipment, largely by hand. These are fed by an ancientirrigation system from the rainforests above terraces.
They already had an alphabet called alibata and the emergence of writing system called baybayin, primarily used
by certain inhabitants of Luzon and Visayas.
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription which is a legal document inscribed on a copper plate, is said to be the
earliest known calendar-dated document found in the Philippines. Just like other civilizations, astronomy is
shown by fixing precise day within the month in relation to the phases of the moon.
They had also a standard system of weights and measures for shipbuilding.
The Philippine shamans or babaylans were the first healers within the tribal communities and the use of
medicinal or herbal plants was the common way of treating ailments.
Colonial Period
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When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, they introduced formal education and founded scientific
institution.
The Spaniards provided the Philippines with parish schools in which religion, arithmetic, writing, reading and
music were taught. In fact, University of Santo Tomas was started by the Spanish Archbishop of Manila as a
seminary.
The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering by constructing roads, churches, bridges, walls, forts and
other infrastructures.
In Medicine, both the Spanish government and Religious Franciscan and Dominican missionaries established
anumber of hospitals in the Philippines and also acted as hospital founders and the surveyors of herbal
medicines.
American Period
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The American period provided the Philippines with an extensive public education system.
The allocated for the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects. Then, it was replaced by the Bureau of
Science, the primary research center of the Philippines.
Post-Colonial Period
Marcos Era and Martial Law
● President Ferdinand Marcos strengthened the development of science and technology in the Philippines. Many
agencies, institutions and projects were established including National Grains Authority for the development of
rice and corn industry, Philippine Council for Agricultural Research for the development of agriculture, fisheries
and forestry. Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) to
ensure the safety of the people. Philippine National Oil Company to promote industrial and economic
development, National Academy of Science and Technology which is composed of scientists with innovative
achievement in the basic and applied sciences, Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and resources, Plant
breeding Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Bureau of Plant Industry and Bureau of Forest Products.
● Furthermore, President Marcos established the Philippine Science High School in Mindanao and Visayas to
encourage careers in science and technology.
Corazon Aquino Presidency
● Department of Science and Technology formerly known as National Science and technology Authority was
given a representation in the cabinet. President Aquino encouraged scientists to bring the Philippines to its
former position as second to only Japan in the field of science and technology.
● The Science and Technology Master Plan was formulated which aimed at the modernization of the production
sector, upgrading research activities and development of infrastructure for science and technological purposes.
Fidel Ramos Presidency
● During his term, there was a significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field.
Health care services were promoted through local programs such as “Doctors to the Barrio Program”. Magna
Carta for Science and Technology Personnel was established. He believes that science and technology was one
of the means wherein the Philippines could attain the status ofnew industrialized country.
Joseph Estrada Presidency
● President Estrada signed the Phippine Clean Air Act of 1999, designed to protect and preserve the environment
and Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 which outlaws computer hacking.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Presidency
● Several laws and projects that concerns both the environment and science to push technology as a tool to
increase the country’s economic level. The term “Filipinnovation”was the term used in helping the Philippines
to be an innovation hub in Asia.
● Philippine Science High School focuses in science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum. President
Arroyo passed the Biofuels act” that promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country
Arroyo’s administration improves the Agriculture and Fisheries sector through Mechanization.
National Scientist:
1. Ramon C. Barba- a Filipino inventor and horticulturist, best known for inventing a way to induce more flowers in
mango trees using ethrel and potassium nitrate.
2. Edgardo Gomez- a Filipino biologist who led the world’s first national-scale assessment of damge to coral reefs. He
also pioneered giant clam breeding and other protective areas for coastal communities of the Philippines.
3. Gavino C. Trono-“ The father of Kappaphycus farming”, a Filipino biologist who focus on marine phycology
particularly seaweed biodiversity .
4. Angel Alcala- a Filipino biologist who promote biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystems of the Philippines.
5. Fe Del Mundo- Filipina pediatrician, the founder of the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines.
6. Eduardo Quisumbing- a Filipino biologist, a leading authority of plants in the Philippines. He is the author of
taxonomic and morphological papers, many of which deal with orchids including
Medicinal Plants in the Philippines:
7. Emil Q Javier- Filipino plant geneticist and agronomist who contributed in Agriculture.
8.Germiniano T. De Ocampo- Filipino ophthalmologist known to some as the Father of Modern Philippine
ophthalmology. He was the founder of the Philippine Eye Bank.
9. Aisa Mijeno - Salt
10. Salamander - Amphibious tricycle