INTRODUCTION TO
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
AE21 – IT Application Tools in Business
KEY TOPICS
2.1
Information Systems and Their Capabilities
2.2 Computer-Based Information System
2.3 Developing Information Systems
2.4
Information System Security
2
INFORMATION SYSTEMS &
THEIR CAPABILITIES
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
4
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
✓ Refined, structured, and
organized data.
✓ Knowledge gained through study,
communication, research, or
instruction.
✓ Result of analyzing and
interpreting pieces of data.
5
WHAT IS DATA?
o Data refer to raw, unorganized
and unprocessed facts.
o Data can be something
simple, and seemingly random
and useless until it is
organized.
o Data can be of two types:
▪ Qualitative Data
▪ Quantitative Data
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA & INFORMATION
DATA
✓ Data points are individual
and sometimes
unrelated.
✓ Data, on its own, is
meaningless.
INFORMATION
✓ Information maps out
those data to provide a
big-picture view of how it
all fits together.
✓ When it’s analyzed and
interpreted, it becomes
meaningful information.
7
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA & INFORMATION
DATA
✓ Data does not depend on
information.
✓ Data typically comes in
the form of graphs,
numbers, figures, or
statistics.
✓ Data isn’t sufficient for
decision-making.
INFORMATION
✓ Information depends on
data.
✓ Information is typically
presented through
words, language,
thoughts, and ideas.
✓ Decision can be made
based on information.
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EXAMPLES OF DATA VS. INFORMATION
▪ On their own, unit prices are data. However, when companies analyze
and interpret that data together with other data sets, they can pinpoint
profitability issues and improve marketing strategies of their
organization.
INFORMATION
DATA
Sales Region: Region IV
Store: RS Supermarket #98
214 Happy Dishwashing Liquid 47.55
411 Winner Liquid Detergent 82.00
327 Love Hand Soap 43.44
Item No.
Description
Units Sold
YTD Sales
411
Winner Liquid Detergent
8,324
₱ 684,399.00
9
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10173
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INFORMATION
SYSTEM
✓ Collection of parts that interact,
interconnect, and work together
to accomplish certain
objectives.
✓ Set of principles or procedures
according to which something is
done.
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF SYSTEMS
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Natural Systems
These systems are made by
nature.
A subsystem is a part of a whole
system that has its own area of
immediate focus.
Artificial Systems
These systems are designed,
developed and implemented by
human beings.
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UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER SYSTEMS
A computer system is a collection
of components (i.e., hardware,
software and liveware) that are
designed to receive, process,
manage and present information in
a meaningful format.
Source: peda.net
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CYCLE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Process
Data Flow
Control Flow
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Input
Main Memory
Output
Data
Storage
Information
Feedback
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INPUT COMPONENT
Input Data
- Refer to raw data embedded
or entered into the computer
system for processing.
❑ Customer details such as
name and address
❑ Records of commercial
transactions such as
customer purchases
❑ Employee data such
salary and performance
management data.
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INPUT COMPONENT
Input Data
- Refer to raw data embedded
or entered into the computer
system for processing.
Input Devices
- An input device is any
hardware device that sends
data to a computer, allowing
you to interact with and
control it.
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CYCLE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Process
Data Flow
Control Flow
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Input
Main Memory
Output
Data
Storage
Information
Feedback
17
PROCESS COMPONENT
Computer Processing
- Refers to the means by which
computer programs and
instructions are being
executed.
CPU
- The component of a computer
system that controls the
interpretation and execution
of instructions.
Process
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Main Memory
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CYCLE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Process
Data Flow
Control Flow
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Input
Main Memory
Output
Data
Storage
Information
Feedback
19
OUTPUT COMPONENT
Output Data
- Refer to the result generated
after processing of input data.
❑ Financial statements
❑ Daily time record
❑ Pay slip
❑ Customer invoice
❑ Billing statement
❑ Other business-related
reports
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OUTPUT COMPONENT
Output Data
- Refer to the result generated
after processing of input data.
Output Devices
- Refer to any peripheral that
receives data from a
computer, usually for display,
projection, or physical
reproduction.
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CYCLE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Process
Data Flow
Control Flow
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Input
Main Memory
Output
Data
Storage
Information
Feedback
22
STORAGE COMPONENT
Storage Devices
- Helps users keep data, information and instructions from specific
programs.
Primary Storage
-
-
Refers to storage devices
located inside the CPU, which
can be easily accessed by the
processor anytime.
Primary storage devices
include RAM and ROM.
Secondary Storage
-
Refers to storage devices that
have the ability to store data
for a longer period of time.
They can only store data or
information but they cannot
carry out any control, logical,
or arithmetic function.
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CYCLE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Process
Data Flow
Control Flow
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Input
Main Memory
Output
Data
Storage
Information
Feedback
24
FEEDBACK AND CONTROL COMPONENTS
Feedback
- Refers to the ideas,
impressions, suggestion,
and/or comments of users
and other stakeholders to
improve current computer
system.
Control
- Refers to the continuous
monitoring and correction
of problems and issues
that occur during the
process and ensuring that
the system fulfills its
purpose.
25
CYCLE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Process
Data Flow
Control Flow
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Input
Main Memory
Output
Data
Storage
Information
Feedback
26
INTRODUCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
An information system (IS) is an
artificial system that collects, stores,
retrieves, processes, manages,
disseminates, and analyzes
information needed to facilitate a
business organization’s operational
functions and support its
management in making decisions.
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INTRODUCING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
MASTER DATA
are relatively permanent data that are stored in the information system for a
long time. These data may include complete customer information, and
complete employee details, among others.
Information Processing
refers to data processing
functions that are commonly
related to internal operations and
economic and financial activities.
Data Maintenance
refers to a system’s functional
activities such as adding, saving,
deleting, updating, retrieving, and
editing data from the master data.
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MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information process refers to a series of steps taken by an
organization to collect, record, process, store and
maintain business information.
1
2
3
Operation process refers to the activities performed by
the organization to carry out its day-to-day operations
to meet business objectives.
Management process refers to the process performed by
the management and its stakeholders to plan, manage,
and control the overall performance of a business
organization.
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IT VS. IS – WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)
INFORMATION SYSTEM (IS)
is the study, design, implementation, refers to the process of collecting,
support or management of data
storing, retrieving, processing,
within an information system thru the
managing, disseminating, and
use of technological or computeranalyzing information for decision
based tools/resources.
making, with or without technology.
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CAPABILITIES OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
Processing transactions quickly and precisely.
Managing large-capability storage, and fast and easy access storage.
Efficiently communicating through a network.
Easing information overload for users.
Supporting decision-making.
Serving as a competitive weapon against competitors.
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CAPABILITIES OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
Uniting an organization through the coordination of its big and small
groups.
Strengthening organizational memory and learning, and exploring
new things.
Determining the process of separating products and services.
Automating business processes.
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COMPUTER-BASED
INFORMATION SYSTEM
COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM
A computer-based information system (CBIS) is an organized
integration of technological resources and human elements designed to
produce timely, integrated, accurate and useful information for decision
making purposes.
Source: wordpress.com
❑ Technology
❑ Procedure
❑ People
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CBIS: TECHNOLOGY
Refers to the system’s
physical/peripheral
devices.
Hardware
Software
Database
Network
Refers to the set of
computer programs that
control the overall
operation of the system.
35
COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND ITS TYPES
SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE
It is a set of programs that control and It is a program that performs a
manage the resources and operations specific task for the end-user. It runs
of computer hardware. on the platform provided by system
software.
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SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Operating System
Device Driver
Translator
Utility
It enables interaction
between hardware,
system programs, and
applications.
It facilitates device
communication with
the operating system
and other programs.
It converts high-level
human-readable
languages to low-level
machine codes.
It is for ensuring the
optimum functionality
of devices and
applications.
Features of System Software
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
It is closer to the computer system and hardware
Typically written in a low-level programming language
Hard to design
Fast operating speed
Smaller in size
Difficult to manage, understand, and manipulate
Less interactive
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Web Browser
Productivity Apps
Is a software program
to present and explore
content on the World
Wide Web.
Used to create, view,
and edit documents,
spreadsheets, and
presentations.
Graphics Software
Multimedia SW
Facilitates easy
editing of visual data.
Capable of playing or
recording audio files
or playing or recording
video files.
Features of Application Software
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Written in a high-level programming language
Easy to design
More interactive
Bigger in size
Performs specialized tasks such as photo editing, word
processing
Needs more storage space because of its size
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SUMMARY: SYSTEM VS. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
It is a general-purpose software.
It is a specific-purpose software.
System software maintains the computer
resources and also provides a path for
application software to run.
It enables users to perform specific tasks.
System software is written in low-level
languages.
Application software is written in high-level
languages, such as Java and C++.
A computer cannot run without system
software.
A computer can run without application
software.
It does not depend on application software.
Application software cannot run without
system software.
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COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND ITS TYPES
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
It starts when we turn on the system stops
when the system is turned off.
It starts according to the user’s request.
System Software programming is complex
compared to application software.
Its programming is simpler compared to
system software.
System software examples include
operating systems (Microsoft Windows,
macOS, and Linux), Compiler, and
Assembler.
Application software examples include
Google Chrome, VLC media player, Microsoft
Word, and Photoshop.
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CBIS: TECHNOLOGY
Refers to the system’s
physical/peripheral
devices.
Refers to a collection of
related files and records
that are stored in a
special location for easy
access.
Hardware
Software
Database
Network
Refers to the set of
computer programs that
control the overall
operation of the system.
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UNDERSTANDING DATABASES
▪
A database is built and maintained using a
database programming language. The most
common database language is SQL.
▪
A database management system (DBMS)
is the software that interacts with end
users, applications, and the database itself
to capture and analyze the data. Examples
of DBMS include Oracle Database,
Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server,
dBase, among others.
42
CBIS: TECHNOLOGY
Refers to the system’s
physical/peripheral
devices.
Refers to a collection of
related files and records
that are stored in a
special location for easy
access.
Hardware
Database
Software
Network
Refers to the set of
computer programs that
control the overall
operation of the system.
Refers to the connection
of two or more
computers established
for the purpose of
sharing various data.
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UNDERSTANDING NETWORKS
▪
Examples of network devices include mainframes, and servers, firewalls,
bridges, repeaters, switches, hubs, modems, and routers.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
• Share data and information
• Virus and malware
• Communication
• Vulnerabilities
• Share hardware
• Complexity
• Share software
• Transferring money
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NETWORK TOPOLOGY
The term network topology describes the
relationship of connected devices in terms
of a geometric graph.
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CBIS: PROCEDURES
▪
Procedures are rules, policies, and methods that govern the operations of a
computer system.
▪
Procedures state the appropriate software to use with the hardware, and clarify
the role of the components in the CBS.
46
CBIS: PEOPLE
▪
People are the most crucial
component of an information
system.
▪
These refer to individuals who are
needed to run the system based on
established procedures.
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OTHER COMPUTER-BASED IS COMPONENTS
1
Telecommunications
Refers to the electronic transmission of
information within a specific distance.
2
Internet
Is the largest type of network that allows
users to share information worldwide.
3
World Wide Web
Is accessible through the Internet, and it
consists of multimedia collection that are
stored in a particular database of a CBIS.
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OTHER TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Executive Information Systems
(EIS)
4
Decision Support System (DSS)
is a knowledge-based system, used by senior
managers, which facilitates the creation of
knowledge and allow its integration into the
organization.
is a strategic-level information system which helps
executives and senior managers analyze the
environment in which the organization operates, to
identify long-term trends, and to plan appropriate
courses of action.
3
Management Information System
(MIS)
2
Transaction Processing
System (TPS)
is an operational-level system that is
used by workers or front-line staff to
provide key data required to support
the management of operations.
is a management-level system that is used by
middle managers to help ensure the smooth
running of the organization in the short to medium
term.
1
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INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG SYSTEMS
ESS
MIS
DSS
TPS
▪
TPS are typically a major source of
data for other systems.
▪
ESS are primarily a recipient of data
from lower-level systems.
▪
The other types of systems may
exchange data with each other as
well.
▪
Data may also be exchanged among
systems serving different functional
areas.
50
DEVELOPING INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
Planning
System Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
Project management
methodology mostly used in
software development projects
that describes a process for
planning, creating, testing, and
deploying an information system.
Maintenance
Analysis
Implementation
Design
Testing
Development
52
INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Agile Project Management (APM)
Critical Chain/Path (CC/P)
Traditional/Waterfall
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Information System Development (ISD)
Refers to the process/activity whereby a
work activity or a larger organizational
setting is facilitated by introducing a new
socio-technical information system or
modifying or expanding an existing one.
Source: igi-global.com
53
SDLC: PLANNING
▪
Verifying if there are problems and
opportunities that might exist.
▪
Investigating feasibility of solution
to the problem/s.
▪
Securing a project management
plan.
▪
Identifying appropriate system
requirements.
54
SDLC: SYSTEM ANALYSIS & REQUIREMENTS
▪
Identifying related risks on how the
technology will be integrated into the
standard operating procedures.
▪
Studying and gathering the
functional and non-functional
requirements of the business
process.
55
SDLC: SYSTEM DESIGN
▪
Aims to transform the system
requirements into a more detailed
system architecture.
▪
Defines and documents all system
interfaces, reporting, screen layouts,
and specific program logic.
▪
Describes, in detail, the
specifications, features, and
operations that will meet the
requirements previously defined.
56
SDLC: DEVELOPMENT
▪
Aims to convert the approved system
architecture and design into a
working system.
▪
When new systems are developed,
appropriate security access controls
need to be developed as well to
safeguard information against
unapproved disclosure or
modification, and damage or loss.
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SDLC: TESTING
▪
Executes the system integration
testing of the created and developed
system.
▪
The primary purpose of system
testing is to validate that the system
works as expected and that it
identifies errors, flaws, failures, or
faults.
▪
A testing plan should be made in
accordance with the organization’s
standards.
58
SDLC: IMPLEMENTATION
▪
Installs the system in the production
environment and makes it ready for
operation.
▪
Ensures that the system is fully
developed and free from errors.
▪
Implementing a system involves
incorporating several controls to
ensure a smooth installation and
transition to the users.
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SDLC: MAINTENANCE
▪
Involves making changes to the
hardware, software, and
documentation process to support
and sustain the system’s operational
effectiveness.
▪
Modifications are made to enhance
system’s performance.
▪
Security enhancements are
performed and user requirements
are addressed.
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INFORMATION SYSTEM
SECURITY
INFORMATION SECURITY
Information Security → protecting
information and information systems
from malicious software and
unauthorized access, use, disclosure,
modification, disruption, or
destruction.
Information Security Management →
process of identifying the security
controls to keep and defend
information assets.
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Thanks!
Any questions?
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