• ETHICS - (PHILOSOPHY) ETHOS / ETHICOS - meaning character PROMOTE GOOD IN HUMANS, ANIMALS & ENVIRONMENT. MORES - custom • ETHICS • • • • • Why of good & bad External Objective • Rules / Norms (*not all norms are moral ) Society • • • • SUPPORT OUR CASE / ARGUMENT. • MENTAL PROBLEMS. Internal Practice of ethics Subjective Principle / Value Individual / Self Constant CHARACTERISTICS OF A MORAL STAND It is a moral standard when it deals with serious wrong / injuries or significant benefit of humans, animals, environment. 2. Ought to be preferred over 1. other values. Not established by authority, lies on reasoning. 4. Has a trait of universalizability. 5. Based on impartial consideration. 6. Associated w/ special emotions & vocabulary. RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY 3. - Respect the decision of other people. - Decision is based on rational mind. ⮚ BENEFICENCE - Everyone has the obligation to do good. - Must perform an act that is for the t he good of everyone. - All actions must be good. ⮚ NON - MALEFICENCE - Avoid harm. ⮚ JUSTICE - Obligation to provide others what they deserve / need. NON MORAL STANDARDS : ⮚ RIGHTS • Ethics provide freedom due to the norms that gives us our rights. (ex. studying) MORAL STANDARDS ⮚ Everyone has to follow. WHAT IS A MORAL STANDARD? ⮚ ⮚ Norms that an individual / group have about the kind of actions they believe to be morally right or wrong. A virtue replaced to what we believe is morally good or bad. No ethical consideration. IMPORTANCE OF MORALITY : ✓ Protects humans by regulating behaviors. (set boundaries.) ✓ Guarantees everyone to have sense of freedom and certain rights. Produce sense of justice. Healthy economic system. FREEDOM • COMES FROM THE MIND OF SOMEONE REASONABLE W/ NO 4 PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS : ⮚ THE VALIDITY OF WHAT IS GOOD AND BAD COMES FROM REASONING / ON HOW WE Changing • Only moral bearing MORALITY • MORAL STANDARDS ALSO DEALS WITH BAD IN HUMANS, ANIMALS AND ENVIRONMENT. • • MORAL STANDARDS USUALLY ✓ ✓ NORMS OF MORALITY : (LAW AND CONSCIENCE) LAW • • Objective norm Established THREE TYPES OF LAW: ETERNAL LAW ⮚ Divine reason ⮚ ⮚ Will of God / by creator ⮚ ⮚ According to St. Thomas : " Eternal law is the exemplar of divine wisdom as it directs all actions and wisdom." Universal Gives us a sense of reason FORMATION OF CONSCIENCE : ✓ ✓ ✓ NATURAL LAW ⮚ Universal ⮚ ⮚ Within human Obligatory ⮚ Recognizable Unchangeable ⮚ CONTENT OF NATURAL LAW: • • ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ - What we ought to be as a person. ⮚ Knowledge (will) MATERIAL NORM - What kind of actions we ought to ⮚ Reason ⮚ perform. ⮚ Voluntary examples : looking /listening Are formulated by humans, designated by society or state. Supplement provision in the natural law. Dependent on community. CONSCIENCE • ⮚ Freewill Actual human acts Psychological Choices 1. Human law accordance w/ Eternal law. 2. Human law accordance w/ Natural law. 3. Human law must promote common good. 4. Human law must have universal character. • ⮚ ⮚ PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LAW : • properly. HUMAN ACT VS. ACT OF MAN HUMAN ACT FORMAL NORM - Related to the character of a person. HUMAN ( POSITIVE ) LAW ⮚ CHURCH LAW & STATE LAW ⮚ ✓ Study, search for the truth. ( Right/Wrong) Cultivate Good habits. Mitigate, Condemn, Fight against doing bad habits. One must learn how to use freedom ACT OF MAN ⮚ Involuntary ⮚ ⮚ Physiological Animal Related ⮚ Instinct ⮚ examples : hearing / seeing MORAL DETERMINANCE OF HUMAN ACT : 1. OBJECT OF THE ACT - What is the action performed. - An action is good when it is inconformity with reason. -*REASONING AGE : - CHURCH : 12 -LAW : 18 2. CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE ACT - Refers to the event, occassion, condition when the action was done. - Reason why the action was done. - Either increases / decreases the morality of the act. However, it will not change the specific nature of the act. To know (w/ knowledge) Practical judgement of reason deciding upon an individual's action as good/bad According to St. Augustine: " Conscience is an inner voice of God in men." KINDS OF CONSCIENCE : Right Conscience (TRUE) Erroneous Conscience (FALSE) Certain Conscience 3. THE INTENTION - Motive of the agent when he/she performed the act. - Purpose of doing the act. - Does not change the value of the act. ⮚ Doubtful Conscience Lax Conscience ✓ ⮚ Scrupulous Conscience ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ Anticedent Consequent THE ACTION CAN ONLY BE DETERMINED GOOD OR BAD IF IT'S A HUMAN ACT. ✓ ✓ ACT OF MAN CANNOT BE DETERMINED TO BE GOOD OR BAD DUE TO LACK OF • MORALITY. (because it is automatic. automatic.)) PURE & ABSOLUTE DILEMMA - Situation that is present involve a EVEN IF THE ACTION IS GOOD, ACTION conflict of ethical/moral ethical/moral principle. IS STILL CORRUPTED BECAUSE OF EVIL ✓ TYPES OF DILEMMA: • INTENTION. GOOD INTENTION WITH WRONG - Conflict between values, laws, & policies. ACTION MAY DIMINISH IT'S WRONGNESS, BUT CANNOT FULLY REMOVE THE ACT. ✓ APPROXIMATE DILEMMA - When the situation requires a decision . HOW TO RESOLVE DILEMMAS: ACTION ITSELF HAS ITS OWN ✓ CONSULT COMPANY CODE OF ETHICS GOODNESS AND BADNESS DEPENDING ✓ SHARE DILEMMA TO BOSS ON THE EVALUATION OF REASON. ✓ TALK TO COLLEAGUES, FRIENDS ✓ READ PAST NEWS OR ACTIVITIES THAT *MORALITY IS NOT LEGALITY*. MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACT : ⮚ IGNORANCE - absence of knowledge ⮚ CONCUPICENCE - action performed out TALKS ABOUT YOUR DILEMMA MORAL DEVELOPMENT of passion. (6 STAGES, 3 LEVELS) ⮚ FEAR LEVEL 1: PRECONVENTIONAL MORAL ⮚ VIOLENCE - no sense of freedom, DEVELOPMENT ⮚ performs act against will HABITS - done repeatedly and frequently ⮚ STAGE 1 : OBEDIENCE & PUNISHMENT ORIENTATION ⮚ MORAL DILEMMA FEATURES OF MORAL DILEMMA: 1. In moral dilemma, the agent is required ⮚ According to Kohlberg Self centered, self serving What the self can gain ⮚ REWARD IS NOT ALWAYS WHAT YOU to do the action. 2. There are diff. course of action that the agent have to choose from but the agent can only do one. Not both or all. 3. Whatever action the agent performs, he/she was able to compromise / ⮚ WANT. STAGE 2 : INDIVIDUALISM / PLEASURE transgress a certain moral principle. ⮚ ⮚ LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA: ⮚ PERSONAL DILEMMA - Individual ⮚ ⮚ SEEKING ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ Reciprocity Self interest When an action is not reciprocated, we tend to think that it's wrong. RECIPROCITY - reward is something you really aspire. LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL MORAL dilemma, subjective. DEVELOPMENT (more concerned w/ what ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA - others will tell them) individual but related to a certain course, association, organization, profession. STRUCTURAL DILEMMA - involves not an individual, but an institution, group, department, departmen t, or multiple institutions. - multi-sectiona multi-sectional. l. - other sector outside your sector. ⮚ STAGE 3 : GOOD BOY, NICE GIRL ⮚ When the people around you applauds you, action is good. ⮚ STAGE 4 : AUTHORITY / LAW & ORDER SOCIAL ORIENTATION ⮚ If the action is against the law, it is bad. If action is in accordance with the law, it is good. ⮚ 85% of population commonly reaches this level of morality. LEVEL 3:POST CONVENTIONAL MORAL ADVANTAGES OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM AS DEVELOPMENT BASIS OF MORALITY : ⮚ Own judgment. We think about the action itself. ⮚ STAGE 5 : SOCIAL CONTRACT ⮚ ORIENTATION ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ No judgment of of other people's WEAKNESSES OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM : 1. Discourages critical thinking 2. Does not promote tolerance (nothing to wrongdoings. be tolerated because all of the options Still recognize the minority. are considered good.) Cannot recognize right/wrong based 3. Self defeating (because it says that only on the doings of majority. there is no absolute truth but is Recognizes social contract but respects promoting absolutism - (all have to minority rights. FILIPINO follow moral code.) (everything is STAGE 6 : UNIVERSAL ETHICAL MORALITY relative) PRINCIPLES KAPWA Basis of action is ethical principles. Value human life & dignity. • Western - OTHERS MORAL RELATIVISM • 1. Teaches us not to be judgemental/ 2. teaches us to be open minded. 3. Tea Teach ches es us tto o be to tole lera rant nt.. • Filipinos - CORE VALUE • ACCOMODATIVE SURFACE VALUES : Implies good/bad dependent on ✓ HIYA personal perspectives, cultures, society and group. ✓ ✓ UTANG NA LOON (reciprocity) PAKIKISAMA (good relation w/others) CULTURAL RELATIVISM • goodness/badness of an act depends on • the culture. what is right in some cultures might not be right in other cultures. MORAL SUBJECTIVISM • individual determination of good/bad. SIX MAJOR CLAIMS OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM: 1. Diff. societies/cultures have diff moral codes. 2. No objective standard can be used to judge one societal code better better than the other. 3. Moral code of our own culture have no special status, it is one of many. ( no superior conduct.) 4. Ther There e is n no o uni univer versal sal tru truth. th. Ther There e is n no o moral truth that holds for all people at all times. 5. Moral code of culture/society determines what is right/wrong within the society/culture. society/culture. 6. It is mere arrogance for a certain culture to judge other people in other cultures. • FILIPINOS EVOLVE FOLLOWING THESE SURFACE VALUES. PHILOSOPHY ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ Studies causes of things Reason Good human can think & feel FEELINGS ⮚ ⮚ Motivates person to do certain action. (Christian Philo) Feelings must be a ground/root of action. ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM ⮚ Focuses on emotion. ⮚ All statements are true but it depends on the individual. ⮚ FEELINGS ⮚ Whatever you feel makes the action GOOD/BAD. ⮚ No facts. EMOTIVISM ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ Not stating facts. Means to influence others. Expression of speaker's attitude. SIMILARITY OF THE TWO : FEELINGS/EMOTIONS FEELINGS/EMOTI ONS AS BASIS OF MORALITY.