Review Questions – Exam 1
1. Normal adaptive cell responses:
a.
b.
c.
d.
occur in response to an appropriate stimulus
continue once the need for the adaptive response ceases
are not reversible
lead to cellular injury and possible cell death
2. Removal of part of the liver initiates an adaptive response in the remaining liver cells referred to as:
a.
b.
c.
d.
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
metaplasia
3. Which of the following types of cell responses has the potential to progress to neoplasia:
a.
b.
c.
d.
atrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
4. Free radicals cause cellular injury by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
stopping protein synthesis
disrupting lysosomal membranes
transforming cells into cancerous cells
forming injurious chemical bonds
5. The initiation of the stress response is caused mainly by the nervous and endocrine systems but also
involves:
1. the adrenal glands
2. the immune system
3. the pituitary gland
4. hypothalmus
a.
b.
c.
d.
1,4
2,3
1,2,3
all of the above
6. Stress may result in:
a.
b.
c.
d.
increased action by catecholamines
decreased blood sugar
systemic decrease in protein synthesis
decreased muscle contraction
7. The Frank-Starling Law states that an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume should:
a. decrease heart rate
b. decrease myocardial contractility
c. increase heart rate
d. increase myocardial contractility
8. P.H. is a 70 year old man with atherosclerosis. Some of his blood vessels have large plaques that
decrease vessel lumen diameter. The primary effect will be a(n):
a. decrease in the pressure gradient
b. increase in blood flow
c. increase in resisistance
d. no effect
9. Risk factors enhancing the development of coronary artery disease include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
increase high-density lipids
high carbohydrate diet
elevated LDL levels
exposure to environmental toxins
10. Which one of the following conditions would be expected to produce the greatest increase in the
work of the heart:
a.
b.
c.
d.
increased blood pressure and stroke volume output
decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume output
decreased blood pressure and heart rate
decreased stroke volume output and decreased blood pressure
11. The functional cause of angina is:
a. valvular heart disease
b. atherosclerosis
c. imbalance between the supply of oxygen to the heart and the metabolic demands of the
heart
d. decreased ventricular compliance leading to a decrease in stroke volume and cardiac output
12. Functional changes in the myocardium caused by myocardial infarction include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
altered left ventricle compliance
decrease in cardiac contractility
decrease in stroke volume
sinoatrial node dysfunction
a.
b.
c.
d.
1,2
3,4
1,2,3
all of the above
13. Signs and symptoms of heart failure are most directly related to:
a.
b.
c.
d,
dilation of cardiac chambers
cardiac hypertrophy
impaired pumping ability of the heart
dysrhythmias
14. Signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
pulmonary edema and cough
peripheral edema and orthopnea
hepatomegaly and anorexia
cyanosis and peripheral edema
15. Dilated cardiomyopathy exerts its greatest effect through:
a. production of dysrhythmias
b. hypertrophy of the left ventricle
c. reduced filling of the heart
d. decreased stroke volume output
16. Infective endocarditis is most often caused by:
a.
b.
c.
d.
bacteria
fungi
viruses
parasites
17. The function of the heart valves is to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
control the rate at which blood moves through the heart
regulate the flow of electrical activity between the atria and ventricles of the heart
provide for unidirectional flow of blood through the heart
control the inflow of blood into the atria
18. Mitral valve stenosis results directly in the incomplete emptying of the:
a.
b.
c.
d.
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
19. Cardiac dysrhythmias may be caused by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
ischemia
hypoxia
acid-base imbalances
altered potassium levels
a.
b.
c.
d.
1,2
2,4
1,3,4
all of the above
20. Shock is a complex pathophysiologic process that involves all of the following events EXCEPT:
a. decreased perfusion to the kidneys
b. acidosis
c. hypertension
d. rapid heart rate
21. Causes of hypovolemic shock include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
allergic reactions to drugs
cardiac failure
vomiting and loss of body fluids
massive vasodilation
Review Questions – N316 Exam 2
1. Which of the following statements is true:
a.
b.
c.
d.
hypoventilation causes hypocapnia
hyperventilation causes hypercapnia
hyperventilation causes hypocapnia
hyperventilation results in increased PaCO2
2. The _______ is the maximum of gas that can be displaced (expired) from the lungs:
a.
b.
c.
d.
vital capacity
total lung capacity
residual capacity
lung capacity
3. Which of the following pathophysiological changes occurs in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome:
a.
b.
c.
d.
increased surfactant production
increased lung compliance
decreased pulmonary vascular resistance
alveolar-capillary membrane damage
4. In chronic bronchitis _______ may lead to closure of the airway, particularly during expiration, when
the airways are narrow:
a.
b.
c.
d.
thick mucus
infection
hyperventilation
thinning smooth muscle in the airways
5. Individuals with a recent diagnosis of emphysema most often present with:
a.
b.
c.
d.
productive cough
cyanosis
dyspnea
cor pulmonale
6. Ms. G is seen in the clinic with complaints of chronic gastritis, fatigue, and tingling in her fingers. These
clinical manifestations are consistent with which type of anemia:
a.
b.
c.
d.
folic acid deficiency anemia
iron deficiency anemia
pernicious anemia
aplastic anemia
7. MB is admitted to the emergency room with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera. Her symptoms are
mainly the result of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
a decreased erythrocyte count
increased blood viscosity
rapid blood flow to major organs
neurological involvement
8. Thrombocytopenia results from the deficiency of which of the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
prothrombin
fibrinogen
thrombin
platelets
9. The major physiological stimulus for thirst is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
polyuria
hyponatremia
increased serum osmolality
hypotension
10. Which of the following would indicate a fluid deficit:
a.
b.
c.
d.
weight loss, increase in blood pressure
decreased urine output, weight loss, dry mucus membranes
weakness, weight gain, rapid respirations
confusion, increased urine output
11. Metabolic acidosis is defined as:
a.
b.
c.
d.
a decrease in bicarbonate
an increase in bicarbonate
an increase in carbonic acid
a decrease in carbonic acid
12. Hypersensitivity is best defined as:
a.
b.
c.
d.
a reduced immune response found in most pathological states.
a normal immune response to an infectious agent
an excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing agent.
antigenic desensitization
13. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is expressed through:
a.
b.
c.
d.
IgE-mediated reactions
tissue specific reactions
antigen-antibody complexes
type II hypersensitivity reactions
14. GM recently received a kidney transplant. Organ rejection occurred after two weeks. The primary
mechanism for the rejection is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
immune response against recipient HLA antigens
immune response against donor HLA antigens
type IV hypersensitivity
both a and b
both b and c
15. Systemic lupus erythematosis is an example of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
autoimmunity
alloimmunity
homoimmunity
alleimmunity
16. Opportunistic infections are:
a. infections involving harmless microorganisms that develop in persons with compromised
immune function
b. hospital acquired infections
c. infections that develop in persons who have not been immunized against or exposed to a
particular pathogen
d. hypersensitivity reactions that develop in persons who are predisposed to allergies
Review Questions – N316 Exam 3
1. Clinical manifestations of cystitis include all of the following EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
urgency and frequency
pain with urination
elevated temperature
suprapubic pain
2. The most common complication of urinary tract obstruction is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
incontinence
infection
hypertension
stone formation
3. Acute glomerulonephritis is usually associated with:
a. E. coli
b. herpes virus
c. streptococcus
d. fungus
4. ____________ is an immune mechanism that commonly contributes to glomerulonephritis:
a.
b.
c.
d.
deposition of circulating antigen-antibody complexes in the glomeruli
formation of antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane
both a and b
none of the above
5. Which of the following may cause prerenal acute renal failure:
a.
b.
c.
d.
pyelonephritis
hypovolemia
calculi
nephrotoxins
6. Anemia accompanies chronic renal failure because of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
blood loss in the urine
renal insensitivity of Vit D
inadequate production of erythropoietin
inadequate retention of serum iron
7. Which of the following statements concerning chronic renal failure is not true:
a.
b.
c.
d.
serum creatinine levels increase
potassium excretion decreases
metabolic alkalosis develops
calcium levels may decrease
8. A common manifestation of hiatal hernia is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
heartburn
diarrhea
flatus
nausea
9. A patient is complaining of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools.
A possible diagnosis would be:
a.
b.
c.
d.
ulcerative colitis
hiatal hernia
cirrhosis
gastroesophageal reflux disease
10. The alterations in liver function that occur with persons with cirrhosis are related to:
a. formation of fibrous tissue that replaces normal hepatic cells and distorts the
structure of the liver
b. excessive accumulation of fat within the hepatocytes and biliary ducts
c. localized injury to biliary ducts
d. abnormal deposition of minerals within hepatic cells
11. Factors which contribute to the development of cholelithiasis include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
stasis and altered composition of bile
diabetes
cirrhosis
excess consumption of fatty foods
12. Acute pancreatitis results from:
a.
b.
c.
d.
an infectious process
ischemia
an autodigestive process
an autoimmune response
13. Low fiber diets play a role in the pathogenesis of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
appendicitis
ulcerative colitis
diverticulitis
cholecystitis
14. An ordered display of a set of chromosomes from a single cell is a:
a.
b.
c.
d.
autosomal spread
karyotype
phenotype
genotype
15. Jane B, age 13, has only a single X chromosome present. Her condition is called:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Turner syndrome
16. Based on Jane B’s condition, which of the following would you expect to see clinically:
a.
b.
c.
d.
severe cognitive deficits
sterility
high pitched voice
flat nasal bridge
Final Review Questions
1.
All of the following represent general characteristics of cancerous cells EXCEPT:
a. decreased nuclear size
b. local increase in cell number
c. abnormal cellular arrangement
d. variation in cell shape
2.
Metastasis can be defined as the process where tumors spread from primary sites to distant sites.
Which of the following shows a correct sequence in the process of metastasis:
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
Which of the following is not a possible cause of anemia in people with cancer:
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
hyponatremia and hypoosmolality
hyperkalemia and hypoosmolality
hyponatremia and urine hyperosmolality
hypokalemia and hyperosmolality
JD, a 25 year old female, is admitted to the hospital with Grave’s disease. You would expect to
see which of the following signs on
admission:
a.
b.
c.
d.
8.
decrease in urine output
edema
vomiting
thirst
A 54 year old patient with lung cancer is evaluated for SIADH.
Which of the following would the nurse expect to find in the patient with SIADH:
a.
b.
c.
d.
7.
to eradicate cancer
to avoid damage to normal structures
to replace chemotherapy
to prevent excessive toxicity
Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus both have which of the following manifestations:
a.
b.
c.
d.
6.
chronic bleeding
iron deficiency
magnesium deficiency
medical therapies
All of the following represent goals of radiation therapy EXCEPT:
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
local extension, penetration into blood/lymph, transport
transport, vascularization, adherence of tumor cells
vascularization, invasion of lymph and vascular system, transport
vascularization, local extension, transport
weight gain to 155 pounds with height of 5 feet 8 inches
heart rate 90/min and respiratory rate 16/min
skin hot and moist, protrusion of the eyeballs
constipation, normal menses
Gigantism differs from acromegaly in terms of:
a. level of attained height
b. age of onset
c. presence of accompanying metabolic derangements
d. level of hormone excess that is present
9.
Signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome are related to abnormal cortisol levels. Common
manifestations include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
weight loss, fatigue, hypotension
weight gain, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia
weight gain, hypertension, stretch marks in skin
weight loss, hyperglycemia, lean trunk
10. BK, a 12 year old male, is admitted with type I diabetes mellitus. The initial signs and
symptoms you would expect to see include:
a.
b.
c.
d.
recurrent infections, visual changes, fatigue, serum glucose fluctuations
polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, serum glucose fluctuations
vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration, low serum glucose
weakness, confusion, weight gain, glucose in the urine
11. SD, a 65 year old female is admitted to the medical unit complaining of a blister on her foot
that has not healed. She says it looks “dark and ugly”. She indicates that she didn’t realize the
blister was there until she removed her shoe and found it bloody. She explains it is difficult for
her to read because she has frequent blurred vision. Susan is most likely experiencing which of
the following complications of diabetes mellitus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
diabetic neuropathy
peripheral vascular disease
infection
coronary artery disease
a.
b.
c.
d.
1,3,5,7
2,4,6,7
1,2,3,5
all of the above
5. microvascular disease
6. retinopathy
7. nephropathy
12. Which type of intracranial hematoma can occur several weeks after the injury:
a.
b.
c.
d.
acute subdural hematoma
epidural hematoma
chronic subdural hematoma
subarachnoid hematoma
13. Mr. J is in an automobile accident and at impact his forehead struck the windshield. In this
situation, the coup injury occurred:
a.
b.
c.
d.
frontal region
temporal region
parietal region
occipital region
14. Which of the following intracranial volumes is least able to compensate for changes in intracranial
pressure:
a.
b.
c.
d.
cerebrospinal fluid volume
blood volume
brain tissue volume
all are equally able to compensate
15. A sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
reflex
seizure
epilepsy
intracerebral ischemic event
16. Which of the following is the cause of Parkinson disease:
a.
b.
c.
d.
loss of acetylcholine
excess secretions of acetylcholine
loss of dopamine
excess secretion of dopamine
17. The diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is dependent upon:
a.
b.
c.
d.
the presence of biochemical markers in the blood
results of brain imaging
performance on psychological tests
elimination of other causes of dementia
18. Mr. A demonstrates left-sided weakness of his upper and lower extremities. The symptoms
disappear in 24 hours. He most likely experienced a:
a.
b.
c.
d.
stroke in evolution
lacunar stroke
transient ischemic attack
cerebral hemorrhage
19. T.V experienced an embolic stroke on the left side of his brain.
Common manifestations may include all of the following EXCEPT:
a.
b.
c.
d.
weakness on his right extremities
aphasia
impulsive behavior
memory deficits