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ohE1ng~~-_ralatt.e>ns___ l>etwe~n tne· _unite,. ~te.te:~'. _·Ure•'_t;::~ritain,
and Russ.ta. .For tbis reason Yalta ,oannot be understood as·
an .tsoJ.a ted. eve~t , .. The tDhr•vi~r ·pe+od
WM . ohataQt:r111e d •
~nd: t.hEtt,wo. nat.tons
by ltl\lt~l nilEl.t,ust bet,wee• s·~v~et Rutii1a
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share the reeponei:b1l1:ty fol'.' ttje_ .t,e,~~t-Qn. tbirt·.~~(s.,.!:!4:~ but
can. l>e
at least some· ot t.he. ·later Soviet action
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ave.Uahl,~ le •v.tfiateµt to pl'C!VldEI \j,,~enill!?l'til'J stU<1or,f
(!im,feteroe,. El~d t9 aQewar . ·.. . .
w,th $ $8lleraa, P~j!t>u-8 Ot tha
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few yea:r:e~;.. Wha· ·upr:o~~- '<:>V.er the Z1n(fy,ie,r µettei'; ~e wel~
·. ai the ~~~~t-$0,if <6.t
by: the. :s;1-ti~~ ·that; the
·:1~1f~~: (>he,rg~Hl
Soviet, gov~rttm~n:1; -w~.Er. ~ldtn,g q9~l m#:ne~s
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ant1~s~1et 'tee l~n,g t"n :~g1an4,, ·
Faot, .ln ,wh1¢ll all· th:e- m.a.1<>:r E:urop~an' ~~tipns
•.,. l>a~ '. ~l!G~.
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In ,~-~p~ari d1plQrmcy, _I;,Qnd()Q Q(;)nt~nue<i
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Zel"~::~:. 'C.¢ate.s,-. A'.,aieto1w,_,of'd Ang~6~S,dV1a:t-·
Re lati one .. (Londo~::
·
Lawreriaf), and Wt~-~r.t..- 3'Ji5;J,.: ;l,9.,7J ._·. Mac.,ber ,;
·. ''ilhe,·
s·ov-l~-1H:L ,!!i:
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.
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.l)Qoumenits :on· FOPaitm· Pr;i·l·10J
ti¢nd.on: .- Oxf'or.d-.. ~n~vers,1ty··i3rses,., 1~~1H,, ff.~·.
- ·.
..· ·. ·... ~,1~Q~$i'; · ~h~: $0~1-ete; :in, World· Aff~~rs•:•; lJ~; 5,~5 .•
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·· <?rt re ;at$ Ollf \w't,~ !\11:vtet
brqke
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ao.t1vt1;y ·1t1;·•Q~tna,,:, wll·et-:e;· 1rtia~ M:os,~fow-.-a.gep:t.M~cbijei :B:o.r·od1n.
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eonSida~abt'e'
wit·h $'.¢,V.'-et ·R~;eia: durt~-~:: the~•e .y;e·ar·Q.
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ax;,.ort's tQ' Rus~{8; .wElr~·· m.e>~tlf m~ntific1h~id
. ,p:roduots,· v/h;,~~ ~Efp,e· P~id :fpr ·wft~: .:~!r.unb~~ an~:·:~~>tnl ·,tlUP~t-te·.
·A:fter tbe.:rut,1;~~).!n• .r,e,~lit:l:ona witit;'t;h~ s·ovJ~~~r in ii~2'ft
·the" vq:t.wne: 'ot_: t:t~·dei. beg~n·to .·:~~owly·'iP.Qiea~fe ~g~'tr{-.: · ' ..
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· ,4hg lcl~SOv·1a·t>~i;l~lionS:· Lnpf9veci,~ :.· A cla:ttritt~ '-~:tjl,;t .lri Brttt'sb
.. f9Xie1gn ~6ilo:y .. tQ.waril :g.~·a'ter o~Q~er:atl;~ 'wf~;r the $c,vie:t~
OOQ~~~·d;- iji. l{~I1i~. ·0ne·':~4:~:~ 6r. w~s ·the. '$~vie~ o·ortoe.~~.ratiq~::
brr 1rito:p.ri~~i.:ar:i~.~~s,,: Whl.Q.h ·s,eem~Q· t.6 }as~e,n ·,th.~:i'.de:rig:~~. or
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English policy'
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..~e·ag,ie: ~f',N:a,~~·q~. :v,as a•\ill'eC.~ ·r~~$.uit ·◊f tti,e, ~odtf;1~·:~ Br.11i1Sh
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· . ~o nE;got1:at1.Qns. wer~· ~onduc:,tt<id! . ·I;,ater, Bl'i.t~sh regard
Un.icm· oti~nge<l
t'h'3 S-<>vi~t
tQ.
1,1,a·.-
matke'(i.ly :wben oP:in;on ya~1eci.
•th~·$oVi~:.t•''$~ e,.b~ltty to b~ 0.f'. ~0n1e
aa~i~Vbatldfl.;
say tha~; $ta~1p dtd so.m,e, relll.f.lr:k4b~~ apout~f~oe~.
.tot-·
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need
f'pr t'he .. 'British
varied.·
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-
·,
·J\ngl:<i>~Soviet relations,,wa~e so ti~pl~x 1i:l the· -years:
1936·•t~4.i,:.- that· only· a, 1:>r1.ef' des~rt~ti.Qn 'of· them_ can. be
given here:. : -:rt is 1-mporta.rit to unde.l'stat1'1 the ~:,rents,,, :and
the.:re :were, many,. that s9:tvect t·o i~~fease _mu.tu.al d~strq.11t;
·.
.
and ·whtc>_h
-
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.
.
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atra,ine<a ~f;llattqns to the l:>.reak:lng ,po1.nt •ba:t'Q~e
the two ,oOUl'ltJJtea
f'Q~rl
t'.hem~e-iv·ee ;1;;n mott,ii · uan~~;r l't_ght1.ng
a .ij c>mm~ ttittJ • ·
Iaaao .J)eut$Qhe:r,: •~ bt1lltant: btographer. ot S.tlil.lln,
. averreti
that
$0"1,1et _part.iq.lpa·tic:,n ln~ ~he
qtv1:1·
War..
... '
. Sp~~~-$1:i
.
..
aic;1 ntU,cib to e.xa~erbe.1,e, tlha i-e-1-a.t~~:8 ~etwee~ Russ-la, B~,t'tl111
.
.
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. .~d &anc,a
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to ~aJ
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th~
:o:ld' rev•olutrbn:
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l,l.P,.de: .. and. ()()Ope~tite wit~_ P()J)llW' -~01\lt government~ 0
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onllJ :%''3$Ul.teci_ -in worsened relations_ •.. $~aments:
· oe.Q~ftl\li. PC)'pu';Ji$.~
~c;,nts:
.
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'
th~ ·$Uc)•
lnevJtablY, foll~ed 1'$VQlut_tone.r;
J~gd.e1101ea e,n~ tb~lr· aottons. natUl'ally lad. to ,$.tf'1~~~~ and:
d(~I:? wders •
The Sovie tit were _-~ the· nµiin -l?:ll.am0;it f(jjp suob
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attern:P:i~d. ~Q
.th~ .weQ;~ern c:temo,0J11q,\$Q bi tl1e1:r
Whil$ between: 19S6 and 193e the S'.QV-'iets
··bette~ th,eµ-,.re~~~ions.
..
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in the· faQ.~. of.:
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ai,1;<1r Japtin;~.~Hr :~~~,~-$J3ii.Qn.
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•
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the,:. i~aBlt.~-' 6f'
Ou,t ap}T'p~:6greaa th~iiy .·m1ghi' •· have maqa. .ltl
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·. aqttvi.tieS'._.e.~r~a4',;•.e;ari~.8
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at ate e
g~~u;tne i,y s:mfllly, ·Ui _tba· ·Uri i ted
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Engl,an.d:.. Bu:t
8.tlci
~he
•. ··p~'.g~s;. vrhan· •s@· man1 vet·~r~t.ii hi.gh--~anking ·1H~ia:4evtks: we:r;e
. iiqt1,id~a:t~d, 'n\ll.l~fi;a'd any saJne the .~ovtet$ ni'ight.
..
h~Vtf
!$d~
by their app~entiy hoz;test et.f'¢r~li! for ooll:e:·9t.tv$~ :s~r?urtty
· 'in· thia· te~gue. ~ · JJue
the. n.a.tu:-~ ot · the S.-ovlet r~gi;~e,
. · , perhlip~ the trut;u Eibpu:t the- M.o$OOW. tri.a1~ wi~l ueve~ be
knQwn~- But tnsy ''3h(lQked t.ha western dsmoqra:pl~~;,_. a:nd w~r-e·
t&
to:t:1,¢vied.: , ~ ·
4 f4ot~ 1.n the :$triin-ed reJ.a.~iona that
Tb~ 4e-ta.1is
. .
.or the event.a
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England
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and ,F.i'll·il:Q~-.; :,¢a:fu#~ti
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:teas.a' f3epl~inper ··of (9_3,~·, .. th£!, $QV1ita Qffe_r,ed. tQ QQC>perat·e
.
.
with $ngi~~d ~d .Fl'~n.cE3.
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lWbe f<>~•l.ovt1p;g
11
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On Sep~.eml;>~_J:<t. S, .J;938.~ · ~v'a~, ·M!t1sky,
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(are l1El'e,t:ul'
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&,fi:·;i!~:-!!·$;f.: ::1if1°· ~!i~~=mt~~~aq!~~ .
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·•~~4~) ;-N~~
, , (la--evt · Yorlt:- · .P\ieiit:.-Sloan -and Ve.4~,<re·,: _l9~t;J h,lt.lii®; ~ur<>h1.1l,
The .. Qatbar1n~_; ~torlll; '.(l3Q$~Q:ti; , ~·qtt_gptfi?n~,~~f1.\i1,xv. Q9·:-,, l.'948) ,~
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;;n~. sovt·et 'Anibtl.seaci():r-:to· ·Engiand,
a ·oonvs:rs~tipn .
dur1n,g
· with GhtW~hil.li ,.offer~d to· 't>~g1n £:Jtatf'. ta,~~/L :1'11e:r:~. we:re
?th~~
'o;,~er~ ·;tr~ :~pe ~~tet.s but ail, wet~ igrHiretdi ··:tn
~~o~aible- t:o:~~vi if \;t~-~i~--;, ·.
war to oartry·· out bts ~graem~1:1t,. . JJ,~l
tllere
...
WeutEJQh~~ •s·: 9pi~tott, 1t:·ls.
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waa ·noth~s i,n .'.tl113. ·qondu.ot a1r. thlt time
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:v;1t:ti w.hiQb:
'
be, Q~n·
· l>a repr~Q~ed!g · :st~11n .was· nc>v reptwese~ted at th~. Mwiiob
Qonfarenoe. • F<>.l' '-t~t',:fl~S;ght ::tie y;aa tq ·pe,y tlle y,~:stern, ·demoQ ..
with'
interetst,. · Feyi
:
raoi:e~
a Qermab e.·ttack 'on
But·
would- .eba;rgEJ B:~iti~ll
'
.
qer~ainiy
Ra$~1ft.
Stalin '·dtd. take Munict~ to
Niz.11:1 8El~:t, · and :pis suspi(i~-oµ of Engl~n·d
•
.
hi~. '.g<J4ilf w~s.
peaoe .,
to tµtn, i}he
inean ·~. 11ttempt
,<" ••
Prtme ·M1n1.8te r
~'
ind~.~;sed~. , ..
'
T1Wough011t the_·,1ntep or 1,,~~8•~~5~,: the b$ttw.t1on
1D.
.
'
.
.
T~.e ¢omp1et..e cUe·s91utton
EW9¢Pe was ·very c!utpJe>t;Jiv~.
r:,f
''
Qn ·Mal'C~ 3).. 1.. be pledged -Engl;~d to
•
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•
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ESti,pport·Pol-and ,4t o~Hie 9f attaqk~.- :i;rbe pledge-,. ~l..so g1;ven··
.
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bi: ;FJ:9anQe,
WEtEi
pr<>(.l)~aµned· v1ith011t re.te,~n9e
'
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~'.oia •. In .
a priv~te, l$ttel'' ~o ~,on_i~:l, · fl':itne· r4$n$e't~:r.
•. ~al'la:in
.
.
.
·'.W?'Qie on. ~.tteh .2Eh 1•:x mu~t oon.ftuHr to• ·a pr9•f'~d· -~1atirust
.
.
.
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ot Russia.,· :t
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-btlve •µQ p:rdlet ·wh1,rtev~P .
.
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h~i-··abiltty
to.
.
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. t..vo.~;aton- Gtnw,Qht-11. 'JJhe. Ge.t·he~1ng s.torm,
l.1Qugµton.,~i££liµ Qo •., - 194'ST," .~ga., .· · · -.
- ·
2r>~uteyohe~i
·st~lin:
!
(Aa.~h:·t;o.n :.
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Pol1ti_Qa:L
Bt·ogzaphJ,,
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·maj,nti:{1n: ~-: _ott~ris{vE) ~:-" · µAn~ ~t· '41EJtrUl!ir 11er· ·m~t'tvf3*• l':' b$
a:d<i~_~,· -;''wbi~ll s·e~:~. ·t.6· ·II$ 'tio. h~v·e l.i ttle conne9j;'16rr wfJlll · ·.
our:
t.~eaa..,: ,it. .)J.ib~rty~
, ~oreov~~~
111'he: i.·~, 'both ,hEite'd' £tnd.; Slil:I'·•
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1>:~qtijc1 :bj.the" 'sma-Zlle~· ertat·eEl~"·t: ·_ Qbamherlai;h p~d i1tt1~f • ·
'
ta 1th
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in-' Russ tan· fl~r,ength1 .
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mif;ltake th~t ~y·' p~H,p~e···mad~
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bis - i:ftatement
al.s<t r~veale· the enmity' at1d
·,
.
.
.·. blirid
~u·sptolQri
t~t
.
.
'
.
'
'
'
:he,· as well
'
'
.
'
.
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otbe~
as . many·
.
'Ui· :-
pe')pil~
.
.
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the·)te~ter.ri · W,ijr:tiji hel4 :. t~a,~d the e·ov~$ts ,fiur:tng: the ·pari~~-~
. •
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p:91i;~y · in:· the' aucfbeed1ng m,ptiths, 'but '1l~o t<f>r \$der.s~anding
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Tb~ :Pr,~ry ~igntticianc.e'. o~ ·th~- n·eg.oti~-th:on~ 11(J\~ "-dlli'lng.
th~ ··$wnrrtki:rc
.
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BJ:!1-tish
.
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witl'i· Mos¢o:w ~ · Ptwtng those month$.
tb ~onia t~ Eln· ·e.greemf'int
s~te.J.hi ~pla'.yecf a·•atpi9~tio game t;railght V11~i1 ~g13f;. but
did
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. cilio1oe ea~tar·. : :Litvinov
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SJovibt'''.}t'()r'e:ign
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in the 'ea.r1y summep' of'l.95.~,,.
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eas·,t:eJ' •. Th$ :German F~l',afgn· $E:l'c:ttatary~ J'oa~1i;~·ton ~,.1bbet1~rop·
flew :_to MO,sc,ow on -A~et. 25~. 1~39~. w.ht,re,. e:fttilf' tW,6 ·m~l'Ei~ings
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mi~ht say :~hat· the ~alf~del.us 16n and
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In a $bQ,rt · time~' mQ~e~er,- tna pb$iy wt:i_r· expl.oded ·1ntq
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22:,. 1940. · · /l:b~ ijsrmap; v1,tt9r~e? ·
a~ruo1t·· teal' l~ the -hea.~te _of those tn Mo$ oOll, a.111 ·-well ~s
tt>e llF$t~~~ ;LEia<!!lrH B~t 1,,11.1~. ilt1l,ii. ili;tel!IP,t~~ to h1d! .
'behln4 th,. . prov$~1S)llf( .Qf the.
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.:1,mp.6~tAnt'd1pl.o~tio, v1.·ptory on April.· _l:3;{ l94li when
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Moscow
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. ~~1;11.t:1:St. TQ¥yo aI1q'.!'-";il!'~f ~iip~};p prcw·~(l- i;ii~s,pp·y~-~it~atn·st G~r•
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age. inst 'C6JnnlU,l'}.1St p~:tpo1pJ.c.$.. th~n:
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Adv.enture (New
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.
pos$i'btt.ttt :c:Jt explolt'ing the 'Stippo.e-ed•l.Y grow1.ng a!~'<!rg~ncfo
between the Na:~1-Ei' and,,tha sovtat5r .~2:
:ay
d~spt~e
A~st;
tlle fact that the, AJna:rl~~);lS: hi:i.d bE)eri; iilow~~- 'tq understand
tne
qf
need rqta
bett.e:e ;:r'alat$ona vtith·
the $,ovi~t~i the vtewp-oints
Brlti:sb~Md A.merj,;·c~n 'i>.fft.',¢.ie.lS c.c,nc,1arn$ng: the· $ov:t.eta
.w~;r.e, qµi~~ .~1Jn$iar·it
'i.Langer, The
-~·
Cba_llen130,
.....
to ':taole.tion, 724.._
,-~· •. , · ~ · .
, . . "!
_, ~ltb±c{..
~ - 72.a ..
{
'·
..... ,
,,, ,,. -'; •~:
'
. ,1'1.o, ne·got~ati.01;1a· ·0£. 1mpol;"tanoe were oal'.':ri!3d on betwee~
Sov.t"e:t R~_s1SJ. ~nd . ;the Un:t;.t~<I S;t~t.·e~ dUl'ip.g·· the: wi~ter -and, ..
spring ~f 194l.-'.
_Ilit:ler
wgs exp$,pq1ng
soU;t_li_
at that time,
..
.
- .
.
,.
~
·'
.
,
.
l;l:ncl 8-t:~·lin ~~fl. de~;p~r~t~_l.l tpy1ug to -~i~t1,1in p~~Qetu1:·~$la•
·. tt011Ei;. w1;th
tli~
G~i-mati. tU.0,tr:3.tcm..
On Apf~i 15:,, the:_:•inl~t~st
ap.d hc.>at1l~t·y of. 4m.erto~na t9w:n~d t~: $'.o.:,,l.E?t:: .~a~t.me broke
tort;h -anew. -...ttflt'ei?
Min~{lt~F Yo~}lke
.
~a tins~-
Mnt~·uok~
'r
.
-
tP Bepl.$n;• ·. '1,h$: . .ta:pttii,~:aff~: :• fore :t~
iPur.t;t~1tf~: t·p. itQ:a~QW,. ~era
,,"·
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-
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a. ··uon'!"· ·
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.
:~gg~~sS1Qn -~r~a:ty ,~~: $ i~ad hat.we~11 the ·t~·o· oiL~. ~~a,gonieta o
;Negat,-ve ;/urtartoa.µ .reaction to the ':'.tt'aaty w:aa quiok a-nd .vooa-1- •..,
.
.,
Tpe; $.lrQ':i,
.
·he~tt:l;J;ttt· atte~p.its :th~t were
bein·g :me.ct~'.: to.- sa¢ura
()_lo~ar QO,qpar-irt:\~n -w~th tbe $6v$ata were 4<>.Qmad.e:·. ·. '1Jhe(~,®'1at
Qt '·
.
.
aotiqn w~~ vi~wecl as. a,· .4ix-e9t Efl-ap,. and at u1-t.1mat~ p.~oof.
~h1r~ ~ps.QoW:, Cle~pi~e tllo folly Of its ,.p(f)l;ioy.,. wa~,: ~~-~~-,tr1ev~
~
''
J
'•
'iibl.-f:' ~·onmd:tt~g ·to
a.ssats ware'
the:
~:ti;.zan .·and
oa~s:e Qf the. Ax.1~ l)9wat'$:.• " 4. Rµsaian
.fU.l'tha:ri.
;;~d~;;:o~t~;:., ;1th~~~•
~
might -~~ y,:e~l !!/)
hO/lleJ~
ls-:ztep_br.,.1:ad t·O have sa:i~(t~·o .ffi, .,st_tl~e ''
Aml>a~~f,ld(}l1 ~n$lcy·
q~~ir~~mf.ln1f
~J
l'i()enses fol' s.llt.p~nts; to
.:<;>#,fi~l~~,. Jt:i' ~a~ :~i~r~ot-hi~g ·1~ \~·~sh.1.ngt c,n ;u~~e
,;
.
•
•
'0•. •' ,·
.
;_
I
.,ffit~e:t-.'.sr
ot. R~.•$Ja.. cm
fun@. 22, l94~,. p:r$sertted
-- imr.~.t:i~on
.
a .dl l,.~ _~,c>. ·Wae~~~<>n,. Th~L(%,~gs tancU,ng l)eQ t~.~tty tn
·:
'
.
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.
.
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.
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_ . ~~:~A~~-~~~ ':r'~pk-ina,-·, Anier,ioan~Ruse.ia~·-Re~a't.1G>~S' in: the
Far. Fl_~'.s·t {Ne~ '¥'o:rk: . The- Wi:Qp:,:\::t~~n QQMI>~~y,, · 1_9.i9li· .~·•.
e~i~e~,
~he. ffo~d. 't~~:-_T;e,haratb 23.Q.•.
.
'
'
. ·--~me:r-ic:$ tt.;wi.lrd $'9yt$t
many .t.ime~·
.
.
R'Qssi-a-
.that· ha·d
tp.. thEJ P,all'~.
-t1/9ttl_d .n0t.
be
.
.·..
.
.... ..
·,
,,.·.
·.'
me;ntfe~tect t,seJ.t·
over.come
J,µ.....
-_ th6l.
.
: .
.,
:
c¢Ul'SQ
:
..
'
few .d_Elys ~r. '.Weei'kEJ ~,,:. ~eil .though the w.orld w~e. :in ~ • . ;
0onvule'i tt'~ .et~ tJ;~.-·':wh~n ' t·he --~8Xf}8.Ct~d' .~ft·_~n· h~ppa,de'd;,
Qf a
t~w·· ._·
events . o_ouild hay~ -be
en. 11!~1-'8
eur._pr_tsing
1ic,. t}l9-_
aV(3f~ge· fntai{.;.
cl\n~ · · Thou,gb· ·the :ort:l~ftf at~1tude• tbwafd ·the $i;,v1ats :eio~n
. oharige_d···t/hEi
pub~.i·o ··e>xilf;·~,owliy
¢a$a.
t.o··~()o~ptlthenii
firs~ .
.
.
.
..
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.
~
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• ?;,-'
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.
1
l:Jttlel?·'·t1 att~:Q.~ Qn Rtu.'!sia. June 221 U~41 1 ~-fteote:d -~-
radtc:~~-,
ohiµrg~·.1~-.the. re3Ja~1ons~ip
.
.
' .
'
'
'
'beihwaa_n the I,Jµit~d
.S:tate.s;
.
..
.
an<:t: t):i$ Soviet Union. The _weete~ Ail.tea moved
-~ngl~_t>.d~;
'
'
'
'
t.owar¢d' <fQQp~_ra tton wtth the. Sov1~·ts·,, p~:rticul.a:x-ty: e.fte:r._ .the
. 1,nltie.l defe~t -<;>f Vhll Nazis ba.~Qpa Mos·oow by t11e; S,ovt$t
• armies, 61.n event vth+ob qo_inc~cied .wt.tll AmerS.,q1,u1: e;ntr~n:o·a
'J?,his. w£¢tµie. ,ali.~.aµo<ti ·wa·s a very o◊Iripl~x
,1nt,,;ftbe we.~.
,'
'
F~ t.ht3 p'Ul'p·oae of th1J1 stu:c,y the :lJ:l1l1tar,, ·
.·. :r:e.la:tri~eh~p.
· _a,p,cl P.◊litio~l. e,v~n:t.'EJ, tllat tt)ok plaq·e befe>1'a -tb~ · Orim~,a;n :
Qoti'f~rc:fnQ:e,· nE)~q nt>.1;. b~ dis:0,u;:ea~.d ·1n ciata~l. ·J311t it do~a
1
seem det3'i,rablla to o·QD:inisr.it on the m<)re important -o·ontetenoas
). .
'
. ' '.
~
'
'
~y,~n,ts
an:d rni:Li t~:ry
.
.
. .
.
.
.•
'
.
: -
.
. .
.'
:thiat . ~-n·fl.tt~~oe.Q, r.$la:~$.Qn_s: qetwE'.n~n the
. \V~~terin All,1as aJ14 th$' tr.S. 4~
~a .. Only
~~insti ,f;iµ;c,b a. . baok•
gtoµn4 do~s the. Yalt_a
-·
,'. Q6nfere.nce
·:
···:· , ..... .. ,., . 1,~_cjQnie underst_a,nda,ble •
.
';';·;
..
. i
,.
•.':
,
.
------- --
-
..
-
who
'.Pbe waart an~· haJ:!e;:s~sd :English,-
------ - - -
had be~m ;..r~ghifittg
vtrtua:ll.ly eJ.;ona · ~g~1n_st Hitl~r· for almost a y~ar; q~toklly .·
unt ted
bf;lh$.nd
Chu.,rehi.!ll ·. Wh$t\ h~ acoepte·tt the. ai;lSsiad.s as .
•
•
'
r
•
,a:Lliee., T~· u.nd<aI'Stand the ext~nt to whloh that a.1:t:1a:noe
•
•
•
•
.,
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•
'
••
~
-
•
.
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-
••
• •
•
• •
;
•
.
bor~ ·ot· mutual. interest,
was
it· ifl -only
"'l?b~ Na~t reg1m~ 1.e 1.;nd,.etS;ngui,eba'b.le
features oi (;C)mmunie.m, ,i <nruroht!ll ~.aid. "No
a mpre :¢on·s1stent .· c>pp~ent o.f oemmw:ifs~r ,nan
. '. : . . : .
.
•
'
.
.
•
•
, •
•
•
.
neo~esary
l9i1 ~
•
•
•
tt'ii e.xam1.n,t:)
Ollurohfli· "bn ?vurn
a few·1111$$ 'from -the' a.paeeh given ·b.y
; .;
•
.
'
•
fre>m -t-he vro.r~t
mre ha$ been
\~ '
' f
22.:
tor
I have
I
the
;,ast: twentt•tiva y~ar~ •. ·. w11.ll 'ilnij~y n·o· word that i nave:
. ~poken, Q;gE3.tn.st' it- •.if -:in. ~pee.king (jf l-It~t;ier 's ~bje·et1ve~,
-
.
he w:111
h9pes tha't 1f be Sli.Cceedf'J ~ th18
' -~gwer -b~,Q~liS$: he
be- able:. to. br!.ng
baok the
.
.
rnaln
e~rength
of hj;e. arniy. \md atr
.
.
'
fq:ro~ f~()m the East .an~ '.hlil'~- it u,pon this· isJJ.~4.- whieh he
- knt'.>W~
;h~ mu~t qonquE!r or 1:1ut!'er
AoQept1n$i.i~J1e:
•
-Rtui~ians
'
he
as ali~eJ1:,.
•
,._
•
►
'..
penaJty of
the.
_ar$Ued that u.,t"he RustiJl~n
'..
'
~~nger
1s the-re:fo;re,
our ~anger .- • •
~. .
.
crime$_:,,,
hi~'
.
.
~~i Ru~si~~ t1.ghtiris _for ht~ hta·ar-th and n.o~~,
-ef>f fr9e
men ~- ~.· • 1n
!
every quarter ,pf the ~io'be.:t1;1 · .Qburoh1·~1
two evils·, ·
., ,. ~
.and· the: one :be o-6n·81dered to be
•
••
, •> •
•!.
tn~ cause
~$
- ·ohQ13e · the i~afi"t: da.)',1$13_V_OUS .· Qf Vi1'~ t ·11~-· Q'On,sidered
,·.
.1.
jti.$t ae' the 1.()auee of
,,
-,
• -
• ,
-
• •
•
• .. ,.,
•
,.,,
stren~hentpg: Br1tli'.in}a
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.
1vu.n~~on Qburohillc., The Grand Ailllianoa (:aoatona
Mtff';J.~n C.ch, ·'l;"950_), 371•7'3°'7'
>·
~
,;:._
Boughton..,
Amert~,$h$.,·.w,,e. ~1oue::r, to tiocept the· n$e4, tor.. ~l'.·t.U.ng ..
tlit· Rae$la11.:s;.:- . lf QtlJ: . ~~~l,.l1;t. tbe. . ~ba,rlo:ter, ~, p)re'!"i11'Q, ~~·ta~
tt•~ •ttb $.,ovlet• Rtat!isia. that hesttanov, tr, e~sy· t·o, u,n4e~•~
flt.atta •., u.o~1la.borat1.tn: lJet,w$et1 J:r1tttt:1Ji: ·~d R~$'~l.a-lt 1terbe1tt
;oi ·Jotntn·s 'the .. ·
gf;lJi·gant~n Jest ~ft:~ .. Mttnr. -.
Rocwe:r deo1art<lt •t$kts the ·,Wbt)lff a~swiwnt
.
.
wav ~o brtns the Pb- ~e-Erd·oms· ··.e;
ftle O$t~te
· 'lQ'f4ll.d, itth, h~nt,~,::'
ot -Russt,r'fa
mt:1i,~l'f l.$$.d~rt·
g1V&1l W ·the Un-ttG!i &t.atet·
s.l>tl,11it t~ w1tbst.n- ·the N•td.~~
tntttS1(!in; 1.Ef l~ewl_~(f rev:~a.,S.hg~.
Aftett::•· ·:·OOlltEi~&
.
'
.
.
~ea Vli~b
hi$:
..
ml:U.ta~y ,ad11l$0J'Ji/ s41JettM'1 of tai-· Jl1e1W7 t •. ·s~lmt(ori ~op~ea.
~iii) .'ber tno;~b>..y·
m1nln1wn qf··~llemont-11::~n.El
to·.tbe ·,~e•l4ent ··•s· ·fc>ll.ow.eo. -•..,~e.xmi~J
. o;,oupicad·-tn-bG,at·tng Ruell -for ,a
·a ·•p·cs·stb~ ~falm ·,01 ·t~ea: m®ths.~S•, w~ ·ib-1.t,~eb-'-llillitQey ·
ear,~~-:setl· stmt.~ • tewd ♦./ , 'fb0$Cl · eetitm&tt~o WQ'l.µd .eaetn· tt i
'lf$Veal -~ Jnw:e.ai.'.b1e ila;:~ ot itn:owle.<lge· tf ,t11,·. Spv.1ot Unlon,~
lO ·not ttlf+'1Eliice:4 ,1
. . • '. -. ' . -.:, ' the ·nd.1$.t-,, 9e of'~e,n wr-iQns ~ tbo.se
<>,:4tii~t1Jt,·:.~1;1tnn
'.rtie estlmats,s. o,t
"
•
•
•
•
•
'
'
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-
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•
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latrt1i'taenoe·
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~r./~
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f.d&:;1og.
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yea,e:.,
.
as --p~cvott,:bJ' t·he ·epeedJ: t;~i:t-e:at ·of the- ~enqb ia~,1 wb:ieh,
'.
$~,.: •W:ae •
•
..
'
'
'
.
.
i .
f~vh, · x.i. th:~ :~ati'e
of tbe Sovie:i Vnlon, ·hcrweve~1-· S.t wa$..q\ii~e- JiG$'ei/b.~'e <thirt • · .
5-QtelltGe~ce r.~p~tif w'1re tnt::i•a.nottt.4 by· t.l\e tbei;l: cmrl#elit ~ .
.1 t
le.
t;at.e
r
to·,
;
~-
.
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e~P4fQte4 l!)J VfJJ!J
.
''•.)'·
.;
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,'
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'-~oted
in ·.,~lee;. The, .!2!4
•lt Tel)_erf!•
238,.,,
_ · · · · · · · . ' • ' ' ' ' · • , - · · . · · · · .. : . ~
,··
1,._•--_···:······
..... •~.obe:r,,ft~'She;woad,
liarpe,: aitd
•
•
l0l'k$· . ·, · ,/_
~ooaeve~t and HOJ)~in.S {JrfaW
:ar~tb<lra,, ~9•8.).,._ J63(
•
j
•
··~
37
hostile a ttitu.de t:oward ~ovte t· :Ruf:is ia. . :Perhaps
.fav◊ralrole
.
r11rports of Spv1et ·Ruete1!e.- were, su.ppr·e.eise/d ·or: 1gn$t"sd by t'hosa
Wh<{_de t~t'_mineJ pc,;ii'<>Y• ~~. an }Htruriple,, it dioes not .~et3m:'t~ti
.thEl repe~t_tt ~ of J¢s~ph E·•. Pav\e s·,. ~merloan Ambe.'ssa;d~t' .to ·.
· Jiu.ea1a· fr.orn l.93e to ':1939, were IH1ftous;ty ~onsid&r,$d •. ·., ..
1
Roosevelt .WttB.· hesit'ant
f're~j.dep.t
a.bout oommftt:tng the
,
:
.
. .
. t ;
.~
. ',
.
'
Ru~stans. '17here were
· Ut1ited State•s ·to pr:QV~<le ald tc, the·
powerful e';J.ewnrta ·Jn the· o;,<i>untry that oppos·~d.· ~ldtng· tl;ie
•
•
,•
~
. ConummfetQ. ti.ti;der atty c;,tto~st~~Cefi!~·
,
•
I
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•
•
mor~ ·:1.mpo~t1:1,~:t w~e·
. t,h~ ~te.ot' tl:lat .ttier~ w~s Jttt;e'·P~·o9t·tb;e~: thai_Hft~er 1's, .
. · ·.~rmie~. o.~~cl be stopp~d. Q).'ea'rly, .· mc~e, ~r1fprmattqn 8/ae·
}i ;
'.·..
,· ..
rieee'eiaary ~ .. At this potµ:t ,~rcy L..•,:.';Rpp~tQ~ rntide: hie· fi;rs~
El,ppee.rnaoe 1~ Anwrionh~S:~~iat Jte,l~~fone •. 4~ · ,th~ ,~p,ei,tai .·
aca~taor to ~-· .Pr~~~dent~ ,he,~as·
rrot · witbQ:g.~, p~eoedent
•., :Jn
.
.
many ·:wiAys''• ~ :r~JM.l'k~bt~ ~ri,_; li~pk1a,1~ had ,l:>a:e~ .-Ei~S()C:tateci · w.:L~b
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variOJJ.E!.: ag'!inbt~·a::..1A .• th~;.:J~J}VI·. P~:,:l·. :prO,~Eltrlt ::~:n<l. ·a.f.t.er·' :many .
1
. . : of
the
•
j
oraa.t16ne. bf tiia -193-CP:s ·h'aa ·Of)~sed to:,:ex1:s·t' :he
' '
•
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,·•
. : t!nued t:o>~en.i~in
,. :
'
.
I,
'.
'
·.
'
.
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...
'
.
:war,
••
•
oon ...
•
'1n: the' White. Htl)USfl'. { lie' ,pl.,9-yeii. a~t lntP,,0~~-e.nt
"
• t;he
•
•
.
~
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•
'
1rtolud:1q$ Yalti;· artg. be
ow, rel~ti<,na w•tth. ·tl;ua ,~:~-irie~s ••
wa:~
~9DJtkntly, ~~)f~ve ill·
li(?pld.ns, .was e.dnij.;.ttedly
· . ·Wlt~<>ut l.El)lgaA~(\3 ~~!t1.nt~g or diplQma~io. ~x~a)Ji~.Zl.!)·e,.·.b\it
· bis-· biogr.apher 0,rnphaetzed that bi.a ,q\i1o~ ab1~1:ty,.:;to, ·1e@n
in n~vi fields
i~rs,tr offs~t ~le
p:rtiviQUs
inexpa_tieno.e .)L
'
'
3$
farbap::i. those 0,ritloa,)l. year's· req~1re'd .more. f"rom .the· ·men :who
I•'
sba'@®d.
t
'
our
•
'
f'or·e igp polio~,.
'''
'
.
.
Journey
The -~~-iiy< tmpOl'taµt
Hopklns .
to Mo~oow ~de by
l$~l, 'demonatr8;~ed:' the ,:tmortli94(?~- ma:~.n~,r Jn
. in,' Jtily'
Qur fore1gn·
.
affairs
'
~.Qndu.e·ted. ao·
:wex-:e
·-
'
ma,ny -·times
.
V1};l1~,h,'
during.. the'
'
war •. While tn I,oridon, . Hopkins ~ot tlle. 1.de'a. tt·, go
ti;>
,MO§dow,
and whan:the. f);"esident.-reoeived1i1s :requ,aa~ porndes:ton wa$
grant;
ad e' · .Aa
.
w~s
.
subsequerit~t
. ..
.
'
.·•
:~:s, b$: .t~~e. . ¢i
.
,,
·. ..
.
.
.
Jr~ ~riy
d~o~si cm~
.
.
.
:,
qur1.ng "the war,·' the State· l.)epar-tm.~l;tt i'V1;'8.t-.iarg~ly ~-y.;op0;sse<fi.
'i1hfa w.as p:rtmar1ly du~ te:,•;:~oos.e'l/e,l.,t:ifs: tende.noy to' empi't(qy·
·pe:rsona,ll. rapres~1,1tat1ve·ij,. tQ .Qal"ry. ~t, fuJio.t1¢,n~
miset.isned ,t.o. th~
usually
St's.ta :P~pa,rtni~nt •. 0p.!)e· !ti MQeqow,:
.
.
Hopktne
'
· est~bl1~ne'd a Qa'ndid- ·r~l&'tiionatitt(wtth Sta:'11n, ·~nd was given ..
. .
a frank
,
~
as-ttnra:te.:
o;t· the' sttua~fon
by the
'
.
.
Qn·1yi two :m~ettngEj'. ·with~·~t~lf:rf; 'and
tortes or ~y-·:par1f_ Of tb~- gr,ea;t battle
bad
<Red
~eadar·. ,·
t
s.avi no. Russian
~)lat·
He.
•:f'ae~
was· th_en raging.
Eopktnlil ·knew· nothing about fni.l.1-tary ta.ct toe~- He. ga.tned' hts
. eo~olusione
frofu'
S;ta:l.1:n
's manner
$lid
fr6m
yibtit
,he
·w~e 'told
'
'
····1.' '. '
'
.' .
'
'' '
•
'
. ,, ·.·· '
'
by the Rua_'s.1nn··*1~a.der. · I:li~ reP¢rtFJ were 1.2.sed a~· tn.a'. ba$1e
. to
'
fpnrn ,Russi~rt·· polioy, - and,,
surprisingly eno~hi h~a· ·e,ati ..
. matt3a ·p~~oved to be qu!tt;, Ei·Q.ciura·te. · E<'pld,ns. beoame .eonvineed
th~t .t~e,··l\\U~~Ja.~s wouJ,d keep ttghti.ElgJ· an<d \)e· was,. P~rt.i:ou.larj.J
im.pre·ssaa, wher,r $t~l1n ga,ve 8::'l'.U.mtnum high pi-.t()r.ity on ·.bi$:•
39
.
.
.
.
· · Chtiroh1..l1L a~a. Rdosava).t,.tin.w.hilth
met. at,· a~~.. off .Now--
tou.n.dll.and · Qn .A.-~miEJt ~,,. • .J.941,i and llri~·r s.ev~:r-a;~. dayf3 . c,t Q-ori~
.
.
.
.
~
.
.tat~F ·be_q·ani~
$~ltation e:greed ~pqrt. the· p~1ncf1p~es. tha:t
known
·trs: the. Atlantfo q.b&J't~r • . ,Al.thougb the tlnited Site;teJ~: w~Jr
not taobnto,alilf
·t'i:t
war,.
s~t f:®:-th. ·:the·. . wEirttme·
.
. th!$ doewnent
.
.
-
'
objeotiv~s .()f. ~h~ United
•
•
,
r
s'tatee
-•
'
,.
',
.
'
as welit as .England
J.;,
,•, • .. • •.:, Three
• ,•
•••
•
•
'
<
th:1~
That.
oountty w.ould S'e~k: no, aggt-~~91z'ement·;:,,
. that thf;)J ~-e·$tl'e t·o, 1:1ee .µo terr.1:.t9i"ia:l ..cfh.~~ges
thflt _d<i µqt a:Q4.9;i4•.:wltb· th~ .~·e~lyr ·expre~e.e.ci ·w:t~hea
of the .p'ecipi.e· · e9tt;cernE)'~, .an¢1·, that tl;i<3y. resp~et
the ·Plgltta of .~A,il, p~opl.,ee ta, .Qhoose t;he·· fqtnt of
g()vernm:erit ~de~ vrbiqh they wtl;.1 ,live- .:iii: .....
The f31gn1fican<,~> .<>t these :c,onunit~e11te made.
we.~,
. ,$t$te$. w:ae. not at
.
\vht:)ie .
tbs· Un~ted
.
,.,
~n~. without. p:rtor qon~u1tn:t1on. w.1,tli
nus·sla:,:: vr:a$
to,
became e'11dent. when $:talin sc:u.ght toeipE3,n
ats'eu$.a.to?1~
-~f
the post~war ~ett!lement •.
~e· p~obl:em
·qt suppllyin$ tbe
Ru,~~ia.ns"l:J(rl'$ame
very
tant in the fall of, 1941.,,. when, ·th~. ,battle o.t\ ~<;ia(cow
.
1ng -~ deq~s1V.e
~tage-., Willi.run.
,AVE)l'el~
.
.
wa~
"
tmpQJ-•
rea'Ohiioi
Hal'ritnaii,. }1a.d' 1:>een
.,
... 'sent, to -Britain fl,s ianq~:[se(}.se rep:re~~n:tative fl.~rly in. 194i
d\,Utt,ng 8, ~1m12:s.r.
Job• and s con
wo~
or;.eJEJ·· . lfl)
wa:~ ia<,tn1ritble· ft:tte<l
"
the ,0,onfi..den <re . of t~e .l3r1 t:1:eb,
tor· the
H;u~rimall
1
. w~.s 4. · pers·onal ~epreSE)Ii_tative of :Roo~~vti,lt;, a,nd• '\tfls 1,t~re.d
1'Lelnpd 14,. <;¼.oodriat~ and-Maris J. oarrbl (e.da·,··),, D,qou•.
ments of. Aniali'ioa.n Fo:rre·1gp: Relations {Prin-aet·on:· . P.r1noeton
Uri!ve~aftr: P~EHllh [~4"1);. IVt. 11 •..·...
i
. .. . .
·;·
:,
'
,.,:: .
. Atil_e~1c.a,n~R"18$1tln 't.~i141t1ons · 'J.n<i.1rea$-84' '1$' the:• wai,• :.p~O$P$B(ted·.
•
.I;
•
•
'
sent. to ·-Motioow .~:lt·b·:t;cwa eeav.:eroro(>k~ .·111nsd,ter; ·~t-· supply,· .
.f'1?: Rr!slta~<t-, ,·~•tri ·1.n s·epte~v.·. ~HI~· ~j~n- n~{J~tJ~tp,4
.
.
td.t~c,$\{11~ OOJi\'~Grn;as•the '.pitobJ:enw ot 1lllite:a,•l;.~l. ·aJ~;.: ,:fbtt, ,
'
.
·me.qt'1ns~-:~,J'e- euece~s.~1 ·•~eept.t~··~·~11rl 'e-·pe~JQtU·~ ~NddrJ~$j'e
01'.l .O~to'b~;· 10,. ,ftoQ$~1te:lti:; ·~$J'eed 'to the R®.td:an roque·sttt: tOi'
Laiid~Lense tJt1~1ll(3Qts·
tota:°iths·: 9rte .bllillon, ~oll.~$. ~~- ·
,t.a.~. -ln t,11e- te.i.1.·• i~f 1941 1bt· sttuatt·o~ · of t~Qae -ttShtinS
.
.
.
.·
,
.
.
;
!
.
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·•,( :..-1-.r . ,'
.•.
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RititJr· ·.-emn~eca ~•t~~m•-~·t-. Q'r2.t:1oa1•. but.. fn~ ·:iltHi' ~~J~•:, ·eu~oees
hi•· liiiiltt11s ',tiie· ~~;; lief~~ ~9ec 91V •·@ve ~®1e t~~ -,~int,·.•·.
.,.
hope: tha.~ P$tlmt>a· ttie •~i: -:o:()ulcf be· de;.to•iiech,: -'-Th~-·~ltil.--h
,'. '; ·:. , : . '' .'.;: '_,.·~;.''..', .·~ '
·.. ;__-:.i:/~.;. ·.,.·:
. ' . ·.. ' . .
: ., :"· '._ .. ·
,• .... ,.
,Ru$$1tr,ut· weJ-~ · gt,eat~i en,()cut~ge'd ·when· ·tbe; 't1,tt1te,4 States '
tieol$~~t ,~J:/in,. mtswev to,•.the··J~.p,aes:.e;·a~t·~c>:kr;,~/~e.a~i. ~hc:iJi.
@d
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of gov~,wnen~,.- 'littler presented suob an- ~bvloua,.·. ~mmedia:te· •
dEUl~r ·
'
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'
that
~ll~u t'he . .·1'Wl't:tiu1Et·· ,~\l<tQ&.$cied
.
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.
•
·•
.·
.
tu:; $l,.~~ .tll~ · tadv~~e
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~-. ·' .~ :· .. !
'
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nrmi.Eta
·:.bi'· th.a .thim.1®~:
e.~4,. ··t.4\i.
l>t: 194~-..th~·tt.
-i~;tea
.
.
. .
.
.~ ,,
.
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a_1.1,oc,ee~ p,r,QV14e(:I at~nta · t,ba.t: t>;;,et'o.atn& ~bJ~'♦t1:<>n~· :oi. ~~~•
•~•. opp.oped ·~,~~ua:tni :tha~•:atd'~
,the :¢~ffl$l:~~-~,a~d;;.,,,jj ·
.of
b:ta
~
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i:'-,·
~he·' ~:t.t~d S.ta'll•et:.
; .. . ..
':
b~t'.>ugbt .a ·.6h~'.~:~ ·':,~'':.~ht't1.
1nt'o. ·the• ,;~
0
.
u@trt 'e: ·~·~:lati<>Jl~btp ·wtt~ EngJ..antt an4' ~llli'ai~~ ~but ·~~t : ·. ·
atf,_gre~,·-~#:,nd,~t: )>.~-- lmast~ed ~8 ',tb~" trr.tlt~~-;~t-a.t~S,~'b~a:::l,;en
•
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. . . ~~e,w.~:~i ftoos•v.ilt.'
.'
.
~-
.
Eopld.n~:~ .80th :·,.
and
..
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"· .
·41-
direotµig its pesouroeEf against_, ·the. oOJmn~. eneniy,_
for :$.()nie .
nt:,oassgey, ,llc,~aver.•.
,
:time·~. • Joint in1u.tary plaµning was now
and. Qhurt>li~ltl.. oame: ·tt> Wa.Eih!ngton ·J.a te . tn
•
I
O
•
•
Puring the
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t
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Peoem'p~r,
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>•. :-•.1.
t ,
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en~~tt~s ·c1t;ao.~E3,'SlQµs, .l!e.m,ark~piy iQng-..;~:~nge,·- . ·p~n$
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;J
_/,j !~
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5.t,
W~l'a .m~d$. ~y the.• tp.i.·:titap:1,:, e.nd.
•
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'
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.
•
•
I:·: ' ; •
·. •
clegl•~eq. t.hat
Wttlf,
. ,.
·,
pean Tha~t.e;r ·w®ld Pe: .g!veµ P~-~6.:rS;:ty.·
•
th~- l!:\U'O•
:
_
Thea~. ·fli.'3-a.\U!.~·,.~~s .' in. Wash~gt-<>n,· :r;esuttedi
lri ·the- J;)ao1~ra. .
.,
.
.
'•
.
·,
ti,9il . of tJ1e Uni tEt~ ~lat1~~,, s~gt'led: -l>y; tw.a:nty-..~tx, n~tS.:on~
Rusita.
lnoludJng
.
.
'·.·
.
The. Pow~·ts: a.·g~fe4
.
'
,
J-8.S?~o.es _a~,1n_st ~he:·· ttc>Jmrt'QJ,r'
.
,:•·
t,o
ene~y.;; a~d
e~p,oy
'
the.S:r. Nli. .
.
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.,
'
,tQ ji!~kct;.•,rip,O:,eepa~atre .
r;J!b~ 4tl_ant$Q.
:'~:,:-tef,.
wttb_ ~hEI. a~~l~top;
.
. . .
.··
.
. .
p,e.qe
~:
..
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o:f:.~ .i.p~t>t/1s.
.
-
:
'
:
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fan: prqvld_ tng_-.- tqi- fJ'ij:eioht· -~t reltst-on,. w~F.J _1no1li4ca,<1 in .th1ti
,deoilarat:ion:•
. 'rbe Q~l.'q~tEqlq~fi.
sµ.rr()llnc}j;iig
~h~
R~s.~l':te.11
:
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.
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-,, .-
.
'
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•
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a~9epta~ae; ·of the '1tiL~ntlci
d~afte:ra,
.
.
~a:1 n~gQti.,~tt()X-i$- ~-a-tel.'" in ~be·, vi~r~·
·'"•.
.
,,
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;
_®: p~1iti--
.,
()~g: .
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an¢l' ittf eiftea't
,~m
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c,t the, JTl()S'
'
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.
imp~t~~:b: ·ep'Jrft>~es <>I. tbe. e~tlr$ .pQJ"lQd,~ ·
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1
iof~i~; ·Mt~J/~t.er: V ~- tr_•.:M~l~tQ.V_:. went, ~o ..ton~on --~tl'1 Wasb--
.
'
•
:tn~·on --~ ~-<lhi : ~.~i!i, pr1~i-~1· to. urge _a• ~,QQnd ,ront,.
I
'·
I
I
any
-1;1uq'h ~.Cl11Dl111amiiits:
El;t
·that tirn,e,;.·: ~µ.t :111
~- J.Ji~. e~~g~
·:·.io
R~o$ave:lt ~ M~f9h Y,:11 ; ,Qhu.rgbil-l ~$~~a~_tilcl .t,~t ~,~~~>t{l_~:re~s1,ng_
pf the- Vl~;r: ha~ lea.·_·,ne ',1ro' ,-~{);, :-t~t''1aia:,pr,"-nbiples
...
.·'
:
g;v.s.:~Y....
. '.
.
of the Ati~ntio Qhar.te·r. ought ·~pt:
·'
.
'
'
to be- 'c¢n,~t.~ued
s~ ae
:
'
'
t:o
.·,
net.~ · •1llsn he, ~:d~eg · t~~t--· "t·hte. wae. tbe
· bas:1a
on-. .. whiciii'; Russ1a
.
..
. ·•.
,··;
...
'
'
,ctoceded. . · t·o: the-·Ghar:te:r.
:. ,. · •."~:
.
..
.'
, '
-
.
~
.
'
.
-·'
,.
'
Th!:s·, -~dmts.sl·.~tJ, ts:·. :of:
:~ijy
_1rnporta·noa.•.. , The.· ·g~tt.trove:rsi.
· over· Polan~,,•,.1 b~tcl~~~r,., :~_ncl ,tho q_li1ea·t1on · of· the. ,·:~.t.atu~L ·ot .·
.
. . . .
...
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..
.,
'
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• • •
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_tho ,J3alt~o,Nat4ona, w~;!.~· s.eem .. t,q -:p~vt.~oen ~eJtle'd ,by
.
'
.
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l9l2.~ .·. Jail.•~· the . epttµg
Qf,
f
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-.
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;
~.942:i . VlaEfbi.ngton/ re~~d t_d. :
lii.~~e; ,,td R~sliJ(l.~: ·()ori.tt~l: OY~l'. -~ha .Balt1<,. ~it.ate~,;• . Pe:t'hap~
·tlie· ~/~iit.e ·pepa~ttnent wa~• .~ot' #Ulif !i11tor1'.f\e~: .~'.t.. t·h~- time t·he.•
,,!:lgreenie:rtt was ~d.eJ or:,.· ·wlitob ·1.S '11:iO:re· 'like·iyi. W~shthgti)n ·
igno.:r·e
Q}:lQsa. to
be., un,:e~~r-~b;J.ei
.
..
,
'
.. ,,
.
.
.
1,ta," ea'rlte·r oominl:tma_nt wh:!t(.)lf 1,1!1' fb.uild .. to:.
. Th~'. '~QJeQ· o¢.nt1n1Je'4, ~q b$l1eve · tllaf-ao:C>~e~elt
.
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.
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,·w9ulg. he-1-p. tht:lm. rei~a/il}'.·~heir
·.pr,e•l,'l.a~,· ter~$t6cy, µµ·t:fl >~ate ·
.
·1n jl9~',h IJ.1h~
reco~d
-ts not.. ~le.a~ as tg Rb'ee~:,elt},s
·-~;tt1ttu4e·.,.
.·
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-.;
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oonc~r#irnf l.'<>:iland t$
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l;>J:>:t4der~: cl~';n,~: :t-~e . 'l.1e};le:r~p
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Confer~nOEt,,:,..
.. . -_/i -~ 1-: .
. - . •.. ·_ . :, .. -.
. . . ... : . .
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.
bu;t ·:the; ijQ_n'cliti-Qn:, to·._.-wbl:,q.b :the· $qv1etEri a~Olfded. ·to·. thtr: A~l;an""
:of. ·it:110 ·
tio Ch411ter. ,w:®l.~··,seehn to.' r~e· Qu~~ the- ·pt>e~i~iljy
t:o· te,riilt:o~y\ ,~~st· ..of,.
-:eraa:iden,t upli·ol(i'in:g :~')·1~~d';e<-r.1ght:
thei Molottl)v ...Ri~'b.ei.i:t.t9P
11.ne,~•
¢.hlll'o,~11.:i
t~
..
..
.
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Or. t·he· · ~tott
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.
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Line;:, ta an. 1~~1.·qp.tton. .t_~ t lie. .· -h~dt
~:~oepted
.. ·
.
.
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the b€le,io :·prino,ip1.e.: ~VQlVe~~ .. p~~.e ident .Roo,s~-V~'l'b 1 'Q'Qntiri11ed· tngao;1$1v~~~Eif 'cfpno~~rting :P.<>l~~d ·ta; d1tt:ti)t1:lt •_tq •e~pa;,afn.
1
Prpl)abiy ,_t~
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to· h\i
·1~fib~11:ty
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to· a.otlept: tlie
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ton~elU$1lO$e. of t.he:, as:reem.~te ~de w1 ~;h 1Ws.s1~ :•ben ·tmtb.
<Ut>lilJl'trJ, aEW~e.d • ~o .the .· pr(Wte.·1.®fJ: ,()f: the ·. ,t1nnt\o- QhArte,tt~.~ •
Uiff :v-ag11ene~t'Lf:.\toused ta:l~ie, h~e. tn tM p,c,)iee,, and. ditl
...-
·,,_
.
•
.
-f
~las ·Melotov·•a, v·t.a:tt. -~.twenty. ye$.~ t.reaty· of allJin~fl;.-.
omltt.tna ill.· metltl® Qf b~daiile$,,·
Eind Stwie"t
wa•
slgiu,a bJ Sngla.nd ·
Chm-ohlll,,t{~·ld :na.v~-,~etn w.tl.l:-tng;_.to
!h1G,ij1$...
imtludct •b<hln~tt.te,.: ·@t .t.t/Yta$ a-.4'; nm.·~~1 .to. Wash.~s,;on.'e
13tJ;tf. oppoa1:t.ton ·, tmi;· tff t&t1'lt<»'tt\l a~fJementa, .W'.~te · 1no l~ded •
•~tr 1r9-p."e1'$uade t·he· . . woster~. Ali:t•e~
l\tlc>lotovtEJ .e,tQnd: -.t,moern
ft
. t(f
e~ttJ;bl,\slt a' JJttOOtld' f~o~t.(: tJnfo~~'Qlla:t~·li
to tnai·o~~e•·. to ~Moloi~ ·tbat,: we
-··
't,
...
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tt~01Jev,1ti.!e\te·tmj4
w~d- \1>ro.vt~
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Att,81:' -~i.~_n,_g: QblQ t OJ Stalf'•Geno$'~~
i~fl>J'ge>
.
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l!ar&balil i l.t ·'au0.h :·e.tt ·Og>elfa tl,QU; f:e~Ptid t)1!0~l'b1e,/ th(! · j>~(Hfi.dex.1r .
'
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the~ ·~autbpr'i~~Cl· ;~ •· 1.floiot(W- 1<>> i~.f~m
e~peo:t. tfu>·:~i)~i~-t.103 qt t .$~Ut~d,
*~
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·th$& te~~,tti -OhuPC3b•
·i11 waa,·m()),$ ·•:~~~~,~lt.al,. -·.ana:·tJ.1 a~ at~e, m,inc±1t1:L: he~·mad_~
lt oieaz,: they, ~ouJUl £i'ot·· pr6mi$1ll
(f-e~'oon4 front: $.n··l-~4a.a,
., .·
~ quQet.t.oa- _ot a ~e.~ottd tr:Oiit· :,a.a ·11<>.··•lon.se~:-.~~tan1r at.
$~ai;~, that
h-:~t
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Yalta,.: l,ut ·$.t htrd: $ v-t~ta!l. e,tt~Qt ·• N'li\t:l!()~Q· ·biHiv,~~n 'ifbe.
sene~~\:Ili
·p1ea,se<i ..
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.
A'l1See :duz-1.ti~ 18~2- $µ(l': ~948 ·• · S.:>pkt;as -was
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ql,)~~rve~, t(I) •th~. Amertean Amba1:1aapor --~o Elxiglanc,... J'Q~·.Jh Wi11;~rit,
-~that w:e: at· 1~a~t, b~id~ed ~n~ ino~e
gap.betw.-~en:QtWse;J.v~nL
- d Rv._as
· · 1,a- .••tti
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-B_ut -~ ·_ seoc;,nd f,'r.on'b
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'felt that- ~~liti:t ah'aµl4. -~:o
t't _w~s
c;,ut. !n July,. and.,
~u.'led
Via.~.
tQ:
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Mos.e§w. e.ri4'.; elq>lain..;,
tha;·~~t;~t,ton -p~l'tt<5n.A1,1:1 .tQ· :st·t.t:1$.ri-1 · The· -P.:r.ime":° M$n1.~ta?' · g~bl~d,'~oosev.e~t ~~qu,ea.ti;rig -~~: t6 ailoy,_,;~~p(faa1i' tp _~Q~om•
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qhui-·~ht·l.~ ·:~!14 ;a.arr,~~~ -a::r-r.1v~d,, .1n.. Me>EIQ.CW
pa~y -h~- t<>: Mos·o ~ f
August. it.3,- : .1(942 •2: Of their, .f P'st ·ntee_:tling. Vl;ith,,_.fttaJLi,n; .Qm.u!Q)l-:;.
10.1. rapo:rtecl that .t•~e '.~B;~:IL :_iliQoked }'e;lium~ :lhe,n he, _.Was_•,
tll~t- ~Q
1,;i£qrn1ed
Seo,~rtd
fr9n,t; wo1;1l.'d 1iak~ -P.~aoe' tpat; year~
r~ve_~i-~g. to ;st~~·in-· ...t~e, ~JJ.ied. Pt~ne.
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fcjr
ap.vis.ag~d 11µmer~a: att.aoks ~n., ~he. F.rteno~.0,cr~a,·:~, .. r:t -1.~. ;.~a-~~
. t.o, UI:J.Q.ez;,jjtand the. ha:s·:to oauae ·f'~ - the: de.\tiel'i<>r:-at1eri; :of·. ve-ie."" ·
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~~ten~e~. ~- tqp+l~v·~-1 q6$fe:rf!Jnoe. petw:~~n. t,ti~- ·§.ov-.te_t'.~ _:and · .. _
the We.r.fte:~n· .!Le~del'-$,,,- ,,;_Th~.re.- ,.ie .n.Q. reoo.r-a r,f/lg~t.ii~g·. hi.~ e.qt1V1•
ties thelre:., but lt .is._ l·t~1;1ly ·tha~ ha i\lW<i<td.. ,w':lth. ,~ur:¢hllLIJ~,
on all :nu.iJo/ _queet,\;~~tJ,•· . · · · · ·
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power· t~n w~ J~µppq13,~. ~:p.q,. i.E;)~B ~c:,wl;Eidgff,,.·1
·ne
re lla•
two ·~eat lee.d~.rs .seemed to have .reaq~e~. ~: ·~~r~~ng.
··t~~n~~ip; b~~·n.6 :iin,port~nt pQ~tt.~~~1. de.ofai:Qri~ ·a~:l~o~: ·
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by wiehing~J· :t6::aoopatrat'ei ~1th ·,~it. 'wno. :wdald: 'rtgnt -il:tiil~r
~ae 'btisiQ~:Li:r' ~dunti~ ' S.cill\e "t1ji:Ltlos have 'Qh~;rged' thEJ,t:,'tll~ ·,
a~ri~$~X'at;·® ·w_t;ttit ·to. l~6Qfl~S~ry: l:.ength'a t.<> (iiS~e$":ttie·•·.
,tini'a.vbr~b1e: tuid' -:even :h.t~t1J.~ ~ttitiida h·~:a.at~Y ·ma~i' .tP:w:~~a'. .•
. , 6~ .·q'ommuntQti' ':a:tii• . !lite· ·c-a~,t~.P~8~t~ftij'.: ··11··11.;, · 'pt1~fut>$
' th~:y': 'te:o:EUrte ·, ~f:ilU'-}riQad 'by thel,r ot¢ ~tt~r·a~o·ea· 'Intb> t~king "
.' ;in··◊ver,iy 'e~gutri.o vie·~ .:,bf :$¢i'~.e;¥: ~n1:ahtibns.; ,rati' '·Qia6h(l,:t~
.:, Q~Sltl,·,. 'the·. p:~)Jsb ~'l:>a~$~d6r. iri ;WaShingt,on~:- wrote :'t:hiii ,ttop~
:·ktni' tql.'d him <~fl ,'t~:4, 'that'' 1.t'was poestble. R.~ose~Erlt he.cf.
, " . ai/er~:bia 'RussJa to the \~merida~· peopil.~·. 2, .. N'o'. 'doµbt Jlhpkins
' .: t\ri:d 'I{QQS'e,riH.t nti~· tiiitur.Eil, s~ap1o1e>r;i.$ resa#ainij ··tl,la'·'.:Sdv±et~.
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beo~rne·- quite. ·te11£1~ dw:-tng 1_9~3 •. '.: Th~ W,'.r~er
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Staltn protested.
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guring ·.1944,, din.l,P:lt" ··the . PtP~lems .tµa,:t. ware' t;hen beo¢ming
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witb :the lw4 lea<1er,;.:··· A't Oa1tto he· ast'ee·4 to
aid t~ -Obtna by ·,:onau.o:tlng.: a~: ~iterts:lve in.~- :aJli::t:JAkt~g
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:ar~~i.Q,b:, evj.q1;1nt·l;y -lla.~r ~:o~
e..11y; ,.
'.trUJ3ted '-tlie_i;;p. _Ame~tqan.
~;ct µr1<:1er~'t~d tlle. ,tnt~"-98.oi,ss 9.f $µre>pe$.n., pql1t~t;t~;: and:.
'.ti.':\~: rnac:1~. -_ia. :Pf.~P◊a.~f '.tha:t. w.ouJ.d hav_.e ba<fr .s orne, e:t\fe ot. wha,t;~v~;r
{he. ~t~J~~de,
t)I, ·Wa~hi:ne;.ton :m.ight '.have
been.•. ·
0hu,r,o_:titll .oo~ttrt~ed. :t 9 .pre1=1~ .f o.r. ~eri:o~n.- a:ee.(lP•ta1:1f)(3
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from
the. pltan.:
-~P.-<>tht,r me.t1~age·
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llpbe~~a, .o,f .1.nf~u~no~- -w~re. cont~Jllpll·a~_tl<ir ;Dll.t .in ,w·h1<fh . ti-~
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~t;:. H~. ad.d~t~
a~~-Q s_ta\ec.t tlla). Qom,e,09~ .,;mU:$-t "p\lay t~E3 hP.P~
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tl'.l~t .e_:ve~t$: tn.(:hre_~ .very fa~t 1,n. the
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~t~er Rooae_veJt )1a.d re ja~t~d til:$_ .p:rev_iQU:Et p~_PP0.~~1:, Oh.ur()n111
oame:
wt. th ...a atr. ' ckis. ·etateme:rrti.,.
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~.iat; _bator.e ,aking, 6l;Cf~.i011:• . Rv-63~t.S, in. t~.8 },,(l~kane ~;J.w~ye
·()ll'.t$t~~pped tl:l~. CP~n.s,.1ng -O~P:.dit16n$.,.o:~ -.. @i:µ'Qp~Jl ·theµ sug+ .
:tm-,~ mon.1i~f:I ._trJ_al. pe~i~d. to~ bl$. ~~~~nge.~ nt, ..
w};li ~b , \ ti ,cf9t1id 'b~ .renewflg.•, Ji~ theu~·: ~9,i$tiJt1.ng· tlle. _
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: : A . p~ss;t'.b!l,e .~~Pjl.~fil~iQn or. hJlil a ot.io~ ,was..
~a.:ter
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pene.tr~tad, b~~;· '.o~~-:.,cf¢1U1try: i.n .. the· Balkans,:· 1luni~.P:f~,- :tt ,vr9itl, ·
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~~ptains. :wl'lt· ll.s.'.vie.sf ~he f1,rs~ :to,:~t:ret, a ··plan>i\el", oo:n,:roi'
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Of tb/3 ,:B~l,kan.$:. . .4fter axplaini:n_g "';bis :apt,iv$.-~r;·o.1'9 ·' in pu.~ting
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.cli.own the· Orea~ mutin:ie.ll i·ri- 1~43~, qbu:ra~ill1.oonoludedf::
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by' events 'J ·$.n<i •~-'.Q1,.e is·. true!".·
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my ,poli~y .was· • •
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.h1$ }?e.1$:ef .t~at. Br.I tiah: ~.otieo ·$t;i:vad .. (weec.~ froni ¢Qmiirun_iem·o
The: plan dee~:r1l,,er~, above .• :whi9'.h .prov·i~ad fq:r ·4lvts'-<>n .. of.
authori:t·y in I tlle -B)1~~ansj.- wa,~ part a.n<i pa.r·t1e l ·of hia ·p.J.an
fe>r keeping, ()re$Qe d$1110q:rtti9. .• ;'
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.W!..s~lns: .t.Q. U.tita-rn -Amattc,:ilr;t-:l'~ao·tlop. ,tQ Ohu:rohtll.c'.s., p~o!
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po~a.l,f S-t~lip -macle.
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,d1..reo..t· 13.pp.r0.·t1eb ·to ;W1:3.s,hin$to;t1 on ,/uly: ·1.
~1l; .1nd'tof3:-t:e~.- ilpp:rQVe.i
ot -tlle
plan,. :b~t
,t,~•:· '.hi~
m~~Q_age- t·o .
\ib, ' $, (pV-iel~ ,:~e,c,·J.a.~E!d .tha. tJ ' ' '
-~~1.s. ,gove~:n.~ wou.l:d- _wiel:), t(;. malts kn OW:U it.a. a~e-li~ns 1 c:ip. last tbs pre>posed ag:,reemen.t .rnight • • •
lead to the d.iYi.sAci.ti • • • Q~ the Balk~~, ~egi·o~
tq.to: 'sphere~ Qf il_l.f~\ienoe .2 .
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2The M~moirs of' Oordell. Hull, Il,.i458.
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The State Dapa~tntant
w:a~, p1a1~ly
.worried'.·
No. dou,qt'
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than its doubta. · · Tm.is did _a plan tor tne'. B~lkaiis .4~·v~:-iop,.
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Amer·toe.n
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'i>oi~'cy _it.i' sot'i~he~$te~: Europe. PeEJted -Q~'ly Oil :the. p~dolamatltln
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a ·rew 'ge'na'~liii ~:r~noiple~. Iri ·r$t?'O$psqt,.,' }!.µ\J.-~~ffiewbat
,'.iart'fi~'d the :;P?''QO'J.em \V:hen l!le, inter:rOd. '-hl:l,t ¥1~;£,-oriri ·atff.'i•
;'atiltle~ in th~· a~ ikaris · vi'c,~1d n'ot have· ·ari'~en: 1i Roo~evei t
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had·riot ~-a'ti.~ep~·~d the.·p\·t;1n•; It tEJ t~a th~~ :Q'n'tt.e,,'f ·States
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· tn~otivtty tiur.ing the reaj Qf l.~44- wai;\k.ened :~~~er pr6tests.
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Q~•f9e~-~ :·A.lite:~ _:t'6r.~~s: r:ef).ohEfd ~ha ·oe·rn,a~· f!"(?~tie.~,•, _$ov;te;t
' a~md.eis; ~p. 'th~ ·.ea't!ftJ .mo:tta tlfu:n· ~tqlled
the 'i:lll000S!:fe,a ·o( Ei(sen•
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hqwer 's ,for~e:~i ·an~ -1~ August.: ·b.oth ·R.wrt.an1~ 'anci '. ~w..igar·it:t .
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vie,r.e ,put :o:ut-: i:>t ~?tioh ·and °'e'ql-a;r~d .wa~- ~n .the ~~~~ij ., . -~t\U'e
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me~:tilig thf:l,t vi~~- to hEJ.,,1s. much
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the ·Q,u.eb~Q CGrif&t'8t;lQ~, ,Ghu.r1;1hill: pre¢i~E3~
,an,ithe.~ o·onfe:renoe WhiO.h w.·o~l~ · oon.eic;lQr tb$ p_ro'blem~
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ars.e..·1ns 1Q t'be Salktns· as tlb.e sovtert ste~tl-ile.r ·tlt\.1it$ned
the: to~r Ne.fie: ~~t~llltea~ · tS\qoe lt: wa.:s •11 t;t ·teYI. .w.e,ek·s
b<ifO~e ~lectl~ ;daj;. Rqoe•VGlt. obvt~sly• ollult1·, not,
to e•.- t~ot,- stte. _. But . as Cb~c,hll~ · 91>serve4•( ·.p,oblell1$.
. ~ti. t.~ ea:1.kan~;
oouUl ·n<>t
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S>tal~.f:
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~t 'Mo.$,:ow::4 ~et,_ad,_ Sta~t.tt il11tr'. :(nt'Qtmed · tJ.$.t a.;liff~~ •
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countr.ie:e :.,qf$glnate di .. · He ·prop Os tid
of'' e o~tijes:s:tiei'n· Ecwopean
t~· St._alin, :tlw.t lt\11.Hila :Pave· ritnety: per c~nt .prtidomin.enco:, in
n~nla,\ Brttaitr ·n:tne'ty per cent( f.n: {;}r,e<;l~e,, while{ 'tbe: :two,
criuntr1eE3; woul4 ·gci t:tfty'!'1'1£ty in irugQtlle:(tta. Stalin: reacH.ly
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In. a metret:ige
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the' :ate-tent <>t pe~oe.tltage ,tls n<t~ intended to -.be more ..the.11 a
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·. •·An ,tm:pc,;1'.-i~~nt. pp.µit -eh~u.,lid .be notep.. '- Qhurohfll:.,·eit;(d
a.gr,:remants that- either' >.sur;,er.a.ed~d,
. ~. ~rnen4ed
. 'tJhli, p~eVi.Qua. Jun~ agp·ee.ir$ntiL ·to '-Wbiqh th~ ·/trnited ·
.Site:tef: 11~4 ·a~h$re(L, ~a tact w~s' t$de .: isle'a.r that'· A;JJ1bE?-s~aa6i'
~tall in .;<>'trtt,louti:ty·· 4ruttt:t · to
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~ :ef~t~.<lt~· '~be·'tin~l~ed;Jlto/te.e ·wa$ eS:!i! B<?l&ttsmt• ~· ~ha ·
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war, u he: t1Varred; -~t~·e':1 Vl.t.l~. want. to ~uy- a~-· rtiu'~ll- ie··· '~$0 ' .
m1}ilion. <dOil;l.a;tt'-wo~'.th,;ot: gbOdQ. ·frOfB us. Ftehab'~lita,tion· .to
m~·~t · the de~ltd$· o.t' a-ris1ng s-tanQ~rd of 'tiving,' Will ~OQUPY
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we .could
threi~:tl~t1;~·the Ru$.s:ians·. - :~>t .w~e··-
o~ea~ that·- 'by -May,~.. at· ·.tno time Et-e1~nboweJii· plap~ed ·to •ofioEre
the Rhine-,. -litWsian
0apture of the
'·
...
,-,'
.
b'it~se-
~t
be ti.esp +q Gel"l~nt-,: · ·;The . ·-
-~~ma-sen
en-- ~l1'Qh
7 :•ocm-l.d not· -~~~e•'·
tba· atomio
,bomb
and 1 ta• awfut. ef.ffedt
nave·
-bean
. .
.
'
'
.
-
.,
.
.• '
in'. Februat-J·•:_·itfgl'. ¢0U:;J;d th~· suQbess.fu.l·o()mpi,e;·•
be~:n ~6r.e,a'@u1
tlcm cit.
fQ?'O©Q YiQUld
.
.
.
'
antiot·~
.
>
.· · was not ~tt-ong;, but ·1t 1e doubtful that Rt>Qs·e.ve.1 t wou.ld
have used s~e·,10:r f~oe as
tbs p.OW0l"
to <iQ so., 'that
tbr:inat even had be, p·oeiee,seed
fit
ne>t to
18
say that the
apeements
at Yalta ttnd tbe latei- •lnterpretats.on of t:tiem w~1<1· not
be.ve been d$ffti!'Jteat tf t:he tl'$mendQU8 m1l.itary st~engtb
of the Un.tted. ,Stai\$&
would have 'been qoncentrated ln S•oi,e.
.
.
Althougb·many ot what t.bQ
We~t hf:lve
(
'
oons1de~ed to·be v'to-
1at1ons. of the: Yalta age~inents we~e Cl:ltieed. 'bt revc;lr.utlonal"J'
tor·oee within the c,OQntrlee 1n questt9n, SttAlint the. chief
~'
'!'
vl't~a:tor t>f
or' ·power.,
th$ Ya,l.t$.
,sr-Ci3aments; untif!lr~tood tbe s.mpox-tan<te
Onlr a few WOJ'dS nted be saia Qbou.t Prime M1n1ste~
\
~chilli~ . lie 414' not ba\i~ dtffS,;oult,y 1n undez,standing
\
the ~eetai1 Oommim1ste,.,., a we'1kness that was easy
ln Ro.Oi:HlVG1t •
to
li
reotsr11ze
· I
Pi,obabl7 b.18 ).ong experS.en.cca \VS.th thj Sc>viots·,
· G.cnd ht.s. ktlowisase.
of·
them· aaa t·llelt' probable post••ai- amb'tL,'
.
'
ttone, are the most 1mpw~ant thiage: to know: abou~ .ta1m 1n
<
'
order to .t:uu:i..retarui bts actlone at ·the Conterenoe'•i
· ..A~s<>;; ·
.
. . ·~
.
':..
'
'
'
hle pX'e>found knov,ledga Qt Eu.rope$.n, polltto,s ar.ic! real1~t1on
of Br.1.taiii•~ weakened position help to.explain hie appoaob
to, the man1 problems
that were c.\Ollalc1etecl' at ·Yalttil.·•;'> •Se _
'
'
.
resp.onelbl•
.
.
.
ttone ~. ~otb woi-ld ·wars.:-··: Hie ).~g tu,p.eztte~oe ~'n('.!
'
\
.
p"l•
'
\
gi-eat
,.l,l'Q._tlitr. e>JQnentlJ qu.a1S.fle'1 Jlim·. to repre~ent ~ngiau1d. at:
'
\
'
'
'
was. \he otilJ o~e of the Big Tbree• Who held
I
I
~.
.
88
..
oc,nfer-enc.,e- that w9uld deoiae t_hef tutuv.e. 4f EuPOpe 61.Ud the·
de$tla&J cf: ·tht ··•<ntld ♦· 'TbQae 1'h0 lndlSijto_1tmULEtntir ol':f.tiij\'ae
.
~
Proa1aent lloose,vel.t
'tt acttona tit tfi\l.ta. ueila111 ·oonvenleritly
lgnQre- the ta.ct tba~ ~ohll.1 wae. there
ip all. the «ipeenl$n,ts
mad~ ~ :
also,. and oonoQrre4
In: Anthony,· Eden,.;, ~qhl&l ·
pqde1esee~ ,a f<ll'elgia m1n·ister ot 1<mg 41pl.ornatto eu1pars.ent1e
~i.r qu$llfto·,r
,o.
deiega t1~ · fc,r. th~
tbet~
itvos
~epttes,etit Engl.aJtd,'$ 1n1iettetitta. ·The Bi-1tt$h
tton.$.S.Sted ct men who had devoted
nt~!l~. Pat'-t
to f()J'eign· atfflllt'S • Tbey wel'e ln rnatke,d ooirtl'atl1
. to the vepreEt~ntattveQ· trom the United a.tQtee ·who poeia~·esea
·v~lng baoqr9Wlds •··
suc,b
:uai·~tui:iate'lfl the JJStll taey . po.&1tton of Bngla~d d.ld
not
perms. t
Cbv4htJ.l a:nd bi~ taiel'lte4 aasoo·i:~:tea: t0. detemlzio
pc,:lior ~t •tbe· Center.once to tht &xtent that tb~J viiebeci,'
.
~ ~obably ·. e.f{
.
I
1m1oh a, ,would have been des1'r.tibl~ .: . Rne;llab
i
ti-Qope \v.,re •t~Sht1~s. t.n G.tl'DJBQ,
.but ti.a~!;' an AmE3rl<Sall .oo:m•
.
.~
'
.
'
I
.
.
.
'
:
.
•t
.
.;·
Their hcmeland had .been sevePe1:y battered,. the· pe.ople -war&'
htlgu.ed,, ancl ttia1t>eCCISDQJ111 't>adly 'WO.Qk$QGcl~/:The
Qbee"t\tton.s
.
.
..
.
.
.
'
.
ot Penl'Ot\e '.lndl.oate that the ~r1t1e:b. wer~ ·aw@e of tbe,·ti,,· •.· •eaknee&, .t-esultJn·a. 1D lat-ge.1 pa:rt .
bam tmrb
l:S.quldat1,~
of•f..,111~ ae..aote d\U'iilg the eu-11.. ' phaoes ft• . the· : war.:i~.
Xtf, ·
:·-.\'•.
.
e.ddttt()n,
.
par,~ ·ot.
,.·
'
;
tlle Bi,ltt.eb Elrlp1re we.~· .ll;t. tQrmo1li
thett$
.
'
•PE1n%'f>ee,,: Eo~omle
'
Planning.!!£:-!!'!! Peaoe,
.
1
..·
16·~;'.r .
.--···,-::
Wf:lS
wu,~rst bl tbe M1ddie; E4et. and, lnd1e.
Wlil'S.
demanding tode•
ta Norihe1m: ?ta11,. and :1_ n> ·
Gree Qe,: b~t ·tbe i,es t of :s·<:nlthaa~ tel"n: EQ~pe. was· oo~tx-o:U.ad
by tlle O:~i&ts .; :~ Sttglleh wer~ ats.o 40-.ttte·a tt>. a.
war in the ri.oif1Q. t·hE1~: ,seemed likely $t tht1t t.tnte· · t~.- l.$.si
pen.ctenc$ ~
B.r1t1eh ':ttoQpa wa.Pa
'
many mo~e tnQ11th$ $d t() reqw.r.tt addlttonal eff~if.: uPol'·
tempt>ral'lly a.t ieast, ~ SW1U1er le1l&e: Wi'.ote tu. 19,~e,. ~thf.l ·
Br-1tiah •O.®imonweal·tb ·.ts weak~r ana p4or-e1' tn reiatton ·to
t.ba r.est -of
the
Ctvori.a·
bas
thai;l .it
l;liien
ss.noe the da.ye· when
1
Bnglari.d ·a;ldti$:
. •PX't.ven.ted Na.pole on, hotn dond.nating ·thtr ,Qa»tl-a."
'
~
.
.
'
It,· is· true t;hat · ber. aJtmtea ln: }1urope were. tine
and
otltl$,
tb$t :phe 'POS.e:ei;is.ea a .ltiJ-St, effeotl\te ~·!.l' forq~ •. kt Ei:igJ.and
was ti'.l n,o: po.st.ti.on to tOJ't:Se any 11.lrse natton to ao<iuteso·e
to· any .plan$ ,~he migbt.:ba,te in· Et.WOP&~
true
in· soutbee:atern
ib1«a WtU'J, par,ttoulatilJ
Bur.ope,~ .·
➔-
fiOlne 'facts nb~t Sta11ta, one of the most pQWerfU.1 irteQ: ·
of hts
timt1:
may- be .n~t$d •• · Pew·
cletall$ ~t
~s prJvate,,,.
1.lte..
.
.
'
.
.
·-
:
'
are known,:... He bad "-·. tons f;'SOOJid .of l'GVolu:~tonarr -~~t,vlty'
.
.
.
'
.
a,.t the t.-1me of the Ootobev fte-vol.q:ttonf.~·Dtwlns all hts···1s.re
.
be was f$C8<l w1 t)l ,-.4tUtgere $:tl;d
,
j:
•
.
;;_I;_;
Qt'l80S·l'
'
~s.ns
.
attet- ',
arid
I
•
·b1e ~l$t:• to. power ·be.,a~veloped
'hie· r-e$0ur'oefqllneao
.aQ.d:·
.
.
.
.
'
; '
,_.
~kl11 tq•
El
thtO aup:r~rne
,·
'
.
..
greet aegre~, ~,t fl.l'-e'tr tii ·ol'4e~ 'tio ~em'1l11-- !in ·
p<>e.ttt()n,
'
and attet- Maa,Sism app$titt~d,·.
to,
'
I'.\
pfQtf!f4~
·
·~
~Sumner We-llee• Where At'e. We· Head1na0 · (Ne.w York:·
f:Ulcl Brotbel'D,, 1946): lb$.. -- - . ga•. . . , . . ...
'
Hai-per
.·... ·
as
: ,~:he
'
a real1s.t ._of ·the:
. :·_ ·. ',... ---. _: >.
1.and ,that he ~1lad~, · He was
.·!""'.·
;
·..r ,' ..
/~ ' ,/· .. · '. ,~ ~..
'~· ~n to w.bom .p~wer ma~t tJVerything..
.He wa~, de·v.ot~d to •
··Mar~lst-ten1n111t pr1no'tpJ.e~, .but even more .
~~~1
to power..
m()at., .import~t: ln underst~nding ~1$. ~ot1,o~: ~t
·-·,. - w,as hie
I'
f'ir~t .ran~l
b~-
abtl,~ty t:o.
'
,
:,frob•
:Y;~:lt(l ..
utt'erly ~ea.1,1s.t:$<t donQerning $,o~let
'
'
'
\
,
\
. · Ruse'ia •·s .f'utu,z,e •;'saf~ty,: o.nd to ma1ti~a't~ nie.ny a:ven~ee --.thl'o\igh
;. ,_,
. -· ' '.
.:
.
·;·,.
.' !
-. ;
. .
. '. 1:- ' . '
. .'
.. ; . . . ',
;
1
tu.t:ure .t·tme~ · At. Yal.ta S~alin
,r~¢ogn2.~ed. the, iar~mourit po·sft1on of. th~ ~()Viet ~n10n. 1~
w)~/4.oh: lie
1/,
might ~Q tlt ,some
'
\
•
\
\
Ei't1rope.'1 and the me.111 o,on·gessit:)n$ tba t he..mAd~ there .:1ndi¢ato
1:••'•()','
t~t ha '.s:~rioually ()ons~1d'1lred· astablJi.i,shing peac,:e:ttil relatioqs
•
'
•
I•
• •
•
·.
\
••
I
i
I
I
•
' ' 1.
~\
'.,
.
l,
,
·· · · ·,aftal'· the• suoaesa;\11 o.0n1pliet1e>.n · qf the a tomio btjntb,, ~oviet
,,'. '. '
RUS·ala
~rtjOjtd a sµ.per1Qr: pQ::Jj.ti,qn ~n . &u-ope 1.n. ral~t1on
. .
.
.
'
,
.
'
· t~ bar .Alites •hen the· ,Yalta tl~nterenQs ·w~s belch, · The Red
I
I
·.f1tmit ~o~gad
~my was
•'-n
,
,
P.Q,\_and a.rid t.he
Ba.lkan$ 1.n · Fe'brua~y.,
'
'
>
:
'
'
I,
1~45~ wh~re 'they r.e?Min8(h' A.l.$0» :$.QVi(rt l{®s1a. w~e not
hJ·n~t:9appa·d by ~he _ne·oe!=J~·~~Y of fighting• on i;wcf·'ftont~•j
.
"i'
•
'
-
'
.
---:
.
.
: '
.
. '.
' (<
t
. ~-
•.
.. .
.. ' . ..
..
..
.
w.~th the e~<>eptiQn <>t:' a, tE'JW d1~~~1Qtll3 . dapiQyad 011' 't·he, ._· Slbert~
•'
.b,qrtiet"•;~
ati ·b1r, ·str~ng~h w~s. :o:&~06l~trat.tld· .•~. ~:opa::~: ',A.
·,
'
oompav-1~.on
.
.
-
Rus:ei•a, and
be.tween
'nd!il1ta:~- :-~·tfength
"
'
.
.
.
the We ate~ A.l.11esi: •c>f: thei)-
t~.- EtirQp, •~eve·a1s that -~h~ R.el
·,
.
;,
'
Armj wa~
.
"
..
.
when th$ ~ or.ma~4Y _J.e.nd1ng$ ~e:i:-e n,ad~, , there were ab OU t -a t?ttY
Oefm@ div·1,_~,ton13.' 1n Fp:aµoe an(}
tha·
l,ow Oountrtesti w:tier~a.Q
',
,89
•'
~bet-e. we~. -one :·bu&-ed •·and -n1n~t1-uine -Gel'ti.Sul · ~1"11s1one:
and· ftitr satellit.o a:ivi.Eti®s. ~ngaged ~n the eaptem fi'ant.l
qp J°Eltl®:f1 9• · 194$• · thef'e ··wel'e one· bundt'ed and th.i~ty ..tbzt-ee
.
.
:I
.
de~ dtvtsioue·
~(lat'
.
. .
.
the ea:atem ~oni ~2, Da:ring the l.~stl,
.c,m•
ot
of the war; Rues1a: w~s engAging t1e.arl7 two-tb11'd8
,ne Geitma.Q. field twcse~.•3 · That 1s a
'18'£'1
s1gnit1cant' ittGt,:
I
views held by•manv t?Jat Roosevt;1lt
should N1tre foi'4$d Stalin, t<> ~sree to, te·rms•1 prcpoe~d •by, . ·.
and :one, whlc>l:l
makfe
the··
the Amer1ou ·aijd B~1ttsb delegates at Yalta seem. gr()tesque.• ·.
''
.
I
S:ov.iet- at-m1ee· bad a· :lcr.tg unbroken record ot vtotQ~tea ·at
t:be
tind Red Arrq-
troops'
.
.
or .the Yel~. OQnterenee,.
time
®Qt\•_
problem ~ft~t' :v10:t0l"J .tn Btu-ope• was aob1e~ed. · ·
Litta.e: WfilB m~· at that ts.me· of tbe tei,r-1bl.e lo&..sas
,,
sµst11infla ·by tbe s.~vtet Union.;; .It ,has been e~t1nated that(
.
:
.
.
as. marq as• filtee-n million Rua,.,:1a11~ 10:rt the1~ lives dvins .
the war. , Oontrn~~t.1ng .on the:_ tra:rrlble a~nuie;e done. ·to ·~ovtet·.
·R~s :ta: by the Nazt~·,
.. ·Efse.nbowe,
.
.
.
. :wri<>:te:. th~t.· · ttwban -we ·flew
.
'
.,
'
'
.
'I . .
· · - ·~w.
:
'
'
t
Averell Bar:r1tnan. -~ Watttiine· Relti.t1ons }11th -uhe •
soviet Unlon, .. statem~nt ~ub~ted···!! tt;, JQln~ -~:sn~~o,-ftt$e
(Mew· !~l".ii.,
lusuet• ·f"o/.,.. 1'.98:t~~-·
· ·.
· · • . ·. ,· · · .
, · StJ-.S:. a·ongre.~s.,, s:e·nate, Q-:tt09 -·Pn · fo~et,~:qnel~ttqn's,
The Nominfitton or Obar.Aas B~ Bo!3lan. to· be .United S:tatse: •. _·
imead,g~aor,..E~fi:f~"'atnaa
aiici. ~ienlgot¥~~·-·Eo' tfi.a:•y~to'i
a: f·s:t. Rej;bil cJ1• 13d,
t.,.-~ss ~ .a~ · •
1~gtcm ;r · .tiov·er~iµ,e~1;1r: )'v~~·\,tQg' Of'f S:Qet,: ·,1$~ h 88 ~ - · · ·
··
it, SpvlaE
,
.
,
'·
~oo•
,
,
«~s~ _
1
•
'·
•
;
I
"
':1':••
:'
'•
•
'
'
1
'
t
'
•
,
3strateg1~~, A- Sllo~tt: Hto·toey· Of' t-b~: $e-oo_o,d. W®ld
(.~o..ndotu
· •Faber
a~4 P~ber,
· n-.d.
), .~24,._
.1 · ,
.
. '
.-
war
.\
i.nto R~sla tn 1945:• I: dld •nQt see a house ~tan:ding between
~.he weetet-n borders•· ·of the oount:ry;, .~nd the a~eEJ. aPourtd·
hlo.soovi.·~ 1, Ruest~ suffered tnucq~ but in· februan 1, 194th
. s·ov1et a.rmiee represented the greatest for¢e · in
i
:
Europa.·
r .
\
\
>,,,
ii
'
'-
.
~
~.
;
T'1,
'
,
~~
'W!!S''f~l#lMµlAR:tE~·:·Afi_D.· ;~ f-ROO$-t(-". '
.
,,r- th~ geile~l- pr~9.,~~, .followed: at -th~
. .·. ·;.
':.
Qon•;fij~etica . is
®~~titood.: · Jla.117-fntp()rta•t ~·1;1w,~ de~o4ed-the tittentlon ·of the l!Jtg -fhr.e.e . a&it-~;.
l1f .ie.4.S., ·• !i~ .tu.~'l O.e:~!Ma pol"t;y
.,
bad
-b,8G~ -~•$P8&:4
't:i.tth~h
lt WfllS- appa_1~ernt· -·th~t;.
t~ •.
.
. . . ·.
fbi?i4 li~lqb :w®l<i
-~~4tl. be" <i8te~t19(l. -Wb~ -f~$i1fi_tm:. of·F:Paru,e
.
J!',i~ttvei
t·~
(¼Q(l th$ 'jl~Q])08$d:;_:tJn(t.t,~d-.Nit~~i':,°'~"i..
'1
'
.
.
,. ~at~ oa ~d J1ot: -'bt·,a~· •4e:tf/rm.ine~. ·- t~c1r _a1tuatt_Qil .-1n .:}lc,tanci .
add, eoutlleas.t~i.-~ -,~qpe -tte.ueed, ~6~t-t; oonq~:rni - The-· Q\ltl$'t1on·
.
'
.
.-
u;-.,
.
.
.
'.
Q~r-·
,
. .
ot the. ptw♦i! ~t
.
.
.
·',
'
i
-.
;
-.
'
.
.
·the ·V$t.o ·lJi· the· pttOJft~ecf ?.~rl:d'.:'~tgtt~J,,~ation
11Jd n·ot 1,.;$n ··~eftt·t,a~ -· ~4- z\l_J~_).~v.
L
...
'
.,
.
·_,,
the: :4$t·f;ltls ·_of·-~~et,a:ts
.•
,
.
•
et1ti'~1:1;c·,, ·intt> the ;w~~ ·agS:~$:t.· ,Jap~ '.h$d Ytl~• •t'o be W<,r~ad ou.t-.
1mp·oi-.ttut Jitt;;EJ,tl~ga, ~tlPO' ~el<f by the; W~.$'.tern J)OWE3'r~ 8.S'
tlje.,,.·_,~ie8fi·t.es
-~11e--_~lm$~- •. ---~- SarauaJey-22;,
'
•
•
-
•
•
'
,··
•
'
<
·.-
'
•
• •
•
••
J~•,1-~a-tb·
--
:: '
.
-
- ,
1_,.
-__ -, -_ _ --_
'
-- . • •
-- __ · '
'
- , -
'_
-
-_'
.•
_._.-
- - - _·•
.-_
-
, ,
:£y-· f'.olltaw~g the, t-..ftugvaiJ.
oerem¢~1~-s~. 11~~111S<"t'oolt,- ..
.
off. fo~--Lond®-~ Cha~le,$' i. Boh,en,. wbo '.~$f'YEUi' ~~: :1~~-e,rpretep·
. ·t~~ Roj111e-vijiJ.t. a.nd ai$·0.·_cfQneu,t;t~11t ·-® :~a·~·t ~_Qpa~t{ at:ta.i,s}·
t)ie
• '
1·.
•
,
...
•:'
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•
'
•
.
'
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•
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'
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-aoo®p~ni~4 ;u,Qp~lna •' -Otle -· ~t
•
.
•;'.
·,..
:fuoiaif:y Ch@¢'l:11l:1,,:.
•
.
"'
'
·'
•
'
H~~Jd;tta •
.·
'
'
,.
:•
'
-olJ-~-~ttv(le :w~,<tt
.
.
'
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·.• 1: •••
\Jht;> ~~·~
~- ''; ~1.$ttU'bf1,<i by OO@P,laut·a, '~de
"
• '
;
by
•
!,
;\
I,
-~t&tt$.Qil.wt · in DeqambeP.
about
t1.$b.
. .
. .
. .art
.
. :
lnte;rte~en<,e
'ln .• tt·tvltan
.
..
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· . a.~d llveek alfa#.11i1 •. : .Qb~.(.iliill.· oxpr~ij_sed; t~r:itat,100. .,a,~.·
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and: ~Pl~ ;rtewpolntt was tllat the t~J.' ·w0\114
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beld
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S'EH)\U'l..ty. O®n:g:Ji· .
was S;n\foJvoa
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th$ Aes~mbJ.f' nia·ettng ·~haf~· ;tbs· ·inte"1atlanal•
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OP e9on~.r~~ · What ·we.a (itn/to\;t;S'lf ttto e~~l.Ji'.. an~ f't"do~eve1ii ·
pro'b~~li ·tnt1nt.1cme·tt: t~ a:~· a ~ptntns pt>hl·t .tti '1:le~,{ tnat·
th$ me&itii:q -~l.4 '.be .btld,:1>$t°"• ~he end· ot· the W~J":~.•
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at .san: bMoisq~ •
bj)l~~-tttn1~ ;11onoerµ~ng
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h~iat. Jlu.t. vlo~.dl:,.t ., . ~h0 $.ao:r,et8il7. ~tfrdly.
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