INTRODUCTION:
EVALUATING
PERSONALITY THEORIES
Theories of Personality
• Personality Psychology
o Scientific
study
of
the
psychological forces that make
people uniquely themselves.
o Main objective: explain how and
why people behave as they do.
▪ Focus:
thoughts,
feelings, behaviors from
an empirical & scientific
perspective.
o Personologists:
refer
to
personality
researchers
&
theorists.
o Became
formalized
and
systematized primarily through
the work of Gordon Allport’s
Personality: A psychological
interpretation.
• Scope of Personality Psychology
1. Theory Development
o Most
important
part
of
personality psychology
o Theory vs Hypothesis
2. Personality Research
o Theories must be tested through
systematic research involving
hypothesis testing
3. Personality Development
o Factors contributing to the
emergence of personality (eg.
Rate of physical development &
effects of gradual physical
changes.)
4. Personality Assessment
o Development and use of
techniques that accurately (valid)
and
consistently
(reliable)
measure different aspects of
personality
• What is a Theory?
o A set of related assumptions
▪ Set- more that one; to
integrate observations
▪ Related – not isolated;
possess consistency
▪ Assumptions – not
proven but accepted as
true
•
•
•
•
Allows scientists to use logical deductive
reasoning
o Logical – characterized by/
capable of clear, sound reasoning
o Has specific goal
to formulate testable hypothesis
o testable – suggests a theory’s
worth
o the presence, quality, or
genuinesness of anything is
determined; a means of trial.
Personality Research: What makes a
useful theory?
o Generates Research
▪ Able to stimulate and
guide further research.
▪ The research should
have main goal/purpose
to help the specific field
o Falsifiable
▪ Able
to
be
confirmed/disconfirmed
▪ Precise
enough
to
suggest a research that
would support/ not its
major tenets.
▪ Theory should stand
alone; to say endpoint
(does this claim support
the meaning of the
theory I have chosen)
o Organizes Data
▪ Able to classify and
organize
research
findings and make it
eaningful.
▪ Framework: capable of
integrating
and
explaining known data
▪ Result
should
match/support
the
theory
Definitions of Personality
o Depends on the theory that
defines it.
o Depends on the approach taken
by the theorist
o Has common elements
o Has levels of analysis
•
Personality Definition: Depends on
The Theory That Defines It
o Each theorist sees personality
from an individual reference
point influenced as well by their
life experiences & history
o Psychology
of
Science:
investigates impact of a
scientists
psychological
processes
&
personal
characteristics
on
the
development of theories &
research
▪ Has begun to look as the
personality traits of
scientists
✓ Personality Definition: Depends of the
Approach taken by the theorist
o Determinism Vs Free Choice
▪ Are we determined by
forces we cant control,
or can we choose to be
what we wish to be
▪ They provide certain
decision on a certain
problem (eg. Patient
approaching therapist
for options to cure to
alcoholismshould
follow
SMART
analysis)
o Pessimism Vs Optimism
▪ Are we doomed to live a
miserable life or can we
change & grow into
fully
functioning
beings?
o Causality Vs Teleology
▪ Is behavior function of
the past experiences or
the future goals and
purposes?
o Conscious Vs Unconscious
Determinants of Behavior
▪ Are we aware of what &
why we are behaving, or
are we driven by
unconscious forces
o
o
Biological Vs Social Influences
on Personality
▪ Do genetics and heredity
shape us, or do social
relationships?
▪ Nature v Nurture
Uniqueness Vs Similarities
▪ Is the salient future of
people
their
individuality , or is it
their
common
characteristics
Genetic-Environmental
✓ Biological-Trait: inclined in genetics
o Trait Approach: providing
a certain exam that will
assesss
intorvertness/extrovertness
and
measure
of
aggressiveness (answer is
based
on
biological
influences)
✓ Humanistic-Behavioral: opp. Of bio
o Humanistic: highly human
based/ experience based
o Behavioral: highly social (we
learn by observing other people)
Unaware of Determinants (Base on dreams &
childhood, repressed memories)-Conscious of
Determinant
✓ Psychodynamic: Freud; unaware of the
cause of why the certain action is being
done;
repressed
memories;
unconcscious.
✓ Humanistic, Trait, Dispositional:
Based on the current stance (experiences,
feelings, anger, pain etc). Understanding
the stem of problems (that’s why it leans
more on the conscious side)
•
Personality
Definition:
What’s
Common Among Most Definitions
o Uniqueness of the Individual
▪ Importance
of
individuality/
distinctiveness
▪ internal & external
influences
▪ life
history/
the
development of the
person
▪ we
define
the
personality of the person
based on a certain
individual
(past
experiences,
future
goals, dream aspiration
etc)
o Consistency of Behavior
▪ Consistent patterns of
observable behavior
▪ If we want to define a
certain personality it
needs to be consistent
throughout the lifetime.
▪
▪
▪
•
•
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Sigmund Freud
Levels of Mental Life
Evidence: dreams, slips
of the tongue, neurotic
symptoms,
repressed
memories
Origins:
Repressed
childhood
memories,
Phylogenetic,
Endowment
Phylogenetic
Endowment:
The
experiences of our early
ancestors that have been
passed on to us through
hundreds/ generations of
repetition; patterns of
thinking rather than
ideas.
Preconscious
o Contains elements that are not
conscious but can be readily so
o Origins: Conscious perception,
Unconscious
Conscious
o Minor role in the psychoanalytic
theory
o Contains elements in awareness
at any given point in time
o Origins: Perceptual conscious
system, Non threatening ideas
from preconscioys
Provinces of The Mind
•
•
•
•
Superego: can be retrieved
Id: unconscious
Personality Structures
• Cornerstone: Sex and Aggression
• Levels of Mental Life
o Unconscious
▪ Drives urges, instincts,
beyond awareness
•
Id: Instinctual
Ego: ideal self, balances negative to
positive, touch based to reality
Superego: focuses on perfectionism,
morality and idealistic principle, no
contact with the outside world
o Conscience: punishments are
their drive (should not do);
produces guilt
o Ego: aiming towards reward
(should do); produces inferiority
Freud: Dynamics
•
•
•
Driving forces behind people’s actions:
Instincts & Anxiety
Instincts
•
•
Life instinct/ Sexual Instinct/ Eros
o Impetus: Libido
o Source: Genital/ Erogenous
zones
o Aim: reduction of sexual
tension
(Active/Passive;
temporary/ permanent)
o Forms:
▪ Narcissism: Primary
(infant’s
self
centeredness)
&
secondary
(Adolescents’ selflove)
▪ Love:
investing
libido
on
object/person other
than self; Sexual
(overt) & Aiminhibited (repressed)
▪ Sadism
&
Masochism:
cornerstone of the 2
instinct theory of
sex & aggression
Death
Instinct?
Destructive
Instinct/ Thanatos
o Pseudonym: Aggression
o Aim: return the organism to
its inorganic state
o Final aim: Self destruction
o Sadism and Masochism are
also endowed w/ energy
from death instinct
Anxiety
o Definition:
felt,
affective,
unpleasant state accompanied by
physical sensation that warns the
person of impending danger
o Origin: The ego, confronted by
demands of Id, Superego,
External World
o Kinds:
▪ Neurotic
Anxiety:
apprehension about an
unknown
danger
originates from the Id;
result of fear of
punishment/ authority
(previously experienced
unconscious destructive
feelings towards them)
▪ Moral
Anxiety:
originates from conflict
between
ego
&
superego; result from
failure to do behave
correctly.
(fear
of
failing/ generating it
from past failure that
destroyed your dignity)
▪ Realistic
Anxiety/
Objective
Anxiety:
originates from outside
world; resembles fear
but does not involve
specific feared object; an
unpleasant non specific
feeling involving a
possible danger
o Is Ego-Preserving as it signals
some danger at hand
o Is
Self-Regulating
as
it
precipitates repression which
reduces the pain/ anxiety
Freud: Defense Mechanisms
•
•
Purpose: Avoid dealing directly w/
instinctual demands & to defend the ego
against anxiety that accompanies the
demands
May be Normal & Universal
•
•
•
May lead to Psychopathology –
compulsive,
repetitive,
neurotic
behaviors
Principal Defense Mechanisms
PRIMITIVE
o Fixation: permanent; remaining
at the present more comfortable
stage of development
o Regression: temporary; reverting
to an earlier stage of
development which has lesser
stress
o Projection: attributing unwanted
internal impulse to an external
object/person; see in others
unrecognizable
feelings
or
tendencies that resides in
ourselves (Paranoia)
Freud:
Defense
Psychopathology
Mechanisms
&
Freud: Development
•
•
In the psychosexual stages, the first 4/5
yrs of life (infantile stage) are the most
crucial for personality formation
Freud said, Anatomy is destiny, in that
physical differences in male and female
account for important psychological
differences
Freud: Healthy Personality
•
•
Freud never conceptualized the notion of
psychological maturity
But a healthy personality would have a:
o Balance among the structures of
the mind (Ego controlling the ID
& Superego, while allowing for
reasonable demands)
o Ego functioning in the center
o ID impulses expressed honestly
w/o guilt
o Superego would move beyond
parental identification & control
o Ego-ideal would be realistic and
congruent w/ ego
o Consciousness would play a
more important role, w/ only a
minimal need to repress.
o Repressions would emerge in the
form of sublimations.
•
•
Jung: Levels of The Psyche
•
ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Carl Gustav Jung
-
-
Psyche
o Rather than minds
o Is a self-regulating system like
the body
o Actively sets development of
individuation.
Mind
o Refer to as mental functioning
which are conscious
•
Freud’s student
20 years younger
Coined Analytical; Psychology (BirthDeath)
Freud focused only on birth-middle
adulthood; Jung: Birth-Death
Recognized
alternative
view
of
personality
by
studying
the
psychological paradigms of the neoFreudian theory.
His goal is self individuation (similar to
Maslow’s self-actualization)
Jung: Personality Structure
•
Conscious
o Ego: center of consciousness
o Organizer of our thoughts,
feeling, sensations, emotions and
memories which are not
repressed
o Bearer of personality: stands
between inner and outside
worlds
o The way people connect to their
outside world through their
attitude
Personal Unconscious
o Anything which is not presently
conscious but can be
o Made up essentially of contents
which have at one time been
conscious but have disappeared
from consciousness through
having been forgotten/ repressed
o Painful/negative memories that
we can recall: shapes our
personality
o experiences that can be retrieved
easily (violating rules, cheating
etc)
o Collective Unconscious: innate
characteristic
that
we
unconsciously have (we got from
our ancestors)
Difference
Between
Collective
Unconscious & Personal Unconscious
o The personal unconscious was
the accumulation of experiences
from a person’s lifetime that
could not be consciously
recalled.
The
collective
unconscious was a universal
inheritance of human beings, a
species memory passed on to
each of us
Jung: Archetypes
•
Jung’s Level of The Psyche
People differ in conscious, Jung make 4 functions
of the conscious which are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Thinking
Feeling
Sensation
Intuition
o One is dominant from the other
based on their usage to the
person
Personal Unconscious: contains all
forgotten, repressed, or subliminally
perceived experiences of an individual.
o Complexes: contents of the
personal unconscious; a person’s
reaction towards an experience.
Collective Unconscious
o It does not refer to inherited
ideas but rather to human’s
innate tendency to react in a
particular way whenever their
experiences
stimulate
a
biologically inherited response
tendency.
o Freud’s
Phylogenetic
Endowment: portion of our
unconscious that originate from
the experiences of our early
ancestors that have been passed
on to us through hundreds of
generations of repetition.
Archetypes: these are ancient or archaic
images that derive its contents from the
collective unconscious.
o originate
through
repeated
experiences of humans’ early
ancestors.
o Have biological bases but
originated from the repeated
experiences of human’s early
ancestors.
•
•
•
•
•
Persona: this is the side of personality
that people show to the world.
o Similar to “Mask” in theater
o Not necessarily comprise the
whole of personality
o Must have a balance between the
demands of society and our inner
self
Shadow: represent qualities that we hide
from ourselves and others
o Archetype of darkness and
repression
o 1st test of courage
Anima: feminine archetype of men and
counterpart of animus
o originated from early men's
experiences
with
women
forming a generalized idea of
woman.
o It represents irrational moods
and feelings (mood swings).
o Man’s 2nd test of courage
Animus: masculine archetype of women
o originated from prehistoric
women’s encounters w/ women
o symbolic thinking and reasoning
o same as anima; appears in
dreams, vision, and fantasies in a
personified form.
o Anima and animus sound like
society’s stereotype of the sexes
Great Mother: derivative of anima and
animus
o pre-existing concept of a mother.
o associated w/ positive and
negative feelings.
o represents 2 opposing forces fertility and nourishment on the
one hand and power and
destruction on the other.
o can be performed by a male
because of love (father, lolo)
Wise Old Man: derivative of the anima
and animus; archetype of wisdom and
meaning.
o symbolizes human's pre existing
knowledge of the mysteries of
life
o
•
•
this knowledge, however is
unconscious and cannot be
experienced directly by an
individual
o madiskarte sa buhay, best to
approach when you have
problems, gives u answers based
on his experience in life.
o Literal man
Hero: represented in mythology and
legends as a powerful person, sometimes
part god who fights great odds to conquer
evil
o in the end however, the hero is
undone by an insignificant
person/event
o on the movies, television, and
comics when the hero defeats the
villain. it frees us of feelings on
impotence and misery; at the
same time, serving as our model
for the ideal personality
Self: disposition that each person possess
an inherited tendency to move toward
growth, perfection, and completion
o most comprehensive archetype.
o Archetype of archetypes
o it pulls together the other
archetypes and unites them in the
process of self-realization.
o To achieve self-realization, a
person must:
▪ attain individually by
hindering their persona
from dominating their
personality
▪ recognize the shadow
▪ gather much courage in
facing their anima/
animus
o conscious and personal unconscious
components,
o mostly formed by collective
unconscious images
o symbolized by a person’s odeas of
perfection,
completion,
and
wholeness
o ultimate symbol of mandala
o Mandala: represents strivings of the
collective unconscious for unity,
balance, and wholeness.
Jung: Psychological Types
1. Thinking: it is a logical activity that
produces a chain of ideas. Thinking
enables people to recognize a thing’s
meaning.
a. Extraverted Thinking: rely
heavily on concrete thoughts,
minimal use of abstract ideas; are
mostly objective
i. Mathematicians,
engineers, accountants
ii. Reformer/ ventilator of
public wrongs
iii. Self-righteous
b. Introverted Thinking: more
colored interpretation, highly
subjective.
i. internal meaning or
highly subjective &
creative manner
ii. inventors
&
philosophers
iii. can
be
too
individualized
2. Feeling: it describes the process of
evaluating an idea or event. Feeling tells
people a thing’s value or worth.
a. Extraverted Feeling: objective
data to make evaluations. They
are not guided so much by their
subjective opinion, but by
external values and widely
accepted standards of judgment.
i. Business
people,
politicians,
objective
movie critics
b. Introverted Feeling: subjective
perceptions on value judgements
rather than objective facts;
individualized conscience, a
taciturn demeanor, and an
unfathomable psyche. They
ignore traditional opinions and
beliefs, and their nearly complete
indifference to the objective
world (including people) often
causes persons around them to
feel uncomfortable and to cool
their attitude toward them.
i. Critics of various art
forms (subjective movie
critics)
ii. Mostly
silent,
inaccessible, and hard to
understand
iii. Hide behind a childish/
banal mask
iv. Women
3. Sensing: it receives physical stimuli and
transmits
them
to
perceptual
consciousness. Sensing tells people that
something exists.
a. Extraverted Sensing: perceive
external stimuli objectively, in
much the same way that these
stimuli
exist
in
reality;
sensations are not subjectively
influenced
i. reality-oriented,
and
shuns thinking and
contemplation
ii. proof-reader,
house
painter, wine taster
b. Introverted Sensing: largely
influenced by their subjective
sensations of sight, sound, taste,
touch, and so forth. They are
guided by their interpretation of
sense stimuli rather than the
stimuli themselves.
i. Irrational type guided by
the “intensity of the
subjective
sensation
excited by the objective
stimulus”
ii. Overreact to outside
stimuli
iii. Portrait artist
4. Intuiting: it involves perception beyond
the workings of consciousness. Intuition
allows people to know about something
without knowing how they know.
a. Extraverted Intuiting: factual
thinking; provide objective
solutions; more on external
reality.
i. Suppress many of their
sensations (guided by
hunches)
ii. Keen nose for anything
new and in the making
iii. Politicians, merchants,
contractors, speculators
b. Introverted
Intuiting:
subjective and have little or no
resemblance to external reality.
i. Unconscious perception
of facts (subjective) =
little or no resemblance
to external reality.
ii. Mystics,
prophets,
surrealistic
artists,
religious fanatics
iii. Judgment functions are
relatively repressed.
Jung: Development of Personality
•
In contrast to Freud, Jung emphasized the
SECOND HALF OF LIFE (period after
age 35 or 40).
•
STAGES OF LIFE = SUN’S JOURNEY
through the sky (brightness of the sun =
consciousness)
o Early morning sun – childhood
o Morning sun – youth
o Early afternoon sun – middle life
o Evening sun – old age
Stages of Development
1. Childhood
a. Anarchic Phase:
i. Chaotic & sporadic
consciousness
ii. Islands of consciousness
may exist, but there is
little or no connection.
iii. Experiences sometimes
enter consciousness as
primitive
images,
incapable of being
accurately verbalized.
b. Monarchic Phase:
i. Development of ego
ii. Beginning of logical &
verbal thinking.
iii. Children see themselves
OBJECTIVELY
and
often refer to themselves
in the THIRD PERSON.
iv. Islands of consciousness
=larger, more numerous,
and inhabited by a
primitive ego.
v. Ego is perceived as an
object, not yet aware of
itself as perceiver.
c. Dualistic Phase:
i. Ego as perceiver arises
when ego is divided into
the
objective
and
subjective.
ii. 1st person
iii. Aware of their existence
as separate individuals
iv. Islands of consciousness
= continuous land,
v. inhabited by an ego
complex that recognizes
itself as both object and
subject.
2. Youth
a. puberty to middle life
b. According to Jung, a period of
increased activity, maturing
sexuality,
growing
consciousness, and recognition
that the problem free era of
childhood is gone forever.
c. Conservative Principle: desire
to live in the past. (natural
tendency to cling to the narrow
consciousness of childhood)
3. Middle Life
a. Begins at 35/40
b. The sun has passed its zenith and
begins its downward descent.
(Increasing anxieties)
c. A period of tremendous potential
d. Rigid and fanatical in trying to
hold on to their physical
attractiveness &agility
e. Finding their ideals shifting
4. Old Age
a. Experience as the light and
warmth of the sun diminish at
dusk
b. DEATH is the GOAL of life
c. Most of Jung’s patients were
middle aged or older, and many
of them suffered from a
BACKWARD
ORIENTATION
(clinging
desperately to goals and
lifestyles of the past.)
Jung: Development of Personality & SelfRealization
•
Self-Realization
o Psychological
rebirth
(individuation)
process
of
becoming an individual or whole
person.
o Analytical
psychology
essentially a psychology of
opposites.
o Process of integrating the
opposite poles into a single
homogenous individual
o
o
o
o
Process of “coming to selfhood”
a person has all psychological
components functioning in unity
Extremely rare
Almost never achieved before
middle life
Self-realized individuals:
▪ Realization of the self
▪ Minimized their persona
▪ Recognized
their
anima/animus
▪ Acquired a workable
balance
between
introversion
&
extraversion
Individuation
•
•
•
•
•
•
The search for wholeness within the
human psyche
Self as the centre of personality
Person aims to become conscious of
him/herself as a unique human being, but
at the same time, no more nor less than
any other human being
Conflict is not only inherent in human
psychology but is necessary for growth.
In order to become more conscious, ne
must be able to bear conflict
Something which cannot be fully
explained/understood but has the quality
of both conscious and unconscious
worlds
ADLER & HARRY STACK SULLIVAN:
INTERPSYCHIC THEORIES
•
Student of Freud
Alfred Adler
•
•
•
Eventually
split
from
Freud’s
psychoanalytic circle but went on to have
a tremendous impact on the development
of psychotherapy. He also had an
important influence on many other great
thinkers, including Abraham Maslow
Founder
of
INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Inferiority complex
•
•
•
At age 4/5 you can plan what you want to
do in life, this will be your personality
till the end
Founding member & president of Vienna
Psychoanalytic Society in 1910 (along
with freud, jung)
Initially a colleague if Freud & helped
established psychoanalysis. He looked at
the individual as a WHOLE, which is
why he referred to his approach as
individual psychology.
Adler: Structural Concepts
•
•
Cornerstones:
Social
Interest
&
Compassion
6 Main Tenets (principle/belief):
o One dynamic force is striving for
success (constant learning,
makikinabang sarili and society)/
superiority (sinasamba ng tao/
authority figure) (inspiration are
success & power)
o People’s subjective perceptions
shape
their
behavior
&
personality: every thought,
concept, belief that you have
now will be your driving force of
personality/behavior.
o Personality is unified & selfconsistent.
o The value of all human activity
must be seen from the
perspective of social interest:
every single person should think
of other people, every decision
must be beneficial to people you
are around to.
o Self-consistent
personality
structure develops into a
person’s style of life: once you
have decided the type of
personality that you have, the
next would be the style of you
rlife (healthy lifestyle, selfless
etc.)
o Style of life is molded by
people’s creative power (ability
to be flexible, change your
future, to adapt to the current
needs of
society).
Adler: Major Tenet 1
Success/Superiority
•
•
•
•
yourself
–
and
the
Striving for
FINAL GOAL: Superiority/Success
Product of CREATIVE POWER:
ability to freely shape our behavior and
create our own personality.
By age 4/5, our creative power has
developed to a point we can set our final
goals.
Striving Force as Compensation
• We are blessed at birth w/ small,
weak, inferior bodies. Because we
have an innate tendency for
wholeness/
completion.
These
physical definciencies ignite feelings
of inferiority.
• We strive for superiority/ success as
a means to compensate for feelings
of inferiority and weakness.
• The final goal provides guidelines
for motivation and may take a form
of either superiority or success.
• Your inferiorities are inborn, this
would be your driving force.
Adler: Major tenet 2 – Subjective Perceptions
•
Fictionalism
o Manner in which people strive
for success of superiority is
shaped not by reality but by
subjective perceptions of reality.
o People’s subjective perceptions
shape
their
behavior
&
personality
o Since, people are motivated by
present perceptions of the future,
Adler’s concept of fictions leans
towards Teleology rather than
causality.
▪ Teleology: explanation
of behavior in terms of
final
purpose/aim;
concerned with future
goals
▪ Causality:
considers
behavior springing from
a specific cause; deals
•
with past experiences
that
produce some
present effect.
Organ
Inferiorities
(Physical
Impediments)
o Considered as a driving force,
towards perfection/completion.
o Become significant when they
stimulate feeling of inferiority
o Some compensate by moving
towards psychological health
while others overcompensate
and live in a useless style of life.
o Do not cause a specific style of
life ut simply provide present
motivation for reaching goals
(Eg. Beethoven was deaf but still
created musical masterpieces;
people with physical handicaps,
steal because they can’t get a
job)
Adler Major Tenet 3 – Unity & SelfConsistency of Personality
•
•
•
•
•
Each person is unique and indivisible.
All thoughts, feelings, and actions,
moves towards the direction of a single
goal and serve a single purpose
All behavior are consistent and
meaningful; No inconsistent behavior
Organ Dialect/Organ Jargon
o The deficient organ expresses
the individual’s goal
o The body’s organs speak a
language that is more expressive
o Eg. A child wants to disobey the
parents is shown through wetting
the bed (bladder instead of
mouth)
Harmony Between Conscious &
Unconscious
o Unconscious as the part of the
goal that is neither clearly
formulated nor completely
understood
o No dichotomy, only cooperation
as parts of a unified system.
o Both behaviors have one purpose
=
realize
the
goal
of
superiority/success
o
Do not oppose or try to
antagonize/cancel out each other
•
Adler: Major Tenet 4 – Social Interest
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Put on emphasis: giving back to society
Original
German
term
“Gemeinschaftsgefuhl”
=
social
feeling/community feeling
Implies membership in the social
community
Strives not for personal superiority but
success for all mankind
Social Interest
o Attitude of relatedness w/
humanity and empathy for each
member of human race
o Manifests as cooperation w/
others for social advancement
o Natural inferiority of each
person necessitates theor joining
together to form a society
o Therefore, social interest is
responsible for our existence
o (jimyenshetsful)
ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST
o Mother:
Mother-and-child
relationship during early months
of infancy
▪ The mother develops a
bond that encourages the
child’s mature social
interest
▪ Foster a sense of
cooperation & empathy
for people
o Father: the second most
important person in the child’s
social environment
▪ A successful father
avoids dual errors of
emotional detachment
and
paternal
authoritarianism
▪ Demonstrate a caring
attitude toward his wife,
his occupation, and
society
Relationships between the child and the
parents smothers the effects of heredity.
After 5 years old, the effects of heredity
is overpowered by influence of social
environment
Adler: Major Tenet 5 – Style of Life
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Refers to the flavor of a person’s life
Include: goals, self-concept, feelings for
others, and attitude toward the world
Product of interaction between heredity,
environment, and person’s creative
power.
Established by age 4/5
Final goals may be constant, but ways of
perceiving it continually change
Once you have decided the personality
that you have now (ex. U want to be a
people person/public servant/ honest to
goodness). The style of life would come
from 3 factors (creative power (start at
early age- defining/view yourself in the
future which can be imbibed til you grow
up, environment (setting where you grew
up, this would also affect how you raise
your
own
kids/wife),
heredity
(inherited/adapted practice).
Useful
o you accept changes, you adapt to
sudden changes (di magtatanim
ng sama ng loob if something
unexpected happened)
o
o
o
•
o
Being flexible and adjust to
challenges
Always giving to society;
considering social interest as a
major factor for your growth.
Continually
seeking
improvement of self (has room
for learning, exploring the
world)
Useless
o You live by: “Isang kahig isang
tuka”
o You don’t value yourself, you
don’t value personal growtheven more so the society
o
Live in their private world:
care little for others and endow
their goals with “private
meanings” the world is not in the
focus. (pampering yourself; only
you; not sharing blessings to
others)
Rigid and dogmatic style of
life: because of higher and
unrealistic goals. (not open to
change, not ok with challenges,
you stay where you are
comfortable)
Adler: Structural Concepts
Adler: Major Tenet 6 – Creative Power
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Dynamic concept, a movement towards a
goal
Places people in control of their own
lives
Basically, ability to make your own
decisions; to control and be independent
of everyonelses decisions whatnot; the
freedom
Responsible for creation of final goal
Determines their method striving &
contributes to the development of social
interest.
People are creatie beings: causing the
environment to react to them.
Heredity and environment are raw
materials in building personality but the
architect is person himself.
The law of the low doorway
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Adler: Abnormal Development
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All types of maladjustment have one
factor
underlying
them:
Underdeveloped
Social
Interest
(developed when you are selfish, living
unhealthy lifestyle, do not have/set
future)
Neurotics have 3 characteristics:
o Set
goals
too
high:
overcompensation
for
exaggerated
feelings
of
inferiority (goals are not
attainable)
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Basic
Striving
Force:
Success/Superiority
Physical
Deficiencies:
Organ
impediments (kulot, etc) feelings of
inferiority is the result of the
aforementions
Normal Feelings of Incompletion:
kakulangan sa buhay will be your driving
force to success you value social interest
= Final Goal Clearly Perceived
Personal Gain
Personal Superiority: Ikaw lang mag
gagagin, no care to enviornment, only
you, selfish = Final goal is dimly
perceived (alam mo sa sarili mo na sarili
mo lang mag bebenefit)
3 External Factors in Maladjustment
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If you pursue a rigid life:
o Exaggerated
Physical
Deficiencies: They know for
their self that they are not that
pretty smart, but they will
overfeed people to gain pity from
others
o Pampered Style of Life: Mga
lumaki sa layaw (sa isang iyak,
bigay lahat ng gusto), he gets
what he wants
o Neglected style of Life: little to
no concern/ no empathy
("pinabayaan kasi ng teacher
kaya ganyan" etc); your mindset
is always kapag may umaangat
sa friends mo, di maganda end
goal.
Adler:
Abnormal
Development
Safeguarding Tendencies
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&
Purpose:
o Protect an inflated sense of selfimage and fragile self-esteem
from public disgrace
o Limited only to the construction
of neurotic style of life
o May
either
be
conscious/unconscious
They are self-defeating
The goal of self-interest and personal
superiority block people from securing
authentic feelings of self-esteem
Excuses:
o Most common; expressed in
“Yes, but” or “If only”
o Protect a weak sense of selfworth and deceive people into
believing that they are more
superior than they really are.
o Safeguarding
Tendencies:
defense mechanisms
o For those people who lived in an
unhealthy lifestyle - these are the
person who do EXCUSES
AGGRESSION:
o Safeguard exaggerate superiority
complex, to protect their fragile
self-esteem
o To those who experience abuse
and unhealthy lifestyle, they do
this to protect self esteem, ego,
psyche
o DEPRECIATION:
▪ Undervalue/belittle
others’
achievements
and to overvalue one’s
own and in comparison
be placed in a more
favorable
light;
expressed in sadism,
gossip, envy, intolerance
▪ overestimate
yourself/others
o ACCUSATION:
▪ Blame others for one’s
failures and to seek
revenge; cause others to
suffer
more
than
themselves.
▪ blaming others
o Self-Accusation:
▪ Marked by self-torture
and guilt expressed in
masochism, depression,
suicide as a means of
hurting people close to
them;
converse
of
depreciation
▪ self harming to make it
seem to other people that
you are hurt.
•
Withdrawal
o Safeguarding through distance
by
running
away
from
difficulties
o Moving backward: similar to
Freud’s regression; moving to a
more comfortable and safe
period of life; designed to elicit
sympathy (used by pampered
children).
▪ Ex: Partner cheated and
you decided to step back
(going to province,
switching
schools)
instead
of
facing/accepting the fact
na niloko ka
o Standing Still: simply do not
move in any direction thus
avoiding
any
responsibility/possibility
of
failure; never do anything to
prove they are unable to
accomplish their goals
▪ Instead of solving each
of your problems, you
ignore them instead
o Hesitating:
vacillations/procrastinations
when faced w/ difficulties; most
compulsions are attempts to
waste time
▪ Some are motivated by
procarastination
o Constructing obstacles: some
create their own obstacles that
they can overcome
▪ when you cant solve a
current problem, you
would create a new
problem to be distracted
from
the
current
problem (nambabae - >
instead of facing it, you
will also find a new
lalake = create a new
problem)
Adler: Masculine Protest
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Cultural practices, not anatomy,
influence many men and women to
overemphasize importance of being
manly.
Adler believed that women can do what
men can do. He is the 1st one who
believed that
Masculine Protest: an erroneous belief
that men are superior to women.
o Proposed during the early 1900’s
Modes of adjustment to this belief are
results of cultural influences and not
inherent psychic differences between the
sexes
o Others revolt, become assertive
and competitive
o Other accept passively.
Adler: Applications
•
FAMILY CONSTELLATION: Birth
order affects personality.
o First Born
▪ Power, superiority, high
anxiety, overprotective
tendencies
▪ Treatment of second
child depending on age
and prior style of life
(hostile/cooperating)
o Middle Born
▪ Moderately competitive
▪ Revolutionary attitude
▪ Shaped
by
their
perception of the older
child’s attitude
▪ Easiest to talk to by
psychologists
▪ Has clash with the
youngest
o Youngest
▪ Most
pampered;
problem child
▪ Inferiority feelings and
dependency
▪
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Most
motivated to
exceed other siblings
o Only Child
▪ Competition w/ parents
▪ Egotistical tendencies
▪ May have exaggerated
sense of self-concept
Early recollections
o Memories have no causal effect
on the type of personality
o People construct memory which
are consistent with their present
style of life
o Early recollections will change
as style of life changes
Dreams
o Treated not as wish fulfillments
BUT as forward looking
o Provide clues for solving future
problems
o Cannot tell future but represent
the dreamer’s attempt to solve a
problem.
o Most dreams are self deceptions.
The more a goal is inconsistent
with reality the more likely
dreams will be used for
deceptions.
HARRY STACK SULLIVAN
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Last psychoanalyst under Freud.
All the psychoanalyst based their theories
on their life
Undergone Rags to riches.
Neo
Freudian:
New
thinking,
makabagong pag iisip
Father
of
INTERPERSONAL
PSYCHOLOGY/PSYCHIATRY
Considered as one of Adler’s inspiration.
Emphasized on the importance of
relationships and social relationships.
Harry Stack Sullivan was the only child
of a poor Irish farmer
belonging to the farming community of
Norwich, New York
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Born on 21 February 1892, his
childhood was lonely
His companions were mute animals who
he couldn’t share his thoughts with.
His mother was also distant and was
dissatisfied with the poor economic
situation of the household and did not
give him much affection.
Sullivan’s personal life experiences have
also affected his professional ideas,
opinions and views later on in his life.
Sullivan is known for his Interpersonal
Theory
Father of interpersonal psychiatry or
interpersonal psychoanalysis
He explained the role of interpersonal
relationships and social experiences in
shaping personality
Interpersonal Theory
•
Our relationships w/ others are shaped by
2 primary needs;
o Need for Security and Intimacy
o Need for security: involves our
desire to feel safe and protected
o Need for Intimacy: intimacy
involves our desire for emotional
closeness and connection with
others.
The Dynamics of Personality
•
Tension
o Needs
▪ General well-being of a
person
✓ Most basic interpersonal
need:
Tenderness:
concerned w/ the over
o
▪
all wellbeing of a
person.
✓ Our needs call for
specific actions to lessen
or reduce.
Anxiety
▪ Calls for no consistent
actions for its relief.
▪ Complete absence of
anxiety
and
other
tensions
is
called
Euphoria
Anxiety
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Transferred from Parent to Infant in the
process of EMPATHY
Anxiety in the mother = anxiety in the
child
The Chief Disruptive Force that Blocks
healthy Development (Neurotic)
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PREVENT PEOPLE FROM
LEARNING FROM MISTAKES.
o Parents that are too much hand
on, does not let the kid to learn
(ayaw madapa, masaktan etc)
KEEP PEOPLE PURSUING
CHILDISH WISH FOR SECURITY
HINDER PEOPLE FROM LEARNING
FROM EXPERIENCES
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The Structure of Personality
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Dynamism
Personifications
Cognitive Process
Cognitive Process/ Ways in perceiving things
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Personification
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Judgers: Subjective perceptions of what
you experienced before.
Personifications are subjective
perceptions that people acquire of self
and others throughout the stages of
development.
These perceptions may not always be
accurate and can be distorted as well
o Bad-Mother Good Mother
grows out of infants'
experiences with a
nipple that does not
satisfy their hunger
needs. Later, infants
acquire a good-mother
personification as they
become mature enough
to recognize the tender
and cooperative
behaviour of their
mothering one.
o Me Personifications
o (1) the bad-me, which
grows from experiences
of punishment and
disapproval,
o (2) the good-me, which
results from experiences
with reward and
approval, and
o (3) the not-me, which
allows a person to
dissociate or selectively
inattend the experiences
related to anxiety
Eidetic Personifications
o people often create
imaginary traits/friend that
they project onto others. e.g.
imaginary playmates that
preschool-aged children
often have
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Prototaxic:
o Experiences that are
impossible to put into words
or to communicate to others
(observable in infants)
o People are being misjudged
sometimes for not being
able to fully express
themselves.
Parataxic
o Experiences that are
prelogical and nearly
•
impossible to accurately
communicate to others (e.g.
You think of a friend and the
friend arrives at your door
at the same time. Your
thinking of your friend and
his arrival happens
simultaneously but are not
logically connected)
o Included in these are
erroneous assumptions
about cause and effect,
which Sullivan termed
parataxic distortions
o Nagkataon lag; ex. Tumaya
ng lotto then you won (you
kind of predicted it)
Syntaxic
o Experiences that can be
accurately communicated to
others (e.g. words and
numbers)
o Children become capable of
syntaxic language at about
12 to 18 months of age
when words begin to have
the same meaning for them
that they do for others
o Opposite of protitaxic, when
you ask them they can
clearly put into words when
asked on the spot.
Interpersonal Theory Summary
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personality is the product of a long
series of stages in which the individual
gradually develops “good feeling”
toward others and a sense of a good me
toward himself or herself
The individual also learns how to ward
off anxiety and correct distorted
perceptions of other people, learns to
verify his or her ideas through
consensual validation, and above all
seeks to achieve effective interpersonal
relationships on a mature level.