An Introduction to the Human Body
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Structural Organization of the Human Body
Functions of Human Life
Requirements for Human Life
Homeostasis
Anatomical Terminology
Medical Imaging
The Chemical Level of Organization
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Elements and Atoms: the Building Blocks of Matter
Chemical Bonds
Chemical Reactions
Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
The Cellular Level of Organization
The Cell Membrane
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The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
The Nucleus and DNA Replication
Protein Synthesis
Cell Growth and Division
Cellular Differentiation
The Tissue Level of Organization
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Types of Tissues
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue Supports and Connects
Muscle Tissue and Motion
Nervous Tissue Mediates Reception and Response
Tissue Injury and Aging
The Integumentary System
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Layers of the Skin
Accessory Structures of the Skin
Functions in the Integumentary System
Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
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The Functions of the Skeletal System
Bone Classification
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Bone Structure
Bone Formation and Development
Fractures: Bone Repair
Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ
Systems
Axial Skeleton
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Diversions of the Skeletal System
The Skull
The Vertebral Column
The Thoracic Cage
Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton
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The Pectoral Girdle
Bones of the upper Limb
The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
Bones of the Lower Limb
Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
Joints
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Classification of Joints
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Types of Body Movements
Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
Developments of Joints
Muscle Tissue
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Overview of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
Types of Muscle Fibers
Exercise and Muscle Performance
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle
Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
The Muscular System
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Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangements, and Their Lever
Systems
Naming Skeletal Muscles
Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
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Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
Nervous Tissue
The Function of Nervous Tissue
The Action Potential
Communication between Neurons
Anatomy of the Nervous System
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The Embryologic Perspective
The Central Nervous System
Circulation and the Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Somatic Nervous System
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Sensory Perception
Central Processing
Motor Responses
The Autonomic Nervous System
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Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
Central Control
Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
The Neurological Exam
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Overview of the Neurological Exam
The Mental Status Exam
The Cranial Nerve Exam
The Sensory and Motor Exams
The Coordination and Gait Exams
The Endocrine System
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An Overview of the Endocrine System
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Hormones
The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
The Thyroid Gland
The Parathyroid Glands
The Adrenal Glands
The Pineal Gland
Gonadal and Placental Hormones
The Endocrine Pancreas
Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
Fluids and Transport
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An Overview of Blood
Production of the Formed Elements
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes and Platelets
Hemostasis
Blood Typing
The Cardiovascular System: the Heart
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Heart Anatomy
Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Physiology
Development of the Heart
The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
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Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Capillary Exchange
Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
Circulatory Pathways
Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
The Lymphatic and Immune System
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
The Immune Response against Pathogens
Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
The Respiratory System
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Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
The Lungs
The Process of Breathing
Gas Exchange
Transport of Gases
Modifications in Respiratory Functions
Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
The Digestive System
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Overview of the Digestive System
Digestive System Processes and Regulation
The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
The Stomach
The Small and Large Intestines
Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
Metabolism and Nutrition
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Overview of Metabolic Reactions
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism
Protein Metabolism
Metabolic States of the Body
Energy and Heat Balance
Nutrition and Diet
The Urinary System
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Physical Characteristics of Urine
Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
Physiology of Urine Formation
Tubular Reabsorption
Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
The Urinary System and Homeostasis
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
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Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
Water Balance
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Electrolyte Balance
Acid-Base Balance
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
The Reproductive System
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Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Development and Inheritance
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Fertilization
Embryonic Development
Fetal Development
Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
Lactation
Patterns of Inheritance