COMMUNICATION PROCESS, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.
SENDER
(ALSO KNOWN AS SOURCE, SPEAKER AND
•
ENCODER)
•
Source of information.
•
The person who intends to convey the message with
the intention of passing information and ideas to
others.
Sender’s job is to conceptualize.
•
•
The sender may want to ask him/herself questions
like: What words will I use? Do I need signs or
pictures?
2.
RECEIVER
(ALSO KNOWN AS LISTENER, READER, AND
•
DECODER)
• The recipient of the message or someone who
decodes the message.
•
•
4.
•
•
•
•
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is related to human activity.
Communication involves two or more parties.
Communication could be a one-way or maybe a two-way
process.
The success of communication depends on a proper
understanding of the parties involved.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
3.
•
COMMUNICATION
The word communication came from the Latin word
“communis” which means common or to “commune” or
to come together or to share something in common.
Communication is a process by which people send
messages or exchange thoughts, feelings, and ideas
using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to someone
else.
It is reciprocal because we cannot separate
communicators into sender and receiver.
It is a process because it keeps on “evolving and
changing”.
It involves creating and sharing of meaning.
The receiver is also responsible for providing
feedback to the sender.
Receiver’s job to INTERPRET.
MESSAGE
•
Most vital element of communication.
•
It is the information, ideas or thoughts conveyed by
the speaker in words or in actions.
•
the essence of communication is sending a message
can be classified into two: verbal messages/cues
•
and non-verbal messages/cues
CHANNEL
•
known as the pathway of the message
the means by which the message is transmitted
between the sender and the receiver
Example: a message may be communicated in the
form of a letter or an email or face to face in the form
of a speech.
often used interchangeably with medium
In mass communication and most modern means of
communication, the commonly identified channels
are the internet, light waves, and soundwaves.
Although many references define channel and
medium synonymously, the two terminologies
actually have distinct technical characteristics.
o Channel is known as the pathway of the
message
o Medium is known as the form of the message.
Example:
James (source/sender) writes to his friend Henry
(receiver). The post office or the logistics system is
considered as the channel (the pathway), while the
letter itself is the medium (the form).
5.
NOISE
(ALSO CALLED BARRIER OR INTERFERENCE)
•
any type of disruption that interferes with the
transmission or
•
Interpretation of the information from the sender to
the receiver.
•
Can affect the actual transmission of message or the
understanding of the message
•
May be classified as total noise or partial noise
interpretation
o Partial noise: disrupts part of the message
o Total noise: completely blocks transmission or
interpretation
Physical Noise
•
Noise that occurs in the environment
such as loud music and people
External
around you.
Noise
•
Ex. the sounds of heavy rain on a
galvanized roof may inhibit the
reading of a storybook to second
graders
Psychological
Physiological
Noise
Noise
Internal
Noise
Any mental factor
affecting our ability to
conceive
ideas,
encode a message and
understand received
messages.
Ex.
emotional
instability, pain, mental
disorder
any distraction due to
a
physiological
function
that
interferes
with communication
Ex. Hunger, fatigue,
deafness
Page 1
•
6.
FEEDBACK
•
The reaction, response or information provided by
the receiver.
•
Feedback is required to a communication for it to be
successful.
•
Doesn’t end at the receiver giving feedback to the
sender; it is a cycle
7.
SETTING
•
the time, place and circumstances in which the
communication takes place.
can be further classified into two: environment and
•
context
o Environment: the physical location where the
communication takes place
o Context: the situation in which the
communication takes place
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
•
•
•
•
•
•
Linear Communication/One-Way Process
Considered as the simplest and most basic linear model
of communication
Also called SMR Model because of having only three
elements: Sender, Message and Receiver
Focuses on the sender and the message
Used in public speaking (and mass communication in
modern communication.
No concept of communication failure like noise.
Aside from similarities between the sender and the
receiver, the model also recommends factors to consider
to improve the development of message: content,
elements, treatment, structure and code.
SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
•
•
•
•
•
Circular Communication, not linear
The listener can both receive and send messages (in
most instances)
Communication is usually equal and reciprocal
Messages require interpretation
There are three steps for communicating: encoding,
decoding and interpreting.
HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
•
•
•
Communication as a dynamic and non-linear process.
Largely dependent on its past.
The communication evolves in the beginning in some
simple forms then the same process of communication
functions and develops based on past activities. and
BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
•
•
•
•
•
Linear Communication
First conceptualized by David Berlo in the 1960s from
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
Also called SMCR Model because of its four main
elements: Sender, Message, Channel and Receiver
Emphasizes that the sender and the receiver should be
similar in five aspects to achieve optimum
communication:
communication
skills,
attitude,
knowledge, social systems and culture
No concept of noise of feedback
Page 2
Page 3