COMMUNICATION PROCESS, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS
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COMMUNICATION
The word communication came from the Latin word
“communis” which means common or to “commune” or to
come together or to share something in common.
Communication is a process by which people send messages
or exchange thoughts, feelings, and ideas using words,
sounds, signs, or behaviors to someone else.
It is reciprocal because we cannot separate communicators
into sender and receiver.
It is a process because it keeps on “evolving and changing”.
It involves creating and sharing of meaning.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is related to human activity.
Communication involves two or more parties.
Communication could be a one-way or maybe a two-way
process.
The success of communication depends on a proper
understanding of the parties involved.
Example:
James (source/sender) writes to his friend Henry
(receiver). The post office or the logistics system is
considered as the channel (the pathway), while the letter
itself is the medium (the form).
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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1.
SENDER
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(ALSO KNOWN AS SOURCE, SPEAKER AND
ENCODER)
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Source of information.
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The person who intends to convey the message with the
intention of passing information and ideas to others.
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Sender’s job is to conceptualize.
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The sender may want to ask him/herself questions like:
What words will I use? Do I need signs or pictures?
2.
RECEIVER
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(ALSO KNOWN AS LISTENER, READER, AND
DECODER)
 The recipient of the message or someone who decodes
the message.
 The receiver is also responsible for providing feedback to
the sender.
 Receiver’s job to INTERPRET.
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MESSAGE
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Most vital element of communication.
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It is the information, ideas or thoughts conveyed by the
speaker in words or in actions.
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the essence of communication is sending a message
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can be classified into two: verbal messages/cues and
non-verbal messages/cues
CHANNEL
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known as the pathway of the message
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the means by which the message is transmitted between
the sender and the receiver
Example: a message may be communicated in the form
of a letter or an email or face to face in the form of a
speech.
often used interchangeably with medium
In mass communication and most modern means of
communication, the commonly identified channels are
the internet, light waves, and soundwaves.
Although many references define channel and medium
synonymously, the two terminologies actually have
distinct technical characteristics.
o Channel is known as the pathway of the message
o Medium is known as the form of the message.
NOISE
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(ALSO CALLED BARRIER OR INTERFERENCE)
any type of disruption that interferes with the
transmission or
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Interpretation of the information from the sender to the
receiver.
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Can affect the actual transmission of message or the
understanding of the message
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May be classified as total noise or partial noise
interpretation
o Partial noise: disrupts part of the message
o Total noise: completely blocks transmission or
interpretation
Physical Noise
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Noise that occurs in the environment
such as loud music and people around
External
you.
Noise
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Ex. the sounds of heavy rain on a
galvanized roof may inhibit the reading
of a storybook to second graders
Psychological Noise Physiological Noise
Internal
Noise
Any
mental
factor
affecting our ability to
conceive ideas, encode a
message and understand
received messages.
Ex. emotional instability,
pain, mental
disorder
any distraction due to a
physiological function
that interferes
with communication
Ex. Hunger, fatigue,
deafness
6.
FEEDBACK
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The reaction, response or information provided by the
receiver.
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Feedback is required to a communication for it to be
successful.
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Doesn’t end at the receiver giving feedback to the
sender; it is a cycle
7.
SETTING
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the time, place and circumstances in which the
communication takes place.
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can be further classified into two: environment and
context
o Environment: the physical location where the
communication takes place
o Context: the situation in which the communication
takes place
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
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There are three steps for communicating: encoding,
decoding and interpreting.
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Communication as a dynamic and non-linear process.
Largely dependent on its past.
The communication evolves in the beginning in some simple
forms then the same process of communication functions and
develops based on past activities. and
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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Linear Communication/One-Way Process
Considered as the simplest and most basic linear model of
communication
Also called SMR Model because of having only three
elements: Sender, Message and Receiver
Focuses on the sender and the message
Used in public speaking (and mass communication in modern
communication.
No concept of communication failure like noise.
HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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Linear Communication
First conceptualized by David Berlo in the 1960s from
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
Also called SMCR Model because of its four main elements:
Sender, Message, Channel and Receiver
Emphasizes that the sender and the receiver should be
similar in five aspects to achieve optimum communication:
communication skills, attitude, knowledge, social systems
and culture
No concept of noise of feedback
Aside from similarities between the sender and the receiver,
the model also recommends factors to consider to improve
the development of message: content, elements, treatment,
structure and code.
SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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Circular Communication, not linear
The listener can both receive and send messages (in most
instances)
Communication is usually equal and reciprocal
Messages require interpretation
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