1. In a simplest way of saying, principle is a kind of rule or belief that guides us. It's a kind of basic
truth that helps us in life. Personally, personal responsibility is a principle that guides me in life
like I should be responsible for my own actions and I should exercise self-control.
2. What is a moral principle? The most famous example of moral principle is the Golden Rule, Treat
others the way you want to be treated.
3. Principle of beneficence. Since principle of beneficence defines kindness, mo matter jud ang
ethics in nursing. When a nurse holds a dying patient’s hand, iya gipakita ang deed of kindness
that has impact sa patient ug sa family. Though small gesture lang sya pero it helps comfort the
patient and family nga there is someone out there who feel their pain. Anything done para sa
kaayuhan sa uban is an act of beneficence.
4. Principle of non-maleficence. In healthcare, the ultimate obligation is to ensure the patient’s
wellness by not inflicting harm or pain. For example a dialysis patient asks for a glass of water
and the nurse denied the request, that is an act on nonmaleficence because denying the request
is for the patient’s benefit.
5. Violations of the principle of non-maleficence. 1. Physically harming a person….. intentional
bodily injury violates this principle because pain is inflicted. 2. Exposing a person to physical
harm…like a doctor giving a more expensive medicine with adverse effect to the patient kay
gusto sya mo ginansya, bisan nay available nga less expensive medicine with less harmful
effects. It also violates when you put a non-infected patient in an infected ward because you
are exposing the patient in a dangerous environment. Pareha ra pud sa patient with underlying
conditions, chemotherapy is not safe, dapat mangita ug other treatment options. 3. Harming a
person’s reputation, honor….common kau ni all settings such spread of wrong information that
leads to slander and libel cases. Very important consideration pud ni sya in healthcare as
patient-doctor confidentiality must be observed. So when a confidential information is revealed
and makadaut sya sa reputasyon or dungog sa tawo, it violates the principle of non-maleficence.
6. In performing healthcare, these two principles are inseparable… do good to avoid harm.
7. The principle of double effect. The doctrine says that if doing something morally good has a
morally bad side- effect, ethically ok sya as long as the bad side-effect was not intentional.
Example if an army base in a city is bombed and nearby civilians died, there is nothing unethical
on it kay ang army base is a legitimate target and the intention was not to kill the civilians. In a
healthcare setting, abortion when a mother’s life is in danger… abortion has to be performed
kay if e continue ang pregnancy, it would risk the life of the mother.
8. 4 conditions…. 1. The act must be good in itself…. The act must be for the benefit of others or
something that should prevent harm 2. The good must directly proceed from the act itself and
not from the evil effect….