MOALIM AHMED ABDIAZIZ
IRL2000: Foundation of International Relations
Individual Assignment: Country Research (Seychelles)
Prof. Njoroge Simon Githaiga
06.07.2023
Seychelles
Introduction
Seychelles is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean with a captivating historical background that
encompasses colonization and the struggle for independence. The islands have experienced
the influence of various colonial powers, including the Portuguese, French, and British.
Seychelles gained independence from British rule in 1976 and now operates as a presidential
republic with a multi-party democracy. The country's unique political system is characterized
by the President serving as both the head of state and government, with powers separated
among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Seychelles boasts a diverse
population and is renowned for its natural beauty, including pristine beaches and thriving
marine life. It remains committed to preserving its rich cultural heritage and the environment.
Historical Background
Seychelles, an archipelago located in the Indian Ocean, has a historical background that
includes colonization and a struggle for independence. The islands were initially discovered
by the Portuguese in the 16th century, but it was the French who established a settlement in
1770 (Dogley, 2015). The French colonization introduced plantation agriculture, focusing on
spices, sugar cane, and coconut (Britannica, n.d.). In 1814, Seychelles became a British
colony under the Treaty of Paris, and the British further expanded the plantation economy by
introducing crops like vanilla, cloves, and cinnamon. They also brought enslaved Africans
and indentured laborers from India to work on the plantations (Dogley, 2015; Britannica,
n.d).
Seychelles gained full independence from British rule in 1976 (BBC, 2019). Since
independence, Seychelles has adopted a political system characterized as a presidential
republic (CIA World Factbook, 2022). The President serves as both the head of state and
government, and there is a multi-party democracy in place (CIA World Factbook, 2022). The
country operates under a constitution that ensures the separation of powers between the
executive, legislative, and judicial branches (CIA World Factbook, 2022).
Evolution of the Political System
Seychelles has undergone a development in its political system over time. Since gaining
independence in 1976, the country has transitioned into a presidential republic with a multi-
party democracy. The political development in Seychelles can be attributed to various factors,
including constitutional reforms, social movements, and changing global dynamics.
One significant milestone in Seychelles' political development was the adoption of a new
Constitution in 1993. The Constitution introduced a system of multi-party democracy and
reinforced the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches
(Allen, 2022). This constitutional reform played a crucial role in shaping Seychelles' political
system to what it is today.
Social movements and civil society engagement have also contributed to the political
development in Seychelles. Over the years, the country has witnessed the emergence of civil
society organizations advocating for democratic governance, human rights, and transparency.
These movements have played a pivotal role in pushing for political reforms and fostering
greater citizen participation in decision-making processes (Allen, 2022).
Furthermore, global dynamics, such as international norms and regional integration efforts,
have influenced Seychelles' political development. The country's participation in regional
organizations like the African Union (AU) and the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) has
provided a platform for Seychelles to engage in regional political cooperation and contribute
to regional initiatives (Indian Ocean Commission, n.d.). These engagements have likely
influenced Seychelles' political system and its alignment with democratic principles and good
governance practices.
In summary, Seychelles has developed its political system to the current presidential republic
with a multi-party democracy through constitutional reforms, social movements, and
engagement in regional and global political dynamics. This participatory approach to
governance has contributed to Seychelles' political development and the evolution of its
democratic system. (Central Intelligence Agency, 2022; Dogley, 2015).
Political Conduct and Alignment of the country during the Cold War
During the Cold War, Seychelles pursued a policy of non-alignment and sought to maintain
neutrality in the global power struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. The
country's approach to politics during this period was characterized by cultivating
relationships with nations from different ideological camps without aligning strongly with
any bloc (Hill, 2002).
Seychelles' leader at the time, President France-Albert Rene, emphasized the importance of
maintaining independence and sovereignty, avoiding entanglements in the ideological
conflicts of the era. This approach allowed Seychelles to engage with both Western and
Eastern nations, benefiting from economic and political cooperation with countries from
various spheres of influence (Campbell, 1997).
Seychelles engaged in diplomatic relations with countries from various camps, maintaining
relationships with both Western and Eastern nations. It joined the Non-Aligned Movement
(NAM) in 1976, which provided a platform for cooperation and solidarity among developing
countries that chose not to align with any major power bloc (Embassy of the Republic of
Seychelles, 2022).
The non-aligned stance of Seychelles during the Cold War enabled the country to navigate
the political landscape while pursuing its own development goals and safeguarding its
interests. This position allowed for strategic partnerships and aid from both Western and
Eastern powers, contributing to Seychelles' socio-economic progress during that period (Hill,
2002).
However, Seychelles conducted its politics during the Cold War with a focus on maintaining
neutrality and engaging with countries from different camps, thereby maximizing the benefits
and opportunities available from various global powers.
Moreover, in this Cold War period, Seychelles aligned itself with the socialist camp, which
was led by the Soviet Union. The government of Seychelles, under President France-Albert
Rene, adopted socialist policies and sought support and cooperation from socialist countries.
One of the key alliances Seychelles forged was with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union
provided significant economic and military aid to Seychelles during this time, including
infrastructure development, educational programs, and military cooperation. The Soviet
Union also established a naval base on the island of Mahe, further solidifying their
relationship (Hill, 2018).
Additionally, Seychelles developed close ties with other socialist countries, such as Cuba.
Cuba aided in various sectors, including healthcare and education. Cuban doctors and
teachers were deployed to Seychelles to support the country's development efforts (Hill,
2018).
These alliances with socialist countries influenced Seychelles' domestic policies and political
orientation during the Cold War era. The government implemented socialist reforms, such as
land redistribution and nationalization of industries, reflecting its alignment with the socialist
camp (Hill, 2018).
It is important to note that Seychelles' alignment with the socialist camp does not mean it was
a formal member of any specific alliance or bloc. Instead, Seychelles pursued a policy of
non-alignment and maintained diplomatic relations with countries from different ideological
camps while leaning towards socialist influences.
Transition from One-Party State to Multiparty Democracy: Political Reforms in Seychelles
(1977-1991)
Seychelles experienced a significant political change in 1977 when it transitioned from a oneparty state to a multiparty democracy. This change was primarily driven by domestic factors
and the desire for political reform.
Under the leadership of President France-Albert René, Seychelles adopted a socialist political
system after gaining independence in 1976. The Seychelles People's Progressive Front
(SPPF) emerged as the ruling party, and the country operated as a one-party state for the
initial years of its independence.
However, in the early 1990s, Seychelles began experiencing political pressure for democratic
reforms. Both domestic and international factors contributed to this shift. Domestically, there
were growing demands for greater political participation, transparency, and accountability.
The call for political change was echoed by civil society groups and opposition parties (Hill,
2018).
Internationally, the end of the Cold War and the global trend towards democratization also
influenced the political landscape in Seychelles. The international community increasingly
emphasized the importance of democratic governance and human rights, which put pressure
on the Seychellois government to undertake political reforms (Hill, 2018).
As a result, in 1991, Seychelles held a constitutional referendum that led to the introduction
of a multiparty system. The constitution was amended to allow for the existence of multiple
political parties, paving the way for a more democratic political system. Subsequently,
opposition parties were established, and multiparty elections were held, bringing about a
more pluralistic political landscape in Seychelles (Hill, 2018).
In summary, Seychelles underwent a political transition from a one-party state to a multiparty
democracy in the early 1990s. The push for political reform came from both domestic
demands and international influences, including the end of the Cold War and the global trend
towards democratization.
The Country`s Impact and Influence
Seychelles has made positive impacts both regionally and on the global stage, particularly in
the areas of environmental conservation, sustainable development, and diplomacy.
Regionally, Seychelles has been an active participant in the African Union (AU) and the
Indian Ocean Commission (IOC). The country has contributed to regional initiatives and
collaborations aimed at promoting peace, security, and economic development in the African
continent and the Indian Ocean region (Seychelles Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2021).
Furthermore, Seychelles has gained recognition for its leadership in marine conservation and
sustainable fisheries management. The country has implemented innovative strategies to
protect its marine ecosystems, including the establishment of marine protected areas and the
implementation of sustainable fishing practices (Seychelles Ministry of Environment, Energy
and Climate Change, 2020).
On the global stage, Seychelles has been actively involved in addressing environmental
challenges, particularly climate change and ocean conservation. The country has been a
strong advocate for the protection of marine biodiversity, and its efforts in this regard have
garnered international recognition (Seychelles Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2021).
Seychelles has also played a significant role in international diplomacy, acting as a bridge
between African, European, and Asian nations. The country has hosted various international
conferences and events, providing a platform for dialogue and cooperation among different
countries and promoting global partnerships (Seychelles Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2021).
In summary, Seychelles has made positive regional and global impacts through its efforts in
environmental conservation, sustainable development, and international diplomacy.
Seychelles, as a small island nation, has had limited negative impact regionally and globally.
However, there are a few areas where negative impacts have been observed.
One area of concern is the issue of piracy in the Indian Ocean region, including the waters
around Seychelles. In the past, Somali pirates have targeted ships and yachts passing through
these waters, causing disruptions to maritime trade and tourism (Singh, 2017). While
Seychelles itself has taken steps to combat piracy and enhance maritime security, the
presence of piracy in the region has had negative implications for regional stability and
economic activities.
Another negative impact is related to environmental issues, particularly the vulnerability of
Seychelles' ecosystems and marine biodiversity to climate change. Rising sea levels, ocean
acidification, and coral bleaching pose significant challenges to the country's natural
resources and tourism industry (Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Climate Change,
2018). The effects of climate change not only affect Seychelles but also have global
implications, highlighting the need for concerted efforts in addressing these challenges.
It is important to note that while Seychelles faces some negative impacts, the overall
influence of the country is relatively small in comparison to larger nations. Seychelles has
been proactive in addressing these challenges and has actively participated in international
efforts to promote sustainable development and environmental conservation.
Exploring the Enchanting Wonders of Seychelles as a sovereign state
A Journey into its Exceptional Features and Attractions. Below, we delve into several
captivating areas that highlight the exceptional features and attractions of Seychelles:
Natural Beauty and Biodiversity: Seychelles is renowned for its breath-taking natural
landscapes, pristine beaches, and vibrant marine life. The archipelago is home to
numerous protected areas and nature reserves, allowing visitors to explore its rich
biodiversity and experience its untouched beauty.
Sustainable Tourism: Seychelles has taken a proactive approach to sustainable tourism,
aiming to protect its delicate ecosystems and minimize negative impacts. The country
promotes responsible travel practices, eco-friendly accommodations, and activities that
prioritize conservation and community engagement.
Cultural Heritage: Seychelles boasts a diverse cultural heritage influenced by African,
European, and Asian traditions. Visitors can immerse themselves in the vibrant local
culture, explore traditional architecture, sample Creole cuisine, and witness colourful
festivals and celebrations.
Adventure and Recreation: Seychelles offers a range of exciting activities for adventure
enthusiasts. From snorkelling and diving in crystal-clear waters to hiking through lush
jungles and exploring hidden coves, there are ample opportunities for outdoor exploration
and recreation.
Arts and Crafts: The Seychellois art scene showcases the creativity and talent of local
artists. Visitors can discover unique art galleries, craft markets, and workshops, where
they can admire and purchase traditional handicrafts, paintings, sculptures, and other
artistic expressions.
Cuisine: Seychellois cuisine is a delightful fusion of flavours influenced by the country's
diverse cultural heritage. Visitors can savour delicious Creole dishes made with fresh
seafood, tropical fruits, and aromatic spices, providing a tantalizing culinary experience.
Music and Dance: Seychelles has a vibrant music and dance scene, with traditional genres
like moutya, sega, and contredanse. These musical traditions reflect the country's history
and cultural diversity and are often accompanied by colourful performances and energetic
dances.
Wellness and Relaxation: Seychelles offers a tranquil and serene environment, perfect for
rejuvenation and wellness. Visitors can indulge in luxurious spa treatments, yoga retreats,
and meditation sessions, taking advantage of the soothing atmosphere and natural beauty
of the islands.
Wildlife Conservation: Seychelles is dedicated to preserving its unique flora and fauna.
The islands are home to rare and endemic species, including the iconic Aldabra giant
tortoise and various bird species. Conservation efforts and protected areas contribute to
safeguarding Seychelles' remarkable biodiversity.
Sustainable Development Initiatives: Seychelles has gained international recognition for
its innovative sustainable development projects. The country's commitment to renewable
energy, waste management, and climate change adaptation serves as a model for other
nations seeking to achieve a balance between development and environmental
preservation.
The Electoral System: Seychelles National Assembly is composed of 26 members, of
which 22 members are elected through proportional representation and the remaining four
members are appointed by the President. This electoral system aims to ensure fair
representation of different political parties and promotes inclusivity in the political
process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, exploring the enchanting wonders of Seychelles reveals not only its
captivating natural beauty but also the country's remarkable journey as a sovereign state.
Seychelles has made significant impacts and influences both regionally and globally,
particularly in the areas of environmental conservation, sustainable development, and
diplomacy. The transition from a one-party state to a multiparty democracy in the period of
1977-1991 marked a crucial milestone in the political history of Seychelles, driven by
domestic demands for political reform and international influences of the end of the Cold
War. The country's political conduct and alignment during the Cold War showcased its
strategic positioning in a complex geopolitical landscape. Over time, Seychelles has
witnessed an evolution of its political system, embraced democratic principles, and fostered a
more inclusive and pluralistic political landscape. Understanding the historical background of
Seychelles provides valuable context to appreciate the nation's rich heritage and resilience. As
a small island nation, Seychelles faces certain challenges, such as piracy and environmental
vulnerability, but the country actively addresses these issues and participates in global efforts
for sustainable development and environmental conservation. Seychelles stands as a
testament to the harmonious coexistence of breath-taking natural wonders and progressive
political transformations.
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