Chapter 8 Motivation and Emotion 1 © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education Motivation The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel as they do Motivation energizes, directs, and sustains behavior. Answers the question: Why do we do the things we do? William James called the natural tendency (innate) to seek a particular goal 2 3-‹#› ©McGraw-Hill Education Theories of Motivation Evolutionary Approach – instincts Drive Reduction Theory – drives, needs, and homeostasis 3 3-‹#› Photo credit: Andrea Booher/FEMA ©McGraw-Hill Education Hunger ▪ Humans are motivated to eat to convert food to energy. ▪ Hunger signals are sent to and from the brain. Hypothalamus – lateral hypothalamus ▪ initiation of hunger and eating – ventromedial hypothalamus ▪ cessation of hunger and eating Gastric signals Blood chemistry – glucose – insulin – Leptin 4 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved – stomach contractions Eating Disorders ▪ Disorders ▪ Causes ▪ Culture ▪ Biology ▪ Genetics 5 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved ▪ Binge eating disorder (BED): eating disorder characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating a large number of calories in a short time ▪ Bulimia nervosa: eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging ▪ Anorexia nervosa: eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat, resulting in severe restriction of food intake Eating Disordered Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia – sociocultural ▪ media images ▪ family interactions ▪ biological ▪ Genetics ▪ serotonin regulation • Neurological Effects of Dieting, Binging, Purging 6 3-‹#› Photo credit: Royalty-Free/CORBIS ©McGraw-Hill Education Obesity Causes ▪ Proposed causes ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ High heritability/personality traits Environmental toxins Excess “good bacteria” in gut Daily wear-and-tear on hippocampus Leptin resistance Lack of exercise and overeating ▪ Traits that adaptive in ancestral environment may be maladaptive in modern environment ▪ Strong attraction to energy-dense food ▪ Ability to store excess fat 7 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved ▪ Evolutionary mismatch Sexual Desire ▪ Dihydroepiandostero (DHEA) ▪ Testosterone ▪ Estrogen 8 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved ▪ Desire for sex is necessary for survival of DNA. ▪ Three hormones play key roles. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Sequence of Needs Basic needs must be met before higher needs can be satisfied. Self-Actualization • motivation to develop to our fullest potential 9 3-‹#› ©McGraw-Hill Education Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (2 of 2) Photo credit: © iStockphoto.com/Photogl RF, © Brand X Pictures/PunchStock RF, © Digital Vision RF, © Brand X Pictures RF, © Brooke Fasani/Corbis RF 10 Access the text alternative for slide images. ©McGraw-Hill Education 3-‹#› Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation – organismic needs + enjoyability – key to achievement Extrinsic Motivation – Incentives (rewards, punishments) ▪ Delaying gratification: Something our species does well – Does extrinsic motivation undermine intrinsic motivation? 11 3-‹#› Photo credit: OJO Images via AP Images ©McGraw-Hill Education Emotion A feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression. 12 3-‹#› Photo credit: © Bloomimage/Corbis RF ©McGraw-Hill Education Emotion ▪ Does not reside in any location in brain; no single way to measure it 13 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved ▪ Emotions are temporary states with a clear beginning and a clear end, that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action (psychological, physiological and behavioral components) Theories of Emotions ▪ James–Lange theory: Stimuli trigger activity in the ANS, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. ▪ Cannon–Bard theory: Stimuli simultaneously trigger activity in the ANS and emotional experience in the brain. 14 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved ▪ Early theories Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory Perception of Physiological changes Perceived external stimulus Physiological arousal Photo credit: © McGraw-Hill Education; © pixologicstudio/iStock/Getty Images; © drbimages/E+/Getty Images Access the text alternative for slide images. ©McGraw-Hill Education 15 3-‹#› Theories of Emotion Cannon-Bard Theory Physiological arousal Perceive external stimulus Emotion Simultaneous and independent Photo credit: © McGraw-Hill Education; © pixologicstudio/iStock/Getty Images; © drbimages/E+/Getty Images 16 3-‹#› ©McGraw-Hill Education The Two Factor Theory of Emotion ▪ According to cognitive psychologists, in order to recognize the emotion, we must give it a name (label) that is a cognitive function. Stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal, which is then interpreted as a specific emotion. 17 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved ▪ Are Cognitive Factors needed to Feel? Two-Factor Theory of Emotion (Schachter/Singer) Do we need to think in order to feel? Cognitive labeling Interpret external cues Emotion Perceive external stimulus Physiological arousal Photo credit: © McGraw-Hill Education; © pixologicstudio/iStock/ Getty Images; © Kristy-Anne Glubish/Design Pics; © drbimages/E+/ Getty Images Access the text alternative for slide images. ©McGraw-Hill Education 18 3-‹#› Limbic System: Amygdala Persistence of emotional memories 19 Access the text alternative for slide images. ©McGraw-Hill Education 3-‹#› The Emotional Brain ▪ Appraisal made by amygdala: evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus ▪ “Fast” (thalamus ! amygdala) and “slow” (thalamus ! cortex ! amygdala) Notice pathway only one way to amygdala; no chance for reasoning once information (fear, anger, impulsive behavior) get to the amygdala 20 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved ▪ Amygdala plays important role in emotion; is threat detector Identifying Emotions Can you identify the emotion? Fear 21 Access the text alternative for slide images. Photo credit© SuperStock, © Richard Lord/The Image Works © SuperStock, © SuperStock, © maurus/23F ©McGraw-Hill Education 3-‹#› Emotional Communication ▪ Emotional expression ▪ Observable sign of an emotional state ▪ Universality hypothesis ▪ People (even those who have never seen a human face) are generally good at judging and creating the same facial expressions. 22 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved ▪ Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone; originally proposed by Darwin Can You Tell What This Man Is Feeling? 23 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved ▪ Simple vs complex emotions Lying ▪ Telling lies affects both verbal and nonverbal behavior. ▪ Liars: ▪ Slower speech, longer response time, fewer details, less fluent, less engaging, more uncertain, tenser, less pleasant, a bit too good ▪ Tend to believe people tell the truth ▪ Do not know signs of lying ▪ The accuracy of polygraphis has been questioned. 24 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved ▪ People are poor lie detectors. ▪ Real smiles (left) are often accompanied by a crinkling of the eye corners, and fake smiles (right) are not. ▪ Eye crinkles are reliable signs—but not perfectly reliable signs—of happiness. ▪ Happy people don’t always crinkle their eyes and although most people can’t fake the crinkle, some can. 25 Introducing PSYCHOLOGY Schacter | Gilbert | Nock | Wegner | Fifth Edition Copyright © 2020 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved How Reliable Are the Reliable Muscles? Pursuit of Happiness Biological Factors • genetics (50 to 80% heritable) • set point Obstacles • hedonic treadmill (pleasure short-lived) • direct pursuit can backfire Happiness Activities & Goal Striving • altruism, physical activity, positive self-reflection • personally meaningful goal investment 26 3-‹#› ©McGraw-Hill Education