Course Title: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION Nominal Training Duration: NC Level: NC II 18 Hours (Basic) 18 Hours (Common) 105 Hours (Core) 141 hours Course Description: This course is designed to enhance the knowledge, skills and attitude in bread and pastry production to prepare and present desserts; prepare and display petites fours in accordance with industry standards. It covers the basic, common and core competencies. To obtain this, all units prescribed for this qualification must be achieved: CODE NO. 500311105 500311106 500311107 500311108 CODE NO. TRS311201 TRS311202 TRS311203 TRS311204 TRS311205 CODE NO. TRS741379 TRS741380 TRS741342 TRS741344 TRS741343 TOTAL BASIC COMPETENCIES (18 hours) Participate in workplace communication Work in team environment Practice career professionalism Practice occupational health and safety procedures COMMON COMPETENCIES (18 hours) Develop and update industry knowledge Observe workplace hygiene procedures Perform computer operations Perform workplace and safety practices Provide effective customer service CORE COMPETENCIES (105 hours) Prepare and produce bakery products Prepare and produce pastry products Prepare and present gateaux, tortes and cakes Prepare and display petits fours Present desserts 141 HOURS BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 1 Course Content Chapter I. HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICES IN THE WORKPLACE A. Occupational Health and Safety a. Definition of terms b. Hazard c. Risk d. The 5’s Japanese Productivity Philosophy e. Personal Protective Equipment f. A Safety guidelines for your workplace o Safety Signs and Symbols B. Good Manufacturing Practices a. Personal Hygiene b. Proper Hand Washing c. Food Hazards d. Cross Contamination e. Raw Materials and Product Handling o General Storage Guidelines f. Waste Management o Cleaning and Sanitizing 4 4 5 6 7 7 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 Chapter II. INTRODUCTION TO BAKING a. History of Baking b. Factors that Contribute to Successful Baking o Common Malpractice c. Laboratory Safety Guidelines o Workers in the Laboratory Area o Facilities o Cooking Outfit d. Baking Terms e. Baking Tools and Equipment f. Preventive Maintenance Technique and Procedure o Preventive Maintenance Practices o Proper Storage of Tools and Equipment 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 20 29 29 29 Chapter III. BAKING INGREDIENTS AND THEIR USES A. Basic Ingredients a. Flour as Foundation b. Liquid ingredients c. Sugar and Related Products d. Shortening e. Eggs f. Leavening agents g. Salt h. Flavoring Agents B. Measurements, Conversion and Substitution a. Measuring dry and liquid ingredients accurately C. Storage of Ingredients 30 31 32 33 33 33 34 34 35 37 39 Chapter IV. BAKING TECHNIQUES AND METHODS BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 2 A. Basic Mixing Methods a. Beating b. Creaming c. Cutting in d. Cut and Fold e. Folding f. Kneading g. Stirring h. Sifting i. Whipping Chapter V. CORE COMPETENCIES I. PREPARE AND PRODUCE BAKERY PRODUCTS a. Basic Yeast-Leavened Bread o Steps in Making Bread Basic Quick Bread Faults and Remedies of Basic Quick Breads - Banana Muffin - Chocolate cake with frostings - Cheese cupcake Basic Yeast Bread - Pandesal - Spanish bread - Ensaymada Cookies Method of Mixing Cookies Faults and Remedies of Cookies - Chocolate crinkles - Brownies - Coconut macaroons II. PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRY PRODUCTS a. PASTRY Other Forms of Pastries Kinds Of Pie - Pizza - Buko Pie - Tart III. PREPARE AND PRESENT GATEAUX, TORTES AND CAKES Types of Cake Formulas Stages of Egg Whites - Chiffon Cake (mocha, pineapple, orange) - Yema Cake For Assessment a. Soft dough b. Sponge cake c. Swiss butter cream icing Costing Possible/ Sample Questions on Bread and Pastry Production NC II 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 43 44 44 45 45 46 47 48 49 49 50 52 52 53 54 55 56 57 57 59 60 61 62 65 65 66 67 68 68 71 BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 3 BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NCII Chapter I: HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICES IN THE WORKPLACE Definition of Terms Airborne - carried by air Antidote – a remedy counteracting a poison First aid – the provision of initial care for an illness or injury Injury - damage or harm of the structure or function of the body caused by an outside force, which may be physical or chemical PPE – (Personal Protective Equipment) refers to devices worn by workers to protect them against hazards in the work environment including but not limited to safety helmet, safety spectacles, face shields etc. Occupational hazards - refer to various environmental factors or stresses that can cause sickness, impaired health Safety – free from danger, risk or injury Workplace – refers to the office, premises or worksite where a worker is temporarily assigned Bacteria - a simple, single celled microorganism. Electroshock - caused by touching exposed electrical wire or a piece of electrical equipment which is not grounded properly. Grounded – means that the electrical conductor is connected to the ground, which becomes part of the electrical circuit Microorganisms – are living cells so small that they can only be seen in a microscope. They are commonly found to contaminate food – bacteria, molds, and yeast. Molds – also a microorganism, that has “furry” growth often found on spoiled food. Sanitation – the science and practice of maintaining clean and healthy conditions of food production so that the food served to customers cannot make him ill. Toxin – a poisonous substance that makes you sick Hazards and Risks in the Workplace HAZARD Hazard is a term used to describe something that has the potential to cause harm or adverse effects to individuals, organizations property or equipment. A situation that could be dangerous to people in the workplace. Examples include any substance, material, process and practice that has the ability to cause harm or adverse health effect to a person under certain conditions. Types of workplace hazards include: 1. On Job Hazards: The safety regulations in the workplace should keep job hazards on top priority. • The floors have to be checked for tripping hazards. • All the walkways should be well - lit and in case there are blind spots, all the employees and workers should be aware of them. This could help avoid untoward collisions and accidents. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 4 • Cords and wires should be secured away from the walkways and the corridors. All electric wiring should be covered with appropriate material. • Fire safety regulations and electrical safety regulations should also be made. 2. Safety hazards: Inadequate and insufficient machine guards, unsafe workplace conditions, unsafe work practices. 3. Biological hazards: Caused by organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. (Risk from skin irritations and allergies to infections) 4. Chemical hazards: Solid, liquid, vapor or gaseous substances, dust, fume or mist especially if you are working with cleaning products, bleaches, and other chemical agents. Chemicals should be rightly labeled to avoid any detrimental mistakes. Mixing of the wrong chemicals can cause a terrible chemical reaction which could be hazardous to all the employees. There should be measures to taken to ensure that only chemicals that are safe be kept together and stored together. The supervisor should have full working knowledge of the chemicals to ensure that no mistakes happen due to ignorance or negligence. The worker should be guided on the proper chemical storage procedures. 5. Ergonomic hazards: Anatomical, physiological, and psychological demands on the worker, such as repetitive and forceful movements, vibration, extreme temperatures, and awkward postures arising from improper work methods and improperly designed workstations, tools, and equipment. It may include lighting, chairs, lifting, repeated movements, and computer screens. 6. Psychological hazards: Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This kind of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that his general well - being is affected. Stress can lead to long term health problems like headaches, anxiety and impatience. Workplace stress may include heavy workloads, lack of control over pace of work, shift work, noise, working by yourself, fear of job-loss and conflict with the employer and co-workers. Work Hazard Thing Substance Material Source of Energy Condition Process Practice Example of Hazard Knife Benzene Asbestos Electricity Wet floor Welding Hard rock mining Example of Harm Caused Cut Leukemia Mesothelioma Shock, Electrocution Slips, falls Metal fume fever Silicosis RISK Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect caused by a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss. Example: The risk of developing cancer from smoking cigarettes could be expressed as "cigarette smokers are more likely to die of lung cancer than non-smokers”. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 5 Factors that influence the degree of risk include: · How much a person is exposed to a hazardous thing or condition; · How the person is exposed (e.g., breathing in a vapor, skin contact), and how severe are the effects under the conditions of exposure. Risk assessment is the process where you: · · · Identify hazards Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. Hazards Risks Manual handling of hand tools Back injury knives, secateurs, loppers, Repetitive strain crowbars, weed bags, mattocks. Lifting heavy objects incorrectly Back injury Repetitive strain Safety measures/ actions Teach and remind workers of correct lifting and carrying techniques. Rotate tasks. Teach and remind workers of correct Lifting technique. Rotate tasks. Repetitive movements, Back / limb injury bending and awkward working Repetitive strain positions Teach and remind workers of correct lifting technique. Rotate tasks. Trip hazards Warn volunteers and remove trip hazards before commencing work. Do not leave tools on path ways. Watch where one walks, and goes slowly. Mark tools with fluorescent color. Injury Keeping a Workplace Clean and Organized Good housekeeping is one of the sure ways to keep a safe workplace. It is not a result of cleaning up once a week or even once a day, but of keeping the workplace cleaned-up all the time. Aside from preventing accidents and injuries, good housekeeping saves space, time and materials. THE "5S" JAPANESE PRODUCTIVITY PHILOSOPHY Japanese 5S English Equivalent SEIRI Sort SEITON Set in order; Systematize Meaning Take out unnecessary items and dispose. Keep only the items you need at work, and discard or store everything else. It means that there is a place for everything and everything should be in its place. Arrange BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 6 SEISO Sweep; Shine SEIKETSU Standardize; Sanitize SHITSUKE Sustain; Self-discipline necessary items in good order for use. At the end of each working day, take time to clean up your office or working space. Keep the workplace neat and clean. Maintain high standard of cleaning and workshop organization at all times. Do things spontaneously without being told or ordered. Self-discipline is a condition of training people to follow cleaning disciplines independently. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING (PPE) PPE can protect you from hazards associated with jobs such as handling chemicals or working in a noisy environment. In food preparation this is the cooking outfit which gives protection to the worker against different hazards that may be encountered during cooking. These are the following: Hair covering/ hairnet – prevents hair from falling into food product Facial mask – barrier to airborne contamination during sneezing, coughing and talking Aprons – reduce risk of contamination and help maintain cleanliness. Gloves – reduce risks of contamination. Pot holder – protects against burns when taking hot items on top of the stove. FIRST AID RULES 1. BURNS - Cool the burn with cool water. Do not put grease, or oil on burn – they can make it worst. Do not try to clean a burn or break blisters. Call a physician. 2. FALLS - Stop severe bleeding. Cover wounds with sterile dressing. Keep the person comfortable and warm. If you think the bone is broken, do not move the person unless necessary as in the event of fire, call for a medical assistance. 3. POISONING - Swallowed Poison. If the container is available, use antidote recommended in the label. If none is given call the emergency station of a hospital, the nearest clinic, or rural health center. Tell them what kind of poison was taken and they will recommend an antidote. Do not try to neutralize a poison by giving raw eggs, salt water, mustard, vinegar or citrus fruit juices as an antidote or to cause vomiting. Never attempt to induce vomiting by sticking your fingers anywhere in the patient's mouth; this procedure can be very dangerous. A SAFETY GUIDELINE FOR YOUR WORKPLACE Safety Signs and Color at Work Safety signs and color are useful tools to help protect the health and safety of employees and workplace visitors. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 7 Safety signs are used to: Draw attention to health and safety hazards point out hazards that may not be obvious provide general information and directions remind employees where personal protective equipment must be worn show where emergency equipment is located indicate where certain actions are prohibited Sign Categories As shown in the table below, there are three basic sign categories used in the workplace. Each category is distinguished by its shape. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 8 BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 9 GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES PERSONAL HYGIENE Ways to achieve personal hygiene. 1. Regularly wash and cut your hair to keep a neat appearance. If you have facial hair, you can save money by maintaining it yourself with a set of quality clippers. 2. Visit the dentist at least once a year (twice a year is optimal). Though you are brushing every day, your dentist will correct any dental problems you have. 3. Bathe every day before work, or every night before you go to sleep. This will help you cleanse/remove body odor. 4. Wear deodorant or antiperspirant daily if you tend to sweat heavily. Some people can actually get away with not wearing deodorant, but most people, especially those who have heavy duty jobs or work in warm climates, benefit greatly from it. 5. Scrub your hands with soap and water before you handle any food especially when you have just come from the toilet, after touching your hair or other parts of your body, and after your hands cover your mouth or nose when you cough or sneeze. Be sure to clean under fingernails where dirt and bacteria tend to accumulate. 6. Trim your nails; especially if you work in the food service. This will help keep your hands much cleaner and prevent the spread of the germs to the food. 7. Keep hand sanitizer and facial tissues near your work desk. If you do not work on your desk, put travel sizes of these items in your pocket. Sanitizer and tissues will come in handy when you're ill and can also prevent the spread of germs resulting from touching items such as money and computer keyboards. 8. Use a separate towel or cloth for drying dishes, wiping countertops, and wiping hands. 9. Avoid working with food when you have an open cut, sore, boil, or infected wound in your hands. Pus and other liquids secreted by the wound contain millions of harmful bacteria that can cause food poisoning. 10. Keep hands out of food as much as possible. Otherwise, wear disposable gloves. 11. Avoid smoking while preparing or handling food as ashes may drop into the food. 12. Wear suitable clothes at work. Do not wear clothes with long sleeves when working with food. Wear also comfortable and clean shoes. Be sure aprons are always clean. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 10 PROPER HAND WASHING Washing is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of infections. "Germs" (a general term for microbes like viruses and bacteria) can be spread casually by touching another person. You can also catch germs when you touch contaminated objects or surfaces and then you touch your face (mouth, eyes, and nose). "Good" hand washing techniques include using an adequate amount of soap, rubbing the hands together to create friction, and rinsing under running water. HAND SHOULD BE WASHED: After using the washroom (includes changing diapers). After sneezing, coughing, or using tissue. Hands are visibly soiled. Before and after eating, handling food, drinking or smoking. After touching raw meat, poultry, or fish. After handling garbage. Handling pets, animals or animal waste. Right way to wash your hands e lather and scrub them well; be sure to scrub the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails. r air dry Other hand issues Hand sanitizer should never be substituted to proper hand washing. Fingernails should be kept short and without nail polish while handling food. FOOD HAZARDS Food hazards are biological, chemical or physical agents with the potential to cause food spoilage, illness or injury. Biological hazards include microorganisms like, virus, protozoa and fungi and parasitic worms. They pose great threat to food safety. Most microorganisms are good and some are bad, these are called "pathogens" and they produce toxins which cause illnesses. Microbes are found: o In air, soil, and water BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 11 o o o o o In intestines of animals and humans On skins of fruits and vegetables On raw meat, poultry and seafood On insects and rodents On hand, skin and clothing Ways to prevent microbial growth 1. Sterilization – destructs microbial spores 2. Pasteurization – destructs most bacteria 3. Refrigeration – slows growth of microorganisms 4. Freezing – will end growth of bacteria 5. Deep freezing – will end growth of molds 6. Vacuum packaging to remove oxygen ; canning CROSS – CONTAMINATION Cross-contamination is the transfer of biological or chemical contaminants from foods (usually raw) to other foods. It is one of the causes of food poisoning. Practices that would prevent cross-contamination 1. Store raw from ready to eat food. 2. Keep highest hygiene level for ready-to-eat food. 3. Minimize bare hand contact a. Use utensils b. Use clean and disposable gloves c. Wash your hands before touching gloves d. Change gloves between tasks - When they are dirty or torn - When they are contaminated - Anytime that hand would need washing 4. Don’t prepare food when you are sick 5. Observe proper hand washing 6. Separate different types of raw food. 7. Clean and sanitize/disinfect between container changes of different types of food 8. Use labels and coding in segregating raw materials and utensils RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCT HANDLING Storage of raw materials 1. Apply First In, First Out (FIFO) policy 2. Observe temperature control 3. Separate raw from ready-to-eat food BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 12 4. Store dried food off the floor in sealed containers to protect from pest and moisture 5. Label store food with expiration date (sort by date) 6. Never store food together with chemicals Storage and Transport 1. Finished product should be stored and transported under conditions that will protect against contamination deterioration of the product and damage to the container 2. Periodic inspection of the product during storage should be done 3. Product should be dispatched in the sequence of numbers. General Storage Guidelines 1. Label food 2. Rotate products to ensure the oldest inventory is used first. (FIFO) 3. Establish a schedule to ensure that stored product is depleted on a regular basis. Example, flour stored in plastic bins should be used within six to twelve months from the time it was placed in the bins. After that time period, the bins should be emptied, the flour discarded, and the bins cleaned and sanitized 4. Discard food that has pass the expiration date 5. If food id removed from its original package: put it in a clean, sanitized container and cover it. Label the container with the name of the food and the original used-by or expiration date. 6. Never use empty food containers to store chemicals or put food in empty chemical containers. 7. Check temperatures of stored food and storage areas 8. Do not store food near chemicals or cleaning supplies 9. Keep all storage areas clean and dry Refrigerated Storage Guidelines 1. Set refrigerators to the proper temperature (41˚F or 5˚C) 2. Monitor temperature regularly 3. Do not overload refrigerators 4. Never place hot food in refrigerator, this can warm the interior and put other food into the temp. danger zone 5. Keep refrigerator doors closed as much as possible. Frequent opening lets warm air inside 6. Store raw meat, poultry and fish separately from cooked and read-eat-food or below cooked and read-eat-food 7. Wrap food properly (zip lock). Leaving it uncovered can lead to cross-contamination. Frozen Storage Guidelines 1. Keep freezers at a temperature that will keep products frozen 2. Check freezers temperature regularly 3. Place deliveries/goods in freezers as soon as they have been inspected 4. Clearly label frozen food that was prepared on site BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 13 Dry Storage Guidelines 1. Moisture and heat are the biggest dangers to dry and canned food A. Keep storerooms a. Cool (50˚F to 70˚F / 10˚C TO 21˚C) b. Dry (50% to 60% humidity) c. Well ventilated d. Clean B. When storing food in dry storage, keep it away from walls, out of direct sunlight and at least 6in or 15cm off the floor. Storing Eggs 1. Keep eggs in refrigerated storage until used 2. Use eggs within 4-5 weeks of packing date Storing Dairy 1. Follow FIFO 2. Discard products that has passed use-by or expiration dates General Requirement for Food Contact Surfaces 1. Non-toxic (no leaching of chemicals) 2. Non-absorbent (can be drained and/or dried) 3. Resist corrosion 4. Inactive to cleaning and sanitizing chemicals Storage of Clothing and Gloves 1. Store in clean and dry place 2. Ensure that clothing and gloves are not exposed to splash, dust or other contaminants 3. Store clean garments separately from soiled garments and gloves Storing Utensils, tableware and equipment a. Clean and sanitize drawers and shelves before items are stores b. Clean and sanitize trays and carts used to carry them c. Store glasses and cups upside down d. Store flatware and utensils with handles up e. Cover equipment food contact surfaces until ready for use WASTE MANAGEMENT Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 14 Waste management procedures and techniques 1. Waste avoidance is engaging in activity that prevents generation of waste. Waste segregation is the process of dividing garbage and waste products in an effort to reduce, re – use and recycle materials. 2. Waste reduction is the minimization of wasteful consumption of goods. 3. Re - use is the process of recovering materials intended for some purpose without changing their physical and chemical appearance. 4. Recycling is the treatment of waste materials through a process of making them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes. 5. Composting is the controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganism mainly bacteria and fungi into a humus like product. 6. Waste disposal refers to the proper discharge of any solid waste into or any land. Cleaning and Sanitizing Cleaning is the process of removing food and other types of soil from a surface. Sanitizing is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms on a clean surface to safe levels. Surface must be first cleaned and rinse before sanitized. Clean all food contact surfaces: a. Each time you use them b. When you begin working with another type of food c. When you are interrupted during a task d. As often as possible, but at least every four hours if you’re using something constantly In cleaning floors a. Sweep b. Mop on detergent solution c. Wash d. Rinse Storing Cleaning Tools and Chemicals a. Should be placed in storage area away from food and food preparation areas. b. Storage area should provide utility sink for cleaning buckets and washing cleaning tools, floor drain for dumping dirty water and hooks for hanging mops, brooms and brushes to allow them to air-dry. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 15 Chapter II: INTRODUCTION TO BAKING BAKING is the process of cooking food by indirect heat or dry heat in a confined space usually in an oven using gas, electricity, charcoal, wood at a temperature from 250˚F to 400˚F. It is considered the best method of cooking to retain the nutrition value of food. HISTORY OF BAKING Stone Age Swiss Lake Dwellers, more than 8,000 years ago, learned to mix flour and water which they cooked on heated stones. The Babylonians, Chileans, Assyrians and Egyptians had used the same procedure of breaking bread. Royal Egyptian household discovered accidentally that the dough when set aside flowed and expanded. Since then bread was baked in this manner in 17th century Baking in Greece • Slaves started public bakeries somewhere in Greece 300-200 BC and was took over by Romans. • It was said that the quality of baked product then was comparable to the quality of baked products today. Baking in America • In 1604, baking was brought to America by the Jamestown colonists. The industry flourished with the country in the last half of the 19th century. Construction of ovens and mixing troughs was much improved. A variety of baked products came out. Other baked products such as cakes and pies, biscuits, crackers and cookies were introduced. Wheat and baked products were shipped and introduced to the East. Baking in the Philippines • American occupation brought in flour. In 1958, the first Philippine flour mill became operational. Wheat, instead of flour was brought to the country. For several years, the Philippines depended upon the U. S. for wheat supply. • In 1962, the U. S. Wheat Associates, Inc. came to the Philippines not only to market wheat but also to improve the baking industry. From 1976 to 1985, eight flour mills were established in different parts of the country. Since then, the industry has provided a means of livelihood for many Filipinos. • • Schools have included the offering of baking courses in the curriculum. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SUCCESSFUL BAKING 1. Have a genuine desire for baking. 2. Understand the properties and characteristics of your ingredients. 3. Know the correct methods/ techniques in mixing batters and dough according to the desired products. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 16 4. Use good quality ingredients. 5. Use standardized recipes - means the recipes have been tried and tested as to method of mixing proportion of ingredients used and the expected quality of the bake products; Following correct baking procedure 6. Measure or weigh ingredients accurately. 7. The use of appropriate tools and baking utensils. Use the right size and kind of pans. 8. Follow the correct temperature and baking time. Common Malpractice in Baking 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Inaccurate measurement Wrong hand mixing technique Substitution of quality ingredients Use of inappropriate tools and utensils Failure to follow the correct temperature and baking time LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDELINES 1. Hand Sanitation is Essential. - Wash hands with water and soap. - Scrub hands, wrist and fingernails for at least 20 seconds. - Rinse with water. - Towel dry your hands. 2. Avoid bare hand contact with foods. 3. Avoid wearing loose clothing. 4. Remove bulky clothing. 5. Remove jewelries from hands and arms. 6. Keep nails clean and short. 7. Wear closed-toed shoes in the food/ kitchen lab. 8. Always wear an apron when baking. 9. Tie hair back during laboratory activities. 10. Immediately close cabinet doors and drawers. 11. Use equipment for its intended use. 12. Always cut slowly and with care. 13. Pay attention to the labels. 14. Clean, rinse and sanitize all counters and the sink to reduce the risk of food-borne illness. 15. Use a dry oven mitt to move hot/ lift hot items. 16. Clean up all spills immediately to prevent slipping or injury. TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS: - Stay in your assigned work area. - Wandering in the classroom could result in crowded kitchen. - The more students in a work area, the greater the risk of injuries such as burns and cuts. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 17 Workers in the laboratory area Workers should observe as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Remove jewelry before starting to work Hands should be clean and nails cut short. Use appropriate work outfit Keep sick persons out Facilities 1. Sanitize laboratory equipment, tools and utensils thoroughly before use 2. Store all ingredients properly. Dry and wet ingredients should be stored in appropriate containers 3. Observe safety precautions Cooking outfit 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Hair covering/ hair net Apron Face mask Plastic gloves Hand towel Dish towel Pot holder BAKING TERMS Bake - To cook in an oven with dry heat. The oven should always be heated for 10 to 15 minutes before baking. Baking blind - This is the process of partially or fully baking a pastry case in the oven without the filling. Line a tart tin with pastry, cover it with greaseproof paper and weigh it down with ceramic baking beans or dried chickpeas, beans or lentils. Baking blind is ideal if you have a nocook filling, a filling that needs little cooking or is cooked at a low temperature. It ensures a crisp finish. Batter - A mixture of flour, liquid, and other ingredients that is thin enough to pour. Beat - To thoroughly combine ingredients and incorporate air with a rapid, circular motion. This may be done with a wooden spoon, wire whisk, rotary eggbeater, electric mixer, or food processor. Caramelize - To heat sugar until it is melted and brown. Caramelizing sugar gives it a distinctive flavor. Combine - To stir together two or more ingredients until mixed. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 18 Cream - To beat one or more ingredients, usually margarine or butter, sugar, and/or eggs, until the mixture is smooth and fluffy. Crimp - To seal the edges of two layers of dough with the tines of a fork or your fingertips. Cut in - To distribute solid fat throughout the dry ingredients using a pastry blender, fork, or two knives in a scissors motion. Dough - A soft, thick mixture of flour, liquids, fat, and other ingredients. Stiffened Drizzle - To drip a glaze or icing over food from the tines of a fork or the end of a spoon. Dust - To sprinkle lightly with sugar, flour, or cocoa. Fold in - To gently combine a heavier mixture with a more delicate substance, such as beaten egg whites or whipped cream, without causing a loss of air. Glaze - To coat with a liquid, thin icing, or jelly before or after the food is cooked. Grate - To shred with a handheld grater or food processor. Grease - To rub fat on the surface of a pan or dish to prevent sticking. Icing - There are a number of different ways to ice a cake. Icing is a term used both for the action of covering a cake and for the covering itself. Icing is sometimes called frosting, particularly in American recipes. Popular icings include: Glacé icing (icing sugar and water) Buttercream (icing sugar and softened butter) Cream cheese icing or frosting (icing sugar, cream cheese and butter) Fondant icing (a malleable icing made from ingredients including icing sugar, water and glucose that can be rolled out. It's generally easier to buy this type of icing, also known as ready-to-roll icing or regal ice) Royal icing (a glossy, runny icing that sets hard, made from icing sugar and egg whites) Knead - To fold, push and turn dough or other mixture to produce a smooth, elastic texture. Lukewarm - A temperature of about 105°F, which feels neither hot nor cold. Mix - To stir together two or more ingredients until they are thoroughly combined. Partially set - To refrigerate a gelatin mixture until it thickens to the consistency of unbeaten egg whites. Peel - To remove the skin of a fruit or vegetable by hand or with a knife or peeler. This also refers to the skin or outer covering of a fruit or vegetable. Pre-heat oven - PREHEATING your oven and allowing it time to reach the correct temperature before you put anything in it is possibly the single most important thing you can do when you are baking. If you don’t preheat your oven the temperature won’t be hot enough and the end result may be a heavy, undercooked mess – obviously a great reason to turn on your oven as early as possible. Proof - To allow yeast dough to rise before baking. Or to dissolve yeast in a warm liquid and set it in a warm place for 5 to 10 minutes until it expands and becomes bubbly. Refrigerate - To chill in the refrigerator until a mixture is cool or until dough is firm. Rind - The skin or outer coating of such foods as citrus fruit or cheese. Rolling boil - To cook a mixture until the surface billows rather than bubbles. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 19 Sifting - This is the method of passing flour, cocoa or icing sugar through a sieve to remove lumps and aerate it. Most cake recipes will suggest you sift these ingredients for best results. Softened - Margarine, butter, ice cream, or cream cheese that is in a state soft enough for easy blending, but not melted. Soft peaks - Egg whites or whipping cream beaten to the stage where the mixture forms soft, rounded peaks when the beaters are removed. Steam - To cook food on a rack or in a wire basket over boiling water. Stiff peaks - Egg whites beaten to the stage where the mixture will hold stiff, pointed peaks when the beaters are removed. Stir - To combine ingredients with a spoon or whisk using a circular motion. Toss - To mix lightly with a lifting motion, using two forks or spoons. Whip - To beat rapidly with a wire whisk or electric mixer to incorporate air into a mixture in order to lighten and increase the volume of the mixture. Zest - The colored outer peel of citrus fruit, which is used to add flavor. The zest is often referred to as “grated peel” in recipes. To create zest, choose the diagonal-hole side of a box grater (it will zest more cleanly than if you use the nail-hole side) and rub lightly to avoid getting the white pith, which is bitter. For broader strips of zest, use a swivel-blade peeler or a sharp knife to cut away the peel. BAKING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT NAME DESCRIPTION Transparent Glass or plastic cup With a headspace above, graduated into 1, ¾, 2/3, ½, 1/3, and ¼ used for measuring liquid ingredients. PICTURE Individual Measuring Cups or Usually made of stainless or plastic (in 1, ¼, ½, ¾, 2 cups) Dry Measuring Cups used for measuring dry ingredients. Measuring Spoon A tablespoon, teaspoon, onehalf teaspoon and one-fourth teaspoon are used for measuring small quantities of ingredients. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 20 Weighing Scale Used for weighing amounts of ingredients. small Mixing Bowl Used for general mixing. They should be large enough to allow for easy mixing and for rising in case of yeast bread. Wooden Spoon/ Mixing Spoon Used to cream together butter and sugar and for mixing batter or dough. Rubber Scraper Used to remove sticky ingredients from measuring cups and down the sided of the mixing bowl. It is also used to turn batter in baking pans. Flour Sifter Used to remove foreign objects of the flour, also used to incorporate air into the flour and ensure accurate measurement. Rolling Pin Used to flatten dough for bread, biscuits and pastries. The handle of the rolling pin should be comfortable to grasp and should turn freely with plenty of room for fingers. Paring Knife Used for removing the skin of fruits and vegetables. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 21 Kitchen Knife/ Chef’s Knife Used for chopping large quantities of nuts, fruits, or vegetables. Straight Spatula/Palette Knife Used to removed muffins/ dough from pans. Spread sandwich fillings, put icing on cakes and turn cookies. Offset Spatula A broad- bladed implement bent to keep the hand off hot surfaces. It is used for turning and lifting eggs, pan cakes and meats on griddles, grills, sheet pans like and also used to scrape and clean griddles. Kitchen Shear/Scissor Needed in cutting sticky or juicy foods. The scissors are dipped in hot water occasionally to prevent the blades from sticking together. Also used for cutting fancy coffee cakes and rolls. Bench Scraper/Dough Cutter Broad, rectangular stiff piece of metal or plastic used to cut pieces of dough and to scrape workbenches. Grater/Shredder Needed to prepare such ingredients as cheese, fruit peels and fresh coconuts Biscuit or Cookie Cutter Used to form biscuits and cookies into various shapes. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 22 Pastry Blender Used to cut shortening in flour when baking bread, biscuits and scones. Pastry Wheel Used to cut strips of dough. The use of this utensil prevents dough from being “dragged along” the blade of a knife when one is used. Wire Whip/ Whisk A device with loops of stainless steel wire fastened to a handle. Pastry Bag and Tips A funnel-like or cone shape cloth or plastic bag with an open end that can be fitted with metal or plastic tips of varying sizes and designs used for shaping ,piping or decorating with materials such as cake icing, whipped cream duchesse potatoes and soft dough. Pastry Brush Used for greasing baking pans and tops of pastry products. Fork Used to toss the flour mixture in pastries. Hand Mixer and Stand Mixer Used for beating eggs and cream in a fast and efficient manner. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 23 Cake Rack/ Cooling Rack Used for cooling cakes and other baked products without “steaming” the bottom crust. Baking Sheet/ Cookie or Flat Used to bake cookies, biscuit Sheet and breads on. Sauce Pan Used in cooking meat and vegetables as well as fillings for pies, bread and other baked products. Zester A small fine toothed metal grater often mounted on a wooden or plastic handle to remove the zest or colored portions of citrus peels in thin strips. Double Boiler Used for scalding milk and cooking the filling for cakes so that these do not get burned. Tong Used for gripping and lifting foods, of which they are many forms adapted to their specific use. Bread Knife Used to cut bread and other baked products. Paper Cups Are paper or foil cups that are used to line muffin or cupcake pans. It holds the batter for easy release of baked cakes from pans. Mortar and Pestle Used for grinding spice and seeds. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 24 Oven Mitt/ Hot Pads Insulated fabric gloves used to protect hands when handling hot items. Muffin Pan Give muffin their round cupcake shape and uniform size. It is also used for baking coffee cakes, clover leaf rolls and puffs. Cake Pans Used for baking cakes. They come in different sizes and shapesround, square, rectangular, loaf shape, heart shape and tube. Tube-center Pan Deeper than a round pan and with hollow center, it is removable which is used to bake chiffon type cakes. Jelly roll Pan A shallow rectangular pan used for baking rolls. Bundt Pan Round pan with scalloped sides used for baking elegant and special cakes. Loaf Pan An oblong or rectangular pan used to hold bread dough in baking. Custard Cups Made of porcelain or glass used for baking individual custard. OVEN- Are the workhorses of the bakery and pastry shop and are essential for producing the bakery products. Ovens are enclosed spaces in which food is heated, usually by hot air. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 25 Deck Oven Rack Oven Mechanical Oven Dutch Oven The items to be baked either on sheet pans or in the case of some bread freestanding are placed directly on the bottom, or deck of oven. This is also called STACK OVEN because several may be stacked on top of one another. It is a large oven into which entire racks full of sheet pans can be wheeled for baking. The food is in motion while it bakes. It’s a most common types are a revolving oven, in which its mechanism is like that of a Ferris wheel. The mechanical action eliminates the problem of hot spots or uneven baking because the mechanism rotates throughout the oven. A thick-walled (usually cast iron) cooking pot with a light –fitting lid. It have been used as cooking vessels for hundreds of years. They are called “casserole dishes” in English speaking countries other than the USA. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 26 Convection Oven Contains fans that circulate the air and distribute the heat rapidly throughout the interior. Strong forced air can distort the shape of the products made with batter and soft dough. OVEN Ovens- are the workhorses of the bakery and pastry shop and are essential for producing the bakery products. Ovens are enclosed spaces in which food is heated, usually by hot air. Things to consider about ovens: 1. Look for a size suitable for your kitchen. Measure available space. It should have at least 10 centimeters allowance from all sides. The bigger the oven the bigger the allowance. 2. Your kitchen should be well ventilated to remove excess hot air. 3. For big ovens, an exhausted fan is required. 4. Gas fired or electric ovens are both suitable for baking. 5. Preheating takes 20 to 40, depending the size of the oven. When desired temperature is achieved, that is the time to put your cake, and must maintain that temperature throughout the baking process. 6. For proper baking all ovens should have THERMOSTAT CONTROL. It is a device that controls the temperature inside the oven. It automatically turns off when desired temperature is achieved. And automatically turns on when it falls below desired the temperature. 7. Even though there is a thermometer dial outside the oven, an extra OVEN THERMOMETER will show the exact heat in degrees (Fahrenheit or Centigrade/Celsius) inside the oven. Place or hang it inside the oven. 8. Look closely on the thermometer dial outside the oven if it is Fahrenheit or Centigrade. Usually ovens with maximum temperature of 250 are in Centigrade/Celsius. And an oven with maximum temperature of 500-600 is in Fahrenheit. See chart for conversion. °C = °F-32 X 5/9 °F = °C x 9/5 + 32 If using a fan-forced oven , your cooking time may be a little quicker, so start checking your food a little earlier 9. Don’t totally rely on the temperature dial or knob when setting your desired temperature, like 350 F, it is not always accurate. Sometimes it will be hotter than 350 F, so adjust it a little lower or vice versa. Then is when an oven thermometer will come in handy. 10. When your cake burns easily on the base, try putting a cookie sheet underneath. This usually happens in small ovens, when the heat is almost too close to your cake. 11. When your cake burns on the top surface, lower wire rack. 12. After baking, turn off the fire and let the oven door open to cool. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 27 13. Clean as needed. Don’t forget to pull the plug when cleaning an electric oven, so as to prevent shock. 14. When your oven needs repair, don’t just call any technician, he must be company trained. So whatever the brand of your oven is, call the company repair service. Don’t forget to ask for a warranty after repair. 15. Always check gas tank for leaks. LPG smells pungent. 16. Keep this in mind “Safety First”. And don’t forget to inform your helpers and assistants working with you about the safety precautions. 17. It is a MUST to install 2 units of fire extinguishers in your kitchen. Just in case the other one fails to extinguish you still have another one. Place it where anybody can see it right away. 18. Turbo broilers are another type of oven; it is called a convection oven. You can also use this to bake your cakes. 19. An oven toaster is quite small and has no thermostat control. It is not advisable to use this for baking. HOW TO LIGHT OR OPERATE AN OVEN? Procedure: 1. Hold a lighted match or igniter safely near the burner tube of the oven. 2. At the same time push and turn the oven knob in a counterclockwise direction towards the desired oven temperature setting. REMINDER: Should the initial lighting fail, turn to its “OFF” position immediately and allow the accumulated to be dispersed before re- ignition. Always close the oven door gently and with care. Letting the door to slam may affect the rise of the cake being baked. OVEN DO’S AND DONT’S 1. Do pre-heat the oven 15 to 20 minutes before baking. 2. Do put the oven rack at the center of the oven for proper heat distance. 3. Don’t let the pans touch the sides of the oven or touch each other. 4. Don’t put the pans one on top of the other when baking with 2 racks. Stagger them so heat will circulate. 5. Don’t open the door until at least half of the baking time has passed. Do use an oven thermometer to make sure you are baking at the proper temperature. 6. Do clean up any spill on the oven floor so they won’t burn when oven is used again. OVEN TEMPERATURES (°F) Very low Low Medium Hot Very Hot Broil BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 28 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUE AND PROCEDURE Establishing a preventive maintenance program helps to ensure that all equipment and tools function as intended. Failure to perform maintenance activities during production may increase the risk of microbial contamination. Preventive maintenance includes periodic examination and maintenance of tools and equipment. Saving money is one good reason in performing preventive maintenance. Preventive maintenance practices Cutting Tools 1. Sharpen knives frequently including folding knives and disinfect before use. 2. Replace knives if damaged or if they cannot otherwise be maintained in sanitary condition. 3. Frequently inspect cutting blades before and during operation for damage, product residue build up or cleaning needs. 4. Remove the blades and clean separately, and remaining parts are disassembled (if possible) and cleaned on regular basis. 5. Store them in their designated places. Handy Tools 1. Protect all handy tools from dirt, rust and corrosion by air drying them. 2. Wash and dry utensils with a clean dry rag before storing them. 3. Rinse tools and utensils in very hot clean water to sterilize them. 4. Have a periodic inspection and cleaning of tool. Equipment For longer and efficient use of baking equipment the following pointers will be helpful: Cleaning the Range 1. Switch off and remove the electric plug to allow the range to cool before cleaning. 2. Remove and wipe food particles, burnt sediments and grease away from top of the range. 3. Clean the parts thoroughly particularly those that are removable. Clean the burners with a dry brush or with a clean dry cloth. 4. Remove the grates before cleaning the entire oven. Scrape the food particles carefully. Wash and dry the removable parts very well. Cleaning the mixer 1. Remove the detachable parts. 2. Wash the beaters and bowls after use. 3. Wipe the parts with dry cloth thoroughly. PROPER STORAGE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT The proper care and storage of tools and equipment are not only the concern of the management but of the workers who use the equipment. Importance of proper storage of tools and equipment 1. It is an important factor for safety and health as well as good business. 2. Improves appearance of general-shop and construction areas. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 29 3. Reduces overall tool cost through maintenance. 4. This also ensures that tools are in good repair at hand. 5. Teaches workers principles of (tool) accountability. Pointers to follow in storing tools and equipment: 1. Have a designated place for each kind of tools. 2. Label the storage cabinet or place correctly for immediate finding. 3. Store them near the point of use. 4. Wash and dry properly before storing. 5. Store knives properly when not in use with sharp edge down. 6. Put frequently used items in conveniently accessible locations. 7. Gather and secure electrical cords to prevent entanglement or snagging. 8. Cutting boards should be stored vertically to avoid moisture collection. 9. Metal equipment can be stacked on one another after drying such as storage dishes and bowls. 10. Make sure the areas where you are storing the equipment are clean, dry and not overcrowded. Chapter III: BAKING INGREDIENTS AND THEIR USES BASIC INGREDIENTS FLOUR AS FOUNDATION Flour is a finely ground meal or powdery product obtained from milling cereal grains, root crops, starchy vegetables and other foods. There are different kinds of flour depending on the raw materials used such as rice flour, potato flour, soya flour, cassava flour and several others. The protein content of flour is called gluten exist in dry form. Gluten is responsible for the tough, rubbery and elastic property when flour is mixed with water and other liquids. Gluten is composed of approximately equal proportions of glutenin and gliadin. Glutenin gives the dough strength to hold leavening gases and determines the structure of the bakes products. Gliadin gives elastic or stretching properties of gluten. FLOUR - the main ingredient or framework of baked products contributes color, texture and flavor improve the nutritive value use for various cooking products like thickening agent, binding, dredging and stiffening agent Types of Flour: a. Bread Flour-BF (Hard Wheat) - Strong Flour or First Class Flour - contains 12% or more gluten - Used in breads, rolls and almost all yeast-raised dough production because of its high protein content. - When rubbed between fingers it feels rough or sandy, dry and granular BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 30 - Has a creamy color. - When pressed together, does not lump easily. b. All- Purpose Flour- APF (Semi Hard Wheat) - Family Flour or General Flour and sometimes referred to as Pastry Flour. - contains 10 to 12% gluten and it is used in almost all bakery goods from breads, pastries, cookies and cakes - good substitute for bread flour or cake flour - if used for bread, it needs more kneading and less mixing to prevent gluten development - when you rub it between your fingers it feels smooth and if pressed hardly on your hands, it holds its shape c. Cake Flour- CF (Soft Wheat) - Soft Flour - 10% or less gluten - used in cakes, cookies and other baked goods that need little or no gluten at all - its color is usually white and it feels glossy and smooth like powder - clumps a bit and tends to hold its shape if pressed with your hands - whiter than bread and all-purpose flour. d. Other types- rye, buckwheat, corn flour and others are often used only for specialized types of baking. Each imparts a distinct quality to the finished product. e. Durum flour – it is usually enriched and used to make noodles f. Self-rising flour- basically ordinary all-purpose flour that has baking powder and salt added to it. LIQUID INGREDIENTS - act as emulsifying agents for cakes when beaten stiff and folded into the flour mixture - they help hold gas to increase the volume and tenderness of baked products a. Water - it helps disperse other ingredients - the cheapest among all liquid ingredients - used to hold the batter or dough together and to blend all the ingredients b. Milk - gives delightful aroma provides improve nutrition, flavour and eating quality helps improve color of the crust improve texture and (increases) volume due to the increased ability of milk to absorb water Kinds of Milk BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 31 a. b. c. d. e. f. Whole Fresh Milk- cow’s milk containing a minimum of milk fat and non-fat milk solids Evaporated Milk- made from fresh whole milk Skim Milk- varying amounts of milk fat is removed from whole milk Condensed Milk- with sugar added and water removed Filled Milk- with added vitamins Buttermilk- a low-fat or fat-free milk to which a bacterial culture has been added. It has a mildly acidic taste. Sour milk, made from milk and lemon juice or vinegar, can be substituted in baking recipes. g. Fat-free half-and-half:- Made mostly from skim milk, with carrageenan for body, this product can bring a creamy flavor to recipes without added fat. h. Light cream and half-and-half:- Light cream contains 18 to 30 percent milk fat. Half-and-half is a mixture of milk and cream. i. Non-fat dry milk powder- When reconstituted, this milk product can be used in cooking. j. Sour cream and yogurt- Sour cream is traditionally made from light cream with a bacterial culture added, while yogurt is made from milk with a bacterial culture added. Both are available in low-fat and fat-free varieties. k. Whipping cream- It contains at least 30 percent milk fat and can be beaten into whipped cream. c. Fruit Juice - can be a substitute for water and milk - add flavor to baked products- example: pineapple juice, orange juice SUGAR AND RELATED PRODUCTS - aside from sweet taste, it gives appetizing golden color makes baked products tender because of its property to retain moisture acts as food of the yeast in yeast bread add aroma and energy value to the baked products Types of Sugar a. Granulated Sugar- it is refined sugar that is commonly used at home. b. Brown Sugar- it is partially purified product ranging from light to dark brown. Regular granulated sucrose containing various impurities that give distinctive flavor c. Confectioner’s Sugar/ Powdered Sugar- combination of sugar and cornstarch, with the latter added to prevent caking. Its fine, smooth, and powder- like quality makes it excellent for making candies, icings, frostings and dessert sauces. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 32 d. Caster Sugar-it is refined white sugar with size between that of granulated and confectioner’s sugar. It is used in cakes and dessert-making because it easily dissolves without forming lumps. SHORTENING - may be single fat or oil or a combination of several fats and oils. - general term used for fats or oils used to tenderized baked products - contributes to the fluffy and tender texture of pie crust and cookies - assists in the uniform dispersions of leavening gas - increase volume, give shape and texture to baked products Classification of Shortening a. Butter – this is mainly used for cakes and cookies. Its shortening value is inferior to that of lard. Butter does not cream well and lacks uniformity. Butter contributes a desirable sweet “buttery” flavor to food. b. Margarine- An artificial butter product made from various hydrogenated fats and flavorings, unlike butter, margarine mainly consists of vegetable fat and skim milk. Margarine and butter may look the same. However, margarine lacks the distinct flavour that butter has. 80 percent vegetable oil that is partially hydrogenated to hold a solid form. The remaining 20 percent is liquids, flavoring, coloring, and other additives. Margarine may be salted or unsalted. c. Lard – this is best for breads, biscuits, pie crust and a few types of cakes and cookies. Hog fat or lard is usually solid even at room temperature. Also use for greasing pans. EGGS - one of the best protein foods - used for added structure, richness and nutrition, and good keeping quality - help to support the weight of the sugar and shortening, thus keep the product from becoming heavy - serves as a means of incorporating air - supply liquid to batter and dough LEAVENING AGENT – gas added or produced during the mixing and/or heating of a batter or dough making the mixture rise. - makes baked product light and porous - volume increases as the air entrapped in the flour mixture expands when heated BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 33 Three Types of Leavening Agents a. Biological/ Natural Enzyme - Yeast is a single-celled plant capable of converting sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxide in a process known as Fermentation. b. Chemical/Commercial - Baking Powder-A leavening agent containing both baking soda and one or two acids - citric or tartaric. It reacts without acid from the other ingredients when wet and when it becomes hot. The baking powder used at home is "double-acting" because it has two types of acid - one reacts when liquids are added in the bowl and the other reacts when it becomes hot during baking. Carbon dioxide is the gas produced that "lifts" the batter and makes a light product in the end. - Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate) A chemical leavening agent that releases carbon dioxide when acids or acid sources are added to it such as sour milk, molasses and cream of tartar. Baking soda has one other advantage in the kitchen -- it's a natural fire extinguisher.Always mix with other dry ingredients before adding any liquid, since leavening begins as soon as soda comes in contact with liquid. c. Water Vapor or Steam contributes to the improvement of the texture and volume of the dough. d. Cream of Tartar (potassium hydrogen tartrate) - used to stabilized the egg whites and allow them to reach its full volume. SALT - (Sodium Chloride) enhance and correct the flavor of other ingredients in the dough used to control and regulate the fermentation process in the bread making it toughens the gluten , thus permits greater volume allows absorption or more water, sugar caramelizes more readily FLAVORING AGENTS - the amount to be used depends on the customer’s desire and the baker’s knowledge of their concentration a. Spices and Seeds- finely ground, aromatic vegetable products to improve the quality of cooked food (example: mace, cinnamon, nutmeg) BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 34 b. Flavorings- extracts are solutions of the flavors in ethyl alcohol or other solvent (example: orange, lemon and vanilla extract) c. Chocolate – popularly used in the baking of cakes, pies and cookies. They provide variety as well as body and bulk to the mix or icing. Milk chocolate is at least 10-percent pure chocolate with added cocoa butter, sugar, and milk solids. Semisweet and bittersweet chocolate can be used interchangeably. They contain at least 35-percent pure chocolate with added cocoa butter and sugar. Sweet chocolate is dark chocolate that contains at least 15-percent pure chocolate with extra cocoa butter and sugar.8 Unsweetened chocolate is used for baking and cooking rather than snacking. This ingredient contains pure chocolate and cocoa butter with no sugar added. Unsweetened cocoa powder is pure chocolate with most of the cocoa butter removed. Dutch-process or European-style cocoa powder has been treated to neutralize acids, making it mellower in flavor. White chocolate, which has a mild flavor, contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk solids. Products such as white baking bars, white baking pieces, white candy coating, and white confectionery bars are sometimes confused with white chocolate. While they are often used interchangeably in recipes, they are not truly white chocolate because they do not contain cocoa butter. MEASUREMENTS, CONVERTIONS AND SUBSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RECIPES p. = pinch sp. = speck f.g. = few grains t., tsp., TSP. = teaspoon T., tbs., tbsp., TBSP = tablespoon Oz. = ounce c = cup pt. = pint qt. = quart gal. = Gallon pk. = peck bu. = bushel lb., # = pound doz., dz. = dozen min. = minute hr. = hour C. = degrees Celsius F. = degrees Fahrenheit BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 35 STANDARD OF WEIGHT AND MEASURES 1 tablespoon 2 tablespoon 4 tablespoon 5 tablespoon + 1 teaspoon ½ cup+1/4 cup ¾ cup plus2 tablespoons 16 tablespoon 2 cups 4 cups 16 ounces 8 cups 1 pound ( lb.) 1 kilogram ( kg. ) 1 gram 1 medium orange 1 medium apple 14 oz. can condensed milk 14 oz, can evaporated milk 1 lb. brown sugar 1 lb. confectioner sugar 1 lb. confectioner sugar 1 lb. nuts 1 lb. dried nuts 5 whole eggs 12 egg yolks 8 egg whites 1 bar butter 1 stick butter 1 gallon (gal.) 1 quart 1 teaspoon ( tsp. or t.) 1 tablespoon (T. or tbsp. ) 15 ounces raisins = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 3 teaspoon 1/8 cup = 28.35 grams ¼ cup 1/3 cup ¾ cup 7/8 cup 1 cup = 8 ounces 1 pint 1 quart = 2 pints 1 pound ½ gallon = 2 quarts 463.59 grams 2.21 pounds .035 ounces ¼ to ½ cup ( slice ) 1 cup slice 1 ¼ cups 1 2/3 cups 2 ¼ cups (packed) 3 ½ cups 2 ½ cups 4 ½ cups 2 cups 1 cup 1 cup 1 cup 1 cup = ½ pound ½ cup = = = = = = COMMON UNITS OF VOLUME 4 quarts 2 pints 964.4 milliliters 4.9 milliliters 14.8 milliliters 3 cups = 1 ounce BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 36 CONVERSION / SUBSTITUTION OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1 cup all-purpose flour....................... 1 cup + 2 tbsp cake flour 1 tablespoon cornstarch.................................2 tablespoon all-purpose flour 1 cup sifted cake flour....................................7/8 cup all-purpose flour sifted ……………. 1 cup all purpose flour minus 2 tablespoon. 1 cup sugar granulated ..................................1 1/3 cup brown sugar, lightly packed 1 cup honey .................................................1 ¼ cup sugar plus 1 /2cup liquid 1 ounce chocolate ........................................ 3 tablespoon cocoa plus 1 tablespoon fat 1 teaspoon baking powder ......................... ½ teaspoon cream of tartar + ¼ teaspoon baking soda 1 teaspoon active dry yeast .........................................1 package (7gram) dry yeast compressed yeast cake 1 square unsweetened chocolate............................... 3 tablespoon cocoa plus 1 tablespoon fat 1 cup butter ................................................................ 1 cup margarine ………….. 7/8 cup of lard plus ½ teaspoon salt 1 cup whole milk ................................................. 1/2 cup evap milk + ½ cup water…………. 1 cup water + ¼ cup powdered milk 1 cup milk............................................................ 3 tablespoon of sifted non - fat dry milk plus 1 cup water, 6 tablespoons of sifted crystals plus 1 cup water 1 cup butter milk or sour milk .................................. 1 ¾ teaspoon of cream of tartar plus1 cup of sweet milk MEASURING DRY AND LIQUID INGREDIENTS ACCURATELY A. Flour 1. Sift the flour 2. Scoop to fill the measuring cup to overflow. DO NOT SHAKE. 3. Level off with spatula THE MOST ACCURATE WAY TO MEASURE FLOUR IS BY WEIGHT: All-Purpose Flour: 1 cup = 120-130 grams = 4¼ ounces Bread Flour: 1 cup = 130 grams = 4½ ounces Cake Flour: 1 cup = 110 grams = 4 ounces Whole Wheat Flour: 1 cup = 120 grams = 4¼ ounces B. Sugar a. White sugar 1. Sifting is not necessary before measuring unless it is lumpy 2. Fill the measuring cup until overflowing. DO NOT SHAKE THE CUP. 3. Level off with spatula b. Brown sugar BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 37 1. Check if the sugar is lumpy before measuring. Roll out the lumps. Remove the dirt. 2. Scoop into the measuring cup and pack compactly until it follows the shape when inverted. THE MOST ACCURATE WAY TO MEASURE SUGAR IS BY WEIGHT: Granulated Sugar: 1 cup = 200 grams = 7 ounces Caster Sugar: 1 cup = 200 grams = 7 ounces Light Brown Sugar: 1 cup = 215 grams = 7½ ounces Dark Brown Sugar: 1 cup = 230 grams = 8 ounces Confectioners’ Sugar: 1 cup = 120 grams = 4½ ounces C. Powdered food (baking powder and baking soda) 1. Remove the lumps in the powder by stirring 2. Dip the measuring spoon into the powder 3. Level with spatula or back edge of the knife or right in the can opening D. Shortening a. Solid Fats 1. Fill the measuring cup/spoon with the shortening while pressing until it is full 2. Level the fat with a straight of a knife or spatula b. Liquid fats 1. Pour oil in the glass measuring cup 2. Check if it is filled up to the measuring mark. Do not lift the cup when measuring E. Milk a. Liquid form 1. Pour milk into the glass measuring cup up to the measuring mark. Do not lift the cup. b. Powdered milk 1. Remove lumps in milk by stirring 2. Scoop lightly to fill the measuring cup or spoon without shaking until it overflows 3. Use the spatula or straight edge of the knife to level the measurement BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 38 Accuracy in measuring basic ingredients is especially necessary when baking bread, pies and cakes. Ingredients are measured by weight, volume and some other convenient means: 1. Weight Measurement- the usual scale used for weighing is the dietetic scale (500 grams) of the spring balance type. The knob on the numbered face may be “zeroed” after placing an empty container can then be read directly. 2. Volume Measurement- cups are used in measuring the volume of ingredients. The glass cup with headspace above the calibrated level is used for liquid ingredients and the metal cup with no headspace above is used for dry ingredients. 3. Other Means- a convenient means of measuring portions is by noting down weights and volume of manufactured foods as indicated on the label of standard packages, which is on cans, cartons, bags and the like. For example: 1 pound of butter means to 2 cups, and a number 2 can liquid contains 2 cups. STORAGE OF INGREDIENTS FLOUR Store in tightly covered containers to keep out dust, moisture and insects. Store in a dry place at room temperature. It may be stored for 2-3 months. MILK Unopened cans of evaporated or sweetened condensed milk may be stored at room temperature. Once opened, they should be refrigerated immediately. SUGAR Sugar should be stored in a covered container and in dry place. Brown sugar should be stored in an airtight container to keep the sugar from drying out. EGGS Eggs should be stored in the refrigerator with large end up. When stored at room temperature, eggs lose more quality in a day than a week in the refrigerator.For best quality, eggs should be used within a week. To store leftover yolks, cover with cold water and refrigerate in a tightly covered containers. Pour off water when ready to use the yolks. Use within one or two days. To store egg whites, refrigerate in a tightly covered containers and use within one or two days. SHORTENING A. BUTTER Leave butter in its original package and keep it in the food compartment of the refrigerator or freezer, it will last up to 2 weeks. Placed partially used portions of butter in a covered dish, refrigerate and use up within a few days. B. FATS and OILS BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 39 Store home-rendered fats such as pork fat in the refrigerator. Vegetable shortenings should be kept at room temperature for shorter periods of time as when refrigerated. Under refrigeration, they keep for several months. LEAVENING AGENTS Store baking powder, baking soda and cream of tartar tightly in a covered containers in a dry place. To test if baking powder is active: place ½ tsp. in ¼ cup water. It should bubble up if it’s still good. For baking soda, pour a few drops of vinegar in ¼ tsp. It should bubble up if it’s still good. Check the label on yeast products for the date of expiry. Chapter IV: Baking Techniques and Methods Basic Mixing Methods Once the ingredients have been selected and measured, often the next step is to mix them all together. The general objectives in mixing batters and dough are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Uniform distribution of ingredients; Minimum loss of the leavening agent; Optimum blending; and, Development or prevention of gluten. A. BEATING – to incorporate air in a mixture by mechanical agitation, using a spoon or fork, whisk, rotary beater or electric mixer, means to vigorously agitate foods to incorporate air or develop gluten. It also means to thoroughly combine ingredients and incorporate air with rapid, circular motion. This may be done with a wooden spoon, wire whisk, rotary egg beater, electric mixer or food processor. B. CREAMING – the process of stirring and beating a solid fat (butter, margarine or shortening) so that it absorb air. Creamed fat will be soft, smooth, light and fluffy. Creaming is the technique that requires the baker to beat butter and sugar vigorously until they’re soft and creamy, using either an electric mixer or wooden spoon. This aerates the mixture and gives it a mousse like texture. The eggs then need to be incorporated slowly and steadily in order to prevent the mixture from curdling and to give the cake a fine light texture. The purpose of creaming is to air in the form of tiny bubbles, to act as a rising agent. How to Cream With a Stand Mixer It is important to start on low to medium-low speed until all ingredients have been incorporated, then switch to medium to medium-high speed, making sure to scrape the bowl down periodically to make sure all ingredients have been mixed thoroughly. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 40 To do: 1. Add the butter stick(s) to the mixing bowl of a stand mixer, fitted with a paddle attachment. When the butter is still cold, but takes the imprint of a finger when gently pressed, it is ready to be creamed. If the butter is solid from the cold or your stand mixer is not powerful enough, you can cut it into tablespoon sized pieces before using. Refrigerate the pieces briefly if too warm or soft. Never use a microwave: it will melt it, even though it will look solid. 2. Beat the butter on low (or medium-low) until softened. It will take about 60 seconds or less, depending on the amount. When using a stand mixer, never go above medium speed, or the butter will heat up. Stop and scrape the beaters and the sides and bottom of the bowl. If you run the mixer at high speed for a few seconds, the butter will magically clear from the mixer blades. Then, scrape the bowl 3. Add the sugar in a steady stream at the side of the bowl with the mixer on low. 4. Increase the mixer speed to medium and beat for 1 or 2 minutes until lighter in yellow and somewhat aerated. Stop the beater blades, and with a large rubber spatula, scrape the blades and the mixer bowl's sides and bottom. 5. Next, if it is a shortened cake, the (cold) eggs are added gradually in stages, with the mixer on low. The yolks help emulsify and hold moisture within the formed air cells and create a water-in-fat emulsion. After the eggs have been added, increase the mixer speed to medium and beat the mixture for 2 minutes. (If the eggs are cold, the batter will curdle slightly. It's ok. It will come together as the batter warms from the beaters. ) Set the kitchen timer to help you keep track of the time. The mixture will become fluffy and aerated. The butter and eggs are an excellent temperature. Notice in the photo that it forms ridges on the side of the mixing bowl after the beaters pulls through the mixture; the batter is tacky and not too warm so it sticks to the side of the mixing bowl. The batter has become lighter in color as it takes on air bubbles and SOMEWHAT fluffy, as well. 6. Then, starting with the flour and dry ingredients, add it with the liquid (cold milk) alternately in stages. The mixture will curdle slightly from the cold milk, but will be corrected with the addition of flour. 7. After completing the last addition of flour, stop the mixer, and scrape the side and bottom of the bowl with a large rubber spatula. Then, let the mixer run for 30 seconds on LOW. The batter should look mixed. Do NOT over mix. Remove the mixing bowl from the mixer. With a BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 41 large rubber spatula, give the batter ONE or TWO quick folds to incorporate any stray flour or milk left at the sides and bottom of the bowl. Then, STOP. HOW TO CREAM BY HAND WITH A SPOON Let the butter to sit at room temperature for an hour to soften, beat the butter first to soften and then added sugar. Then beat it to light and fluffy mass. For cold, hard butter, cut the butter into 1/2-inch pieces and place it with the sugar in a mixing bowl set over barely simmering water. Beat with a wooden spoon for several seconds until the butter softens. Then set the bowl in a basin of cold water and beat for a minute or two until the mixture is light, fluffy, and a pale ivory color. C. CUTTING IN – D. CUT AND FOLD – a combination of two motions; cutting vertically through the mixture mixing a fat and flour with the use of pastry blender or two knives in a scissor-like manner; method that distributes solid fat throughout the dry ingredients using a pastry blender, fork or two knives. and turning over and over across the bottom of the mixing bowl at each turn. E. FOLDING – the gentle combining of two or more mixtures (one of which is often whipped egg whites or whipped cream) in a figure eight motion, using a spoon or rubber spatula; a method of gently combining a heavier mixture with a more delicate substance such as beaten egg whites or whipped cream without causing a loss of air. When folding, a large metal spoon is the ideal tool because the thin edge cuts through the mixture swiftly and cleanly, ingredients are folded to cut through the mixture and cause minimum disturbance to the air bubbles. It is important not to beat the flour in as this will cause trapped air to escape and reduce the volume of the mixture. F. KNEADING – the pressing, folding and stretching of dough to develop gluten for good bread structure; to fold, push and turn the dough or other mixture to produce a smooth, elastic texture. Kneading dough is essential to making bread. Kneading stretches the dough and develops the gluten, the springy stuff that gives bread its texture. It also helps to uniformly distribute the gasses that are the byproduct of the yeast‘s metabolism. G. STIRRING H. SIFTING – to separate coarse particles in the ingredients by passing through a sieve. Air is – mixing ingredients with spoon, fork or spatula: to move spoon in circular motion to incorporate ingredients. Usually refers to combining liquids or melted ingredients. To stir ingredients cooking on the stove top, use a wooden spoon and stir from the bottom of the pan to prevent scorching. String helps to cool a mixture and evenly distribute the heat. incorporated through this method. Sifting means to pass usually dry ingredients through a fine wire mesh so as to produce a uniform consistency and add air to dry ingredients, such as flour BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 42 and catches any lumps or unwanted particles to be discarded. It is done by using a flour sifter or by spooning the flour into a fine mesh food strainer and shaking or tapping it over a bowl. When a recipe says: 1 cup sifted, flour – it means sift and then measure. To do, sift flour over measuring cup to measure. Or 1 cup flour, sifted – that means to measure and then sift. Sifting is done to incorporate into the flour and removes any unwanted particles. F. WHIPPING – kind of beating eggs and cream to fill them with air and make them thick and fluffy; to stir rapidly adding air to make light and fluffy in consistency. Cream that is to be whipped needs to have a fat content of at least 36%. It is common for cream to be sterilized and this makes the cream take longer to whip. The Whipping Stages of Egg Whites Foamy stage – the egg whites are just lightly whipped to a frothy but still fluid consistency. They will consist of large bubbles on the surface that readily pop. The foam will not hold any peaks when the whisk is lifted from it. Soft peak stage – this means that the foam is moist, shiny and bright white. When the whisk or beaters are lifted, the foam will form a dull peak, then pile softly or gently curl over. It will also flow when the bowl is tilted. Stiff peak stage – at this stage, the foam maintains its glossy sheen and holds an upright peak when the whisk or beaters are lifted. It will not flow or will just barely flow, when the bowl is tilted. At this point, the foam has reached its maximum volume. Over beaten stage – the egg whites are over beaten when the foam begins to look dry and granular Chapter V: CORE COMPETENCIES I. PREPARE AND PRODUCE BAKERY PRODUCTS BASIC YEAST-LEAVENED BREAD These are breads leavened with a biological leavening agent like yeast in any form (dried or compressed). It is a staple food made from flour, shortening, leavening agent and other ingredients. Types of Mixing Dough 1. Straight Dough Method- this method combines all the ingredients together at one time to make the dough. The dough is kneaded and set aside to rise. 2. Sponge Dough Method- this method mixes parts of the liquid, flour and all of the yeast to make a soft mixture which is set aside to rise until bubbly. Then the remaining ingredients are added and the mixture is treated as straight dough. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 43 3. No Knead Method- this method uses batter instead of dough. This makes bread making faster because one does not have to knead and shape a dough. However, the texture of the finished product is not as fine as that of kneaded dough. STEPS IN MAKING BREAD 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Combining and mixing the ingredients for bread Kneading Fermentation Resting Period Punching Down Shaping the dough Second rising or proofing Baking Classification of Bread 1. Quick Bread 2. Yeast Bread BASIC QUICK BREADS Quick breads are breads leavened with the help of chemical leaveners (baking powder and baking soda) and similarly with mechanical leavening involving the incorporating of more air into the dough and batter by creaming and mixing action. Muffin - Small, cake-like sweet or savory leavened breads. Cupcake - small cakes, and are made by one of the traditional cake methods such as the creaming method, the reverse creaming method, the chiffon method, and so on. They tend to have a finer crumb than muffins. Contrast While no single criterion distinguishes a muffin from a cupcake if you do not adopt the technical definition above, the following trends exist: • • • • • Cupcakes tend to be sweeter than muffins; there are savory muffins Cupcakes are often iced or frosted, whereas muffins tend to have no topping, or a simple crumb topping Cupcakes usually have a head or top no larger than the body of the cupcake; muffins are often encouraged to overflow their baking cup, so that their top is larger in diameter, giving them somewhat of a mushroom shape Cupcakes are almost always, well, cupcake shaped; muffins can be made as just muffin tops Cupcakes are almost never crispy or crunchy; muffins are often encouraged to brown and develop texture, especially on the tops Characteristics of Good Quick Breads BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 44 Light texture Coarse but even grain Evenly sized air cells that are equally distributed Golden-brown crust Faults and Remedies of Basic Quick Breads: 1. Problem Characteristics Flat, soggy (heavy with water) Faults Over mixing Under baking 2. Tunneling Over mixing Remedies Follow directions for mixing speed and time. Follow directions for baking time and temperature. Have oven temperatures checked for accuracy. Follow directions for mixing speed and time. Oven temperature too hot 3. Flat, tough 4. Flat top Follow directions for proper baking temperatures. Have oven temperatures checked for accuracy. Batter at room temperature Do not mix batter until ready for too long period of time to bake or refrigerate batter until baking time. Oven temperature too low Follow directions for proper temperature. Higher temperatures produce peaking. BASIC QUICK BREAD BANANA MUFFIN NOTE: Materials needed: Muffin Pan, flour sifter, wooden spoon, mixing bowl, chopping board and knife, measuring cups and spoon, Papers cups (2 or 3 oz.), Cupcake box or any sealed containers, ice cream scoop (optional) PRE-HEAT OVEN AT 350°F. CREAM IN A BOWL UNTIL LIGHT AND FLUFFY ½ cup butter (1 stick) BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 45 1 ½ cup white sugar GRADUALLY ADD/MIX TO THE CREAMED BUTTER AND SUGAR 2 pieces eggs 1 tsp. vanilla 2 1 1 2 MIX IN ANOTHER BOWL cups sifted All-Purpose Flour tsp. baking powder tsp. baking soda tsp. salt DRY INGREDIENTS ½ cup sour milk (¼ cup evap. + ¼ cup water + 2 tsp. calamansi juice) INGREDIENTS LIQUID 1 cup mashed ripe lakatan (5-6 pieces) TOPPINGS: 1 cup chopped any kinds of nuts (optional) 1 cup chopped chocolate (optional) ADD HALF OF DRY and LIQUID INGREDIENTS and MASHED BANANAS. THEN MIX UNTIL WELL BLENDED BUT DO NOT OVER MIX. AFTER MIXING, ADD THE REMAINING HALF OF LIQUID and DRY INGREDIENTS TOGETHER WITH MASHED BANANAS. MIX UNTIL WELL BLENDED. ADD YOUR DESIRED TOPPINGS. POUR IN MUFFIN PAN LINED WITH PAPER CUPS AND BAKE AT 350°F FOR 45 MINUTES TO 1 HOUR. CHOCOLATE CUPCAKES with FROSTINGS NOTE:Materials needed: Muffin Pans, flour sifter, mixing bowl, wooden spoon, measuring cups and spoon, Papers cups (2 or 3 oz.), Cupcake box or any sealed containers, Pastry bag and tips for the Frostings, Chocolate chips or sprinkles for toppings (optional), ice cream scoop (optional) MIX IN A BOWL- DRY INGREDIENTS 2 cups sifted All-Purpose Flour 1 cup sifted unsweetened Dutch-processed cocoa powder 2 cups granulated/white sugar 2 tsp. baking soda 1 tsp. baking powder ½ tsp. salt MIX IN ANOTHER BOWL- LIQUID INGREDIENTS 2 large eggs Optional- 25 grams instant coffee powder (any brand) dissolved in 1 cup water BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 46 1 cup evaporated milk mixed with 1 tsp. vinegar ¼ cup corn oil or veg. oil - for added moisture on the cupcakes MAKE A WELL AT THE CENTER OF THE DRY INGREDIENTS THEN SLOWLY POUR THE LIQUID INGREDIENTS TO IT. MIX UNTIL WELL BLENDED. DO NOT OVER MIX. SCOOP BATTER INTO PREPARED MUFFIN PANSS UNTIL ¾ FULL. BAKE IN THE PRE-HEATED OVEN at 375°FFOR ABOUT 20 MINUTES OR UNTIL TOPS SPRING BACKS WHEN LIGHTLY PRESSED. COOL COMPLETELY BEFORE FROSTING. For the Butter Frostings: (optional) 1 cup (1 whole) unsalted butter, chilled 3 cups sifted Powdered Sugar 1. IN A BOWL OF AN ELECTRIC MIXER WITH BEATER, CREAM BUTTER UNTIL SMOOTH. ADD CONFECTIONER’S SUGAR ½ CUP AT A TIME. AFTER ADDING ABOUT 2 CUPS, TASTE AND CHECK ITS CONSISTENCY. FOR A THICKER FROSTING, GRADUALLY ADD MORE SUGAR. 2. FROST COOLED CUPCAKES WITH BUTTER FROSTING AND SPRINKLE CHOCOLATE CHIPS OR SPRINKLES. CHEESE CUPCAKES NOTE: Materials needed: Muffin Pans, flour sifter, mixing bowl, wooden spoon, measuring cups and spoon, grater, can opener, Papers cups (2 or 3 oz.), Cupcake box or any sealed containers, ice cream scoop (optional) PRE-HEAT OVEN TO 375°F. CREAM IN A BOWL UNTIL LIGHT AND FLUFFY ½ cup butter (1 stick) ½ cup granulated sugar GRADUALLY ADD TO THE CREAMED BUTTER and SUGAR 2 eggs MIX IN ANOTHER BOWL- DRY INGREDIENTS 1 ½ cup sifted All-Purpose Flour 3 tsp. baking powder ½ tsp. salt ½ cup evap. Milk 1 tsp. vanilla 1 cup grated cheese (any brand) BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 47 1 can (BIG) Condensed milk ADD HALF OF THE DRY INGREDIENTS, MILK and VANILLA TO THE BUTTER MIXTURE. MIX UNTIL WELL BLENDED. ADD THE GRATED CHEESE AND MIX A LITTLE BIT THEN ADD THE CONDENSED MILK. MIX AGAIN UNTIL WELL BLENDED. DO NOT OVER BEAT. BASIC YEAST BREAD Types of Dough 1. Lean Dough- composed only of the basic ingredients. 2. Rich Dough- composed of basic and other flavorings. External Characteristics of a Well-made Bread Shape- well portioned, rounded top Size- large but not airy in proportion to weight Color- even, rich golden brown Crust- tender, crisp, even thickness, free from cracks Internal Characteristics of a Well-made Bread Color- creamy white, free from streaks Grain- fine, thin walled cells evenly distributed Texture- tender, soft, slightly moist Flavor- wheaty, sweety, nutty Basic Ingredients in Yeast Bread 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Flour- this is the chief ingredient of yeast bread. It contains 2 proteins, gliadin and gluten. Yeast- this is the leavening agent. It is a microscopic plant which can cause fermentation in sugar or flour to form CO2. The CO2 gas can expand the gluten structure causing the bread to rise. Salt- improves the flavor of the bread and controls the rate of yeast growth. Sugar- breads can be made without sugar but a small amount of sugar is ready source of food for yeast and speeds up yeast action. Liquid- ingredients of bread is usually milk or water or both. Shortening- makes bread tenderer and helps improve quality. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 48 BASIC YEAST- BREAD PAN DE SAL Ingredients: 6 cups APF 1-2 cups water 5 tsp. instant dry yeast 1 ½ cups brown sugar 1 tsp. salt ¼ cup shortening Fine bread crumbs Procedure: 1. Sift flour before measuring then put it in the mixing bowl. 2. Mix together the yeast and sugar on one side of the bowl. 3. Mix salt and shortening in another side of the bowl. 4. Then put water on the mixture. 5. Blend the ingredients very well. 6. Mix until stiff dough is formed. On a slightly floured surface, knead dough until soft. 7. Let rise for at least two hours or until double its size. Punch it down. 8. Cut and roll in bread crumbs and arrange on a slightly greased baking sheet or tray with the cut side facing up. Let rise again for 30 minutes. 9. When the cut-up pieces of dough reaches it’s doubled size, bake in preheated oven at 400°F until done. NOTE: Materials needed: Lard for greasing baking pan SPANISH BREAD Ingredients: 3 cups Bread Flour/ First Class Flour 1 – 1 ½ cups all purpose flour 1 tbsp. Yeast ½ cup white sugar Filling: 1/3 cup softened butter ¼ cup brown sugar 1/3 cups bread crumbs ¼ tsp vanilla BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 49 3 egg yolks ½ cup melted butter 1 tsp. salt ¾ cups Evap. Milk ½ cup water Extra flour for kneading Procedure: 1. Dissolve yeast in warm water. Stir to dissolve and let it stand for 5-10 minutes until bubbly. Set aside. 2. In a large bowl, combine the milk, sugar, butter, egg yolks and salt. 3. Blend well then add the yeast mixture. 4. Add flour to make moderate stiff dough. Note** check the consistency of the dough before putting all the remaining flour. (use of flour depends on the type of flour, milk and the size of the eggs). Dough must be must be moderate stiff and elastic. 5. Knead the dough in a lightly floured surface for about 10 minutes or until the dough is smooth and elastic. 6. Transfer the dough to a greased bowl, cover with a damp cloth and let it rise in a warm place for at least an hour. 7. After rising, transfer the dough into a lightly floured surface 8. Use a dough slicer to divide the dough into 4 equal parts 9. Roll each part until it forms into a log. Cut each log into equal pieces 10. Flatten the dough with a rolling pin until it stretches into a triangular shape 11. Spread some filling then roll up. 12. Cover the dough with bread crumbs and place on lightly greased baking sheet or tray with the end at the bottom 13. Cover the tray with damp cloth and let it rise for 20-30 minutes. 14. Pre heat oven to 325 degrees F. 15. Bake for 20-25 minutes. Materials needed: mixing bowl, rolling pin, utility bowls, damp cloth, dough cutter, baking sheet ENSAYMADA Ingredients: 3 ½ cups all purpose flour 2 tsp. Yeast 1/3 cup white sugar Topping: ½ cup of creamed butter ¼ - ½ cup of sugar Shredded cheddar cheese *optional BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 50 3 eggs ½ cup melted butter (divided, ¼ cup mixed in the dough and ¼ cup for brushing) 1/2 tsp. Salt ¼ cup Evap. Milk 2/3 cup lukewarm water ½ cup water Procedure: 1. In a small bowl, dissolve instant yeast in 1/3 cup of lukewarm water. Set aside. 2. Whisk together flour, sugar and salt in a mixing bowl. 3. Add dissolved yeast mixture, eggs, evaporated milk, ¼ cup of melted butter and the remaining 1/3 cup of water. Using a dough hook, mix on low speed for about 2 minutes, then at medium speed for an additional 5 to 7 minutes until soft sticky dough has formed. Remember the dough should be soft and sticky, do not over knead. 4. Transfer dough in greased bowl and cover with plastic wrap. Allow dough to rest for 15 minutes. 5. Prepare ensaymada molder. 6. Divide the dough into equal parts and put it in the molder. Loosely cover the dough with plastic wrap and allow the dough to rest for 15 minutes 7. In a small bowl, melt ¼ cup butter and set aside. 8. On a floured surface, roll out or using the palms of your hands. Flatten each dough into a rectangle. 9. Brush a little melted butter over the top of the dough. Roll dough into a log, pinch ends together to seal. 10. Then turn dough seam side down or seam side facing inwards, in the direction where you’ll start twirling. 11. Gently start rolling the dough inwards into a swirl or a roll. 12. Place it back onto the lined pan. Loosely cover buns with plastic wrap and let it rise until it doubles in size, about 1 ½ hour. 13. Pre heat oven to 325 degrees F. 14. Bake for 15-17 minutes until lightly golden. Allow rolls to cool for 30 minutes to an hour before topping with creamed butter and sugar. Materials needed: mixing bowl, rolling pin, utility bowls, damp cloth/plastic wrap, dough cutter, baking sheet/ensaymada molder, electric mixer, spatula, rubber scrapper. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 51 COOKIES Cookies are small, flat, sweet cakes baked in a variety of shapes and flavor. There are hard cookies and there are tender ones. People, especially children, love to it cookies. Cookies are a welcome gift during occasions like birthday and Christmas. Therefore, it is worthwhile to learn how to make cookies. There are different types of cookies. Each type has its distinct features and method of preparation. The different types of cookies include the following: 1. Drop Cookies are irregular and uneven in shaped and are prepared by dropping the dough or cookie mix from a teaspoon into the baking sheet to produce design. 2. Rolled Cookies are made by rolling out the dough and cutting this using a cookie cutter to form fancy shapes for special occasions such as Christmas and Easter Sunday. 3. Pressed Cookies are also called the most festive type cookies are prepared by passing the dough through a cookie press or pastry bag into the baking sheets to form the desired shapes. The dough contains most shortening for easily pressing. 4. Bar Type Cookies are similar to cakes. They usually bake in the square pans and cut into square or bars. For variety, some are prepared with fudge or fondant icing and cut into slices. This cookies look and taste better when they are made small. Example: Brownies 5. Molded Cookies are usually round in shape. The formed round shape cookies are prepared by rolling the dough with the hands and baking the cookies on a cookie sheet. 6. Refrigerated Cookies are prepared by molding and forming the cookies dough into long rolls, wrapped and chilled. The chill dough is then sliced and baked. To store cookies, bake or unbaked, wrap them in plastic bags or wrapping sheet and freeze. Cool baked cookies well before freezing. Do not wrap together cookies of different flavor, as flavoring transfer during storage. Frozen cookies keep as long as 6 months and thaw very quickly when needed. METHOD OF MIXING COOKIES 1. Creaming- cookies need sufficient creaming in order that the sugar, shortening and other ingredients are creamed well but lightly. Creaming incorporates air into the cookies. Eggs are gradually added and creamed well after each addition. 2. Mixing- flour should be mixed lightly to prevent over mixing. Over mixing makes the cookie dough over tough. 3. Blending is used in mixing shortening, sugar and liquid for better formation of the dough and absorption of the flour. 4. Rolling the dough- this is usually done with refrigerated cookies to flatten and smoothen the dough before rolling and cutting. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 52 BAKING, COOLING and PROPER STORAGE of COOKIES Insufficient baking causes cookie spoilage. Hence, it is important to follow correct temperature and time for each type of cookies in order to produce quality products. Cookies rich in sugar are baked at lower oven temperature than those that are rich in fat but less in sugar contents. It is also important to check if the recipe calls for the use of greased and ungreased baking sheets. Loosen the cookies carefully while still warm and remove from baking sheets or pans immediately to prevent breaking. Crisp cookies are keep frozen or kept in covered containers such as cookie jars. They are placed at room temperature to refresh on baking sheet at 300°F for 3-5 minutes. Faults and Remedies of Cookies 1. Problem Characteristics Cookies lack spread Faults Dough over mixed Oven temperature too hot 2. Cookies have too much spread Oven temperature too cold Pans greased too heavily 3. Cookies stick to the pan Dirty pans Pans not properly greased Cookies under baked Remedies Follow directions for proper mixing time. Follow directions for proper oven temperature. Have oven temperature checked for accuracy. Follow directions for proper oven temperature. Have oven temperature checked for accuracy. Grease lightly pans that will be used for baking cookies. Use pan that are clean and free of baked-on crumbs. Parchment paper is ideal. Grease entire surface of pans. Follow directions for proper oven temperature. Have oven temperature checked for accuracy. BAKING TIPS 1. Drop cookies leaving about 2’ in between to allow spreading. 2. Make cookies of the same size and thickness so they will bake at the same time. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 53 3. For uniformity in size and shape, drop cookies can be made using a small ice cream scoop or for molded cookies, dough can be weighed. 4. If you only have 1 or 2 baking sheets, you can use it repeatedly for one batch of cookies but make sure you cool it first. Otherwise, the cookie dough will start melting before it reaches the oven and it will spread too much. 5. Remove cookies from the baking sheet while hot, don’t wait for them to cool and become crisp in the pan. 6. To prevent from over spreading of drop cookies, chill the dough for a few minutes. COOKIES CHOCOLATE CRINKLES Ingredients: CREAM Shortening (butter or margarine) White Sugar Salt Glucose Corn Syrup Eggs Baking Soda 127 grams 251 grams 5 grams 50 grams (chewy) 34 grams (moist) 134 grams (approx. 2-3 pieces) 5 grams BLEND, SIFT then ADD APF* Baking Powder Cocoa Powder 335 grams 13 grams 100 grams Confectioners/ Powdered Sugar *All-Purpose Flour Procedure: 1. Sift flour and cocoa powder separately before measuring. 2. After sifting and measuring, mix flour, cocoa powder and baking powder in one bowl, set aside. 3. Measure all the other ingredients separately and place in different bowl. 4. Cream butter and sugar first until light and fluffy then add all the other ingredients gradually beat after each addition. 5. Form into balls or any desired shape then roll into sifted Powdered Sugar then put into greased baking sheets. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 54 6. Bake at 180° C for about 6 to 8 minutes. 7. When cookies cracked, remove pans from oven and let cool. NOTE: Materials needed: Wax Paper or Lard for greasing pans, Cookie Jar/ Sealed Container BROWNIES Ingredients: BLEND THEN SIFT: Sifted APF* Sifted Dutch Cocoa Powder CREAM White Sugar Glucose Baking Soda Baking Powder Butter/Margarine Eggs Water Vanilla Any kind of nuts for toppings 300 grams 90 grams 540 grams 90 grams 4 grams 2 grams 180 grams 300 grams (approx. 5-6 pcs.) 30 grams 5 grams Procedure: 1. Sift separately then blend APF and cocoa powder. Set aside. 2. Cream sugar, glucose and butter/margarine. Add eggs one at a time. 3. Add baking powder and baking soda then add the flour mixture and mix smooth. 4. Deposit on wax paper lined jellyroll pan. 5. Bake at 160° C top heat and 170° C bottom heat for 30-35 minutes. NOTE: Materials needed: Wax Paper, Sealed Containers/ Cake Box BROWNIES Ingredients: 1/4 cup butter or margarine ½ tsp. salt ¼ cup glucose BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 55 1- ¼ cup white sugar 2 pieces eggs 2 cups All-Purpose Flour ½ tsp. baking soda ½ cup cocoa powder 1 tsp. vanilla 1/3 cup water ½ cup chopped nuts Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Pre-heat oven to 350°F. Grease and line a 9-inch square pan. Set aside. In a bowl, cream butter and sugar until fluffy. Add the eggs one at a time while beating continuously. Add the rest of the ingredients except half of the nuts. Mix thoroughly. Pour into prepared pan. Spread evenly. Sprinkle remaining nuts on tops. Bake for 25 to 30 minutes. Cool then cuts into squares. Yield: 16 squares. NOTE: Materials needed: Any sealed containers/ box, wax paper, COCONUT MACAROONS Ingredients: ½ cup butter/ margarine (1 stick) ¾ cup white sugar 200 grams Desiccated Coconut ¼ cup sifted All-Purpose Flour 1 can condensed milk 4 eggs Procedure: 1. Melt butter in low heat. Stirring constantly then put the sugar and continue stirring until dissolved. Turn off the heat. 2. Add all the other ingredients and mix well. 3. Drop a spoonful of the mixture into the papers cups and bake for 30 minutes at 300°F or until light brown. NOTE: Materials Needed: Macaroon paper cups, Disposable Pastry Bag, Sealed containers BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 56 PREPARE AND PRODUCE PASTRY PRODUCTS Pastry is dough made with flour and shortening and used for the crust of pies, tarts and the like. Includes a variety of products made from dough containing medium to large amounts of fat. OTHER FORMS OF PASTRIES 1. TART- the same method is used as in one crust pie except that tarts are small and served individually. Boat tarts such as ube, macapuno and cheese tarts are examples of tarts. 2. TURNOVERS- these are pies that are large for individual servings. Uncooked filling is placed on half of the dough while the other half of the dough is folded over it. Edges are fluted carefully together to seal the turnover before baking. 3. PIE is a pastry consisting of a sweet filling in a pastry crust baked in a slope-sided pan, it may have a bottom crust only or a top and bottom crust. Paté (pah-TAY) French for PIE. 4. PHYLLO – layered dough. 5. PATE A CHOUX-like the pastry dough in cream puffs and éclairs. KINDS OF PIE 1. One- Crust Pie (Single) - the pie is lined with a thin layer of dough which is baked first if the filling added to pie shell is cooked. The pie can be baked without any topping. If desired, the filling can be topped with soft or hard meringue or whipped cream. 2. Two-Crust Pie (Double) - the recipe for single crust is doubled and divided into two dough. The first dough is used to line the bottom of the pan and the other is rolled to cover the filling which are baked together at the same time. Pizza is an Italian dish consisting of a flat pie or tart made from bread dough topped with any of a variety of foods but principally tomato sauce and cheese (often mozzarella) and baked. Pizza Dough is a yeast dough used as the crust for pizzas, it may be thick and bready or thin and crisp. CHARACTERISTICS OF A WELL-MADE CRUST 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A well-made crust is characterized by tenderness and flakiness. A good crust has even thinness all over. Has a well-formed shape. It should fit the pan well; the edges are well fluted and neatly done. The color of the crust should be light golden brown. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 57 6. The texture should be flaky not compact or soggy. 7. It should be easily cut but not crumbly. The following TIPS will help ensure success in baking pies and pastries: 1. Handle the dough lightly to incorporate as much air as possible and to inhibit the development of gluten. 2. Avoid using too much flour which toughens pastry. 3. Avoid using too much liquid which make it soggy. 4. Avoid using too much shortening which makes dough greasy and crumbly. 5. Chill pastry dough after mixing to make it soft, make it easier to handle and keep it from shrinking during baking. 6. Start the baking in a very hot temperature after the pastry has risen until it is done. BASIC INGREDIENTS IN CRUST MAKING 1. Flour- pastry flour is ideally recommended because it has less gluten. All-purpose flour may also be used but with less mixing so as not to develop gluten. 2. Shortening- hydrogenated shortening, lard and butter or margarine are better to use than liquid oil. 3. Liquid (milk or water) - Milk contribute to the desirable color of the crust. Cold water is used for proper hydration of the flour. Liquid is also essential to make the dough cohesive for rolling. 4. Leavening Agent- steam and air serves as leaveners for the pastry crust. 5. Salt- it enhances the flavor of pastry crust. PARTS OF A PASTRY 1. Crust 2. Filing The secret of a delightful pastry is the pie-crust. Two outstanding characteristics of a good pie crust are flakiness and tenderness. These characteristics are best achieved by restricting gluten development to minimal and this is done by: 1. Using hydrogenated fat or shortening such as lard. Shortenings are plastic and pliable with a greater ability to coat the flour particles when cut into the ingredients. 2. Mixing the ingredients as quickly as possible. However, some gluten development is essential for a flaky pie crust. Mix the ingredients just enough to make the fat molecules coat the flour particles to form small lumps. 3. Using a little liquid as possible. The presence of moisture aids in the development of gluten. 4. Having all ingredients at room temperature. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 58 PASTRY PIZZA Ingredients: Procedure: Sauce 1 can 8 oz. pizza sauce Mix the ingredients in a bowl. Set aside. 1 small chopped onion 1 tbsp. Worcestershire sauce/ Oyster sauce Dash of ground pepper Pinch of salt You can also use the store-bought Pizza Sauce or Italian Sauce only instead of using the above ingredients. Filling 1 medium chopped onion 1 small chopped green pepper 1 kilo ground pork/ chicken Sauté the ingredients. You can also make or prepare your own desired toppings. Crust Ingredients: 1000 g. All-Purpose Flour 560 g. water/ evap. milk 15 g. yeast 20 g. salt 10 g. sugar 10 g. lard/butter/margarine Procedure: 1. Sift flour before measuring then put it in the mixing bowl. 2. Mix together the yeast and sugar on one side of the bowl. 3. Mix salt and shortening in another side of the bowl. 4. Then put the milk in yeast mixture. 5. Knead altogether all the ingredients until smooth, elastic and sating. 6. Proof or rest for 1 hour or until double the size. 7. Punch down. Cut into desired size and form. 8. Flatten dough with a rolling pin, then transfer on your flat sheet or pizza pan. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 59 9. Bake for 7 minutes at 425°F. Then put out pan and arrange filling on the half-baked crust. 10. Return to oven and continue baking for 12 minutes. BUKO PIE Ingredients: Filling: 2 cups all purpose flour 1 tsp salt 2/3 cup shortening 3-4 tbsp water 2 cups shredded buko ¼ cup buko juice ¼ cup evaporated milk 2 tbsp cornstarch ¾ cup sugar 1 egg yolk 1 tbsp butter Procedure: 1. Make the pie crust. In a bowl, mix the flour and salt. Cut the shortening with 2 knives or a pastry blender until texture resembles coarse crumbs. 2. Add 1 tbsp cold water to a portion of the flour mixture. Push to one side. Sprinkle another tablespoon of water to another dry portion. Push to one side. 3. Repeat until all flour mixture has been sprinkled with water. Make certain that you don’t add more than a total of 4 tbsp water. 4. Sprinkle flour on a flour board and rolling pin. Place half of the flour mixture on the flour board and shape into a ball. Cover the mixture with plastic sheet 5. Roll the dough from center to edges, releasing the pressure near the edge to make the thickness of the dough even. 6. Roll in all directions to maintain the circular shape. Transfer the dough to a pie plate. 7. Fit the dough snugly on the pan fold excess crust against the edge of the pie plate. 8. Prick liberally with the tines of the fork. Bake at 300 degrees to 5 minutes. Roll remaining flour mixture for the top crust, following the same procedure above. Set aside. 9. Make the filling, in a saucepan, place shredded buko, buko juice, evap milk, cornstarch, sugar, egg yolk and butter. 10. Cook in a low heat until thick. 11. Put the hot filling over the baked crust. Put the remaining dough prepared earlier on top of the filling. Tuck the edge of the top crust or dough under the edge of the bottom crust. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 60 12. Bake at 425 degrees F for 20-35 minutes. Brush with milk during last 5 minutes of cooking Materials needed: measuring cups and spoons, wooden spoon, mixing bowl, 2 knives or pastry blender, utility bowls, rolling pin TART Ingredients: Crust 2 cup sifted APF 1 tsp. salt ½ cup veg. shortening lard/ butter Ice water as needed Egg Filling 4 egg yolks ¼ cup condensed milk ¼ cup all-purpose cream ¼ cup evap. Milk 1/3 cup sugar 1 tsp. vanilla extract Procedure: Crust Yema Filling 1 can condensed milk 2 pcs. Egg yolks ½ cup Sugar ¼ cup APF 1 cup chopped nuts 1 tbsp. vanilla 1 tsp. butter 1. Sift flour and salt together. Cut in shortening with pastry blender until mixture is size of small peas. 2. Toss and stir mixture with a fork while adding the ice water gradually. 3. Form into a ball and rollout. Fit loosely into oiled tart pan, prick bottom. 4. Fold edges to form a fluted standing rim. 5. Baked at 450°F for 10-12 minutes. Egg Filling 1. Combine all the ingredients in a separate bowl and whisk until well combined, then strain. 2. Put a spoonful in cooled tarts about 80 percent full and bake again for a minute or until the filling has set and has turned golden brown. Yema Filling BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 61 1. Combine all the ingredients in a saucepan and cooked for a very low heat. 2. Stir constantly until thick. Remove from heat. 3. Put a spoonful in cooled tarts and baked again for a minute. PREPARE and PRESENT GATEAUX, TORTES and CAKES TYPES OF CAKE FORMULAS - It depends upon the differences due to batter appearance or character. 1. Butter Type Cake Depend upon eggs, flour and milk for structure and contain reasonably high percentages of fat. Much of the volume of the finished cake is achieved by the use of baking powder. - Most common mixing methods employed: a. Creaming - Shortening and sugar are creamed to varying degrees of lightness or fluffiness. - Egg products are gradually added. - Liquid is added alternately with flour to mix until smooth without toughening. b. Blending c. Single Stage Method - All ingredients are introduced into mixing bowl together. - Mixing time is chief means controlling characteristics of mix. - Advantages are labor and time saved. If the volume is prime requisite, the creaming method should be used. If tenderness is the prime requisite, the blending method would be better. 2. Foam Type Cakes- “Cakes without Shortening”. Foam type cakes are divided into 3 depending upon the egg material used: a. Meringue or Angel Food Cake Types - Cakes using the egg white protein of eggs b. Sponge Type Cake - Uses either whole eggs or a combination of both c. Chiffon Type Cakes - Are a combination of a batter and a foam and the resulting cake has a modified foam type- grain texture. Cakes have also been classified according to their ingredient contents: a. Shortened Cake (with fat)- butter type cakes like Butter Cake and Pound Cake b. Un-shortened Cakes (no fat)- foam type cakes like Angel Food Cake and true Sponge Cake METHODS OF MIXING CAKES BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 62 1. Conventional Method- cream the butter, add sugar, eggs then alternately add flour mixture and milk. 2. Muffin Method- Mix all dry ingredients in one bowl and make a well in the center. Mix all liquid ingredients in separate bowl and then pour them in the dry ingredient bowl. 3. One Bowl Method- mix all then use emulsifier VARIATIONS OF PLAIN CAKES 1. White Cake- uses only one or more egg whites 2. Yellow Cake- uses only more egg yolks 3. Chocolate Cake- plain cake with chocolate or cocoa added 4. Spice Cake- moisten cinnamon and ½ teaspoon cloves with ½ tbsp. water and mix with the creamed butter and sugar or the ordinary butter cake. Proceed as in butter cake. STAGES OF EGG WHITES To check, turn your whisk or the mixer’s beaters upside down and observe the peaks formed. a. Soft Peak Stage- the peak is still soft and droops after a few seconds. b. Firm Stage- the peek has more body and keeps its shape more easily. The peak will hold but the tip still bends. c. Stiff Stage- the mixture is thick and the peak holds up straight without collapsing. Stop when you’ve reached this stage to prevent the eggs from breaking apart. Overbeaten eggs will leave a dull and watery mixture with grainy clumps of foam. d. Dry Stage- the glossiness is lost. The foam is white but dull and the volume lessens. When it is left to stand, liquid separates at the bottom. At this stage, the egg whites have been overbeaten and should not be used anymore. TIPS ON MAKING MERINGUE 1. Egg whites beat best at room temperature rather than when cold. 2. Make sure egg whites are free from any yolk or any oil/fat or else it won’t form a good foam. 3. Take care when separating egg because yolks contain fat and can hinder in the beating of the egg whites. 4. Do not overbeat egg whites. Instead of increasing volume, the air will be lost and water will accumulate at the bottom. 5. When baking meringue, bake it in a slow oven so it won’t brown before the egg whites are sufficiently dried out. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 63 How can you test if the egg whites are already beaten enough? If the egg whites are already stiff or thick, when it stand on its own and when you invert the mixing bowl, the egg whites doesn’t flow or drop. How to separate egg yolks from egg whites? Do it one at a time and use three bowls, one for the whole egg, one for egg whites and one for egg yolk. FRENCH MERINGUE- the easiest and simplest to do. Egg whites are beaten until softpeaks stage then sugar is added gradually while beating continuously until stiff. ITALIAN MERINGUE- a syrup of water and sugar is made to boil and then poured in a steady stream into egg whites which have been beaten until soft peaks stage. Beating is continued until the meringue is stiff and glossy. SWISS MERINGUE- the egg whites and sugar are placed in a bowl that is put over a pan of boiling water then beaten until stiff peaks form. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 64 CAKES CHIFFON CAKE Ingredients: Mocha Flavor Pineapple Flavor 2 ¼ cup Cake Flour 1 tbsp. Baking powder 1 tsp. salt 2 tbsp. Coffee 1 cup refined sugar ½ cup oil 8 pieces eggs ½ cup water 1 tsp. cream of tartar 1 cup sugar 1 tbsp. Vanilla -------------------- pineapple juice pineapple extract Procedure: 1. Sift cake flour twice. 2. Mix together the first three dry ingredients, add sugar and make a well. 3. Dissolve the coffee in water then set aside. 4. Separate egg yolks from egg whites, then set aside. 5. Add egg yolks, vanilla and coffee mixture in the well, mix but do not over beat. 6. Prepare the egg whites, sugar and cream of tartar to make a meringue or egg white mixture and blend with the batter mixture. 7. Bake at 10 inches tube pan greased and line with lard and wax paper for 30-45 minutes at 350°F. NOTE: Materials needed: Cake box (10 inches), wax paper, lard YEMA CAKE Ingredients: CAKE 2 cups cake flour 3 tsp baking powder 1 tsp salt Meringue 6 egg whites 1 cup sugar 1 tsp cream of tartar BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 65 Yema frosting ½ cup vegetable oil 6 egg yolks 1 cup sugar ¾ cup evap filled milk 1 tsp lemon extract ½ cup grated cheese 3 egg yolks 1 big can condensed milk 3 tbsp evap milk 2 tbsp vanilla 2 tbsp butter Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Line the round pan lard and wax paper. Set aside. Combine the first three ingredients in a mixing bowl. Make a well then add the remaining three ingredients. Mix well. In another mixing bowl, put the egg whites and cream of tartar, then beat using hand or electric mixer. Add sugar and vanilla until stiff peak is reached. Put the egg white mixture in the flour mixture and do the cut and fold. Put the cake mixture in the round cake pan. Bake for 20 – 25 minutes at 325 degrees F. Yema frosting In a shallow pan, combine the condensed milk, evap milk and eggyolks. Cook the mixture in low fire, while continuously stirring until the texture becomes thick. Cake decoration: Slice the cake in half horizontally, to make two cakes. Spread part of yema frosting at the top of first half of cake. Put back the half of the cake and cover the whole cake with yema. Garnish with grated cheese. FOR ASSESSMENT SOFT DOUGH Ingredients: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 66 625g. Bread Flour/ First Class Flour 1 tbsp. Yeast 100 g. white sugar 2 pieces eggs 75 g. butter (1/3 cup) 5g. salt 300g. Evap. milk Procedure: 16. Sift flour before measuring then put it in the mixing bowl. 17. Mix together the yeast and sugar on one side of the bowl. 18. Mix salt and butter in another side of the bowl. 19. Then put the eggs one at a time on yeast and sugar. 20. Then put the milk in yeast mixture. 21. Knead altogether all the ingredients until smooth, elastic and sating. 22. Proof or rest for 1 hour or until double the size. 23. Punch down. Cut into desired size and form into desired design. 24. Proof for 1 hour or until double in size. 25. Bake for 10-15 minutes. Materials needed: any sealed containers, lard for greasing pan SPONGE CAKE Ingredients: 170 g. Cake Flour 100g. white Sugar 5 g. baking powder 50 g. corn oil 6 pieces egg yolk 100 g. water 5 g. salt 5 g. vanilla 6 pieces egg whites 1 tsp. cream of tartar 100 g. white sugar Materials needed: Cake box (round small), 6 inches cake border (small), wax paper, cake roll box (whole and styro foam), powdered food color or paste food color Procedure: 9. Line the round cake pan and jelly roll pan with lard and wax paper. Set aside. 10. Combine the first three ingredients in a mixing bowl. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 67 11. 12. then 13. 14. 15. Make a well then add the remaining three ingredients. Mix well. In another mixing bowl, put the egg whites and cream of tartar, beat using hand or electric mixer. Add sugar and vanilla until stiff peak is reached. Put the egg white mixture in the flour mixture and do the cut and fold. Put the cake mixture in the jelly roll pan and round cake pan then bake. SWISS BUTTERCREAM ICING Ingredients: 2 egg whites 150 g. white sugar 225 g. cold butter 100 g. Lard 5 g. vanilla Procedure: 1. Put the egg whites and sugar in clean, grease-free mixing bowl and stir together until the sugar is blended into the egg whites. 2. Place the bowl over a saucepan of simmering water and stir frequently until the sugar is dissolve and the mixture reaches 140- 150 ° F (2 minutes). 3. Transfer the egg white mixture into the mixer and beat on high speed until the meringue and the bowl are cool to touch. 4. Add the cubed butter followed with lard gradually mixing after each addition until they fully incorporated and scraping down the sides of the bowl as necessary. 5. Blend in the vanilla. The butter cream is ready to use or maybe tightly covered and stored in the refrigerator for up to 1 week. ESTIMATED COSTING How to compute? 1. Compute cost per unit for each ingredients BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 68 Formula: (Cost per unit/ 1000) x quantity used= total cost Example: BROWNIES Ingredients: APF Cocoa Powder Sugar BS BP Butter Eggs Water Vanilla P P P P P P P P P 47/ kilo 200/kilo 40/kilo 5/sachet 5/sachet 36/1 bar 20 5 5/sachet 300 g. P 14.10 90 g. P 18.00 540 g. P 21.6 4 g. P 0.02 2 g. P 0.01 180 g. P 6.48 300 g. P6 30 g. P 0.15 5 g. P 0.025 TOTAL: P 66.385 or P 67.00 Packaging: Wax Paper P 3.00 2. Add total cost of ingredients and packaging for the grand total of Direct Cost. Total Direct Cost: P 67.00 + 3.00= P 70.00 3. Add transportation cost up to contingency cost for the grand total of Indirect Cost. Estimated: Transportation Cost P 8.00 Contingency Cost P 4.00 Labor Cost P 5.00 Water P 4.00 Electricity P 4.00 LPG P 5.00 Total Indirect Cost: P 30.00 (Savings) 4. To compute for the Total Production Cost (TPC) = Direct Cost + Indirect Cost TPC: P67.00 + P 30.00= P 100.00 5. To compute for the mark-up: BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 69 TPC- P 100.00 x 10% = 10+ 100= P110.00 6. To compute for the Selling Price: P 100.00/ 25 slices = P 4.00 each slices ESTIMATE COST OF PRODUCTION RECIPE SPECIFICATION QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST I. INGREDIENTS II. OPERATING EXPENSES LABOR GAS TRANSPORTATION OTHER EXPENSES (PACKAGING) III. Total cost production (I + II) IV. Number of finished products V. Price of the product (per piece) Price of the product per piece = Cost of Production ÷ Number of Finished Products x 100 Selling Price = Price of the product per piece x 20% BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 70 Possible/ Sample Questions on Bread and Pastry Production NC II FIVE CORE COMPETENCIES in BREAD and Pastry Production NC II 1. Prepare and produce bakery products (breads). 2. Prepare and produce pastry products (cakes/ pastries). 3. Prepare and present gateaux (a rich or fancy cake), tortes (rich cake in which all or part of the flour is replaced with finely chopped nuts or bread crumbs) and cakes (pastry which is baked, tender, sweet and sometimes frosted). 4. Prepare and display petit fours (any bite-sized cake, pastry or cookie or confection served after a meal or with coffee or tea or a French confection consisting of a small piece of filled sponge cake coated with fondant icing and elaborately decorated). 5. Present dessert. What is Baking? Baking is a process of cooking by dry indirect heat usually in an oven or related equipment. What is the difference between Tart and Pie? Tart is a small or bite size pie while Pie is a big slice/for large serving. What is the difference between Butter, Margarine and Lard? Butter is from milk or cream while Lard is rendered from hog (pig) fat and Margarine is made from vegetable oils. How to separate four egg yolks from four egg whites? Do it one at a time and use three bowls, one for the whole egg, one for egg whites and one for egg yolk (Three Bowl Method) Sugar is the food of the Yeast. Three Methods of Mixing Dough 1. Straight Dough Method- mix all the ingredients at one time to make the dough. The dough is kneaded and set aside to rise (this is the method we use in Loaf Bread) 2. Sponge Dough Method- mix the yeast, flour, and water to make as oft mixture which is set aside to rise until bubbly. Then add flour, water, sugar, butter and the remaining ingredients and the mixture is treated as straight dough. 3. No Knead Method- this method uses batter instead of dough. This makes bread making faster because one does not have to knead and shape the dough. However, the texture of the finished products is not as fine as that of kneaded dough. What is the difference between Batter and Dough? Batter is a pourable mixture of combined ingredients such as flour, sugar, eggs, shortening, milk and etc while Dough is an uncooked mass of combined ingredients used to make bread, rolls, cookies, etc. What is the proper way of getting/carrying or handling heavy equipment in Baking? Bend your Knee. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 71 What is Extract? Extracts are solution of the flavors in ethyl alcohol or other solvent (Alcohol base) What is an Emulsion? An emulsion can use some particles of the real thing or it can be a mixture artificially manufactured, kind of a chemical combination used to make a certain flavor. It can be oil based or water based or have components of both which will give it certain characteristics when you mix it into things. (Acid base) What is Flavorings? Flavorings are flavors which use either propylene glycol or glycerin. (Oil Base) What is 5S Methodology or Workplace Organization? It describes how to organize a work space for efficiency and effectiveness by identifying and storing the items used, maintaining the area and items and sustaining the new order. 1. SORTING (SEIRI) - Eliminate all unnecessary tools and equipment. Keep only essential items and eliminate what is not required and keep them in easily-accessible places. 2. STRAIGHTENING or SETTING in ORDER to FLOW or STREAMLINING (SEITON)- arrange the work, workers, equipment, parts and instructions in such a way that a work flow free of waste through the value added tasks with a division of labor necessary to meet demand. 3. SHINING (SEISO) - Clean the workplace and all equipment and keep it clean, tidy and organized. At the end of each shift, clean the work area and be sure everything is restored to its place. This step ensures that the workstation is ready for the next user and that order is sustained. 4. STANDARDIZE (SEIKETSU) - ensure uniform procedures and set ups throughout the operation to promote interchangeability. 5. SUSTAIN (SHITSUKE) - Make it a way of life. This means commitment. Ensure disciplined adherence to rules and procedures of 5S to prevent backsliding. How will you know or test if the baked products are already cooked? By inserting a toothpick at the middle of the baked product, if the toothpick comes out clean or dry, then the baked product is already cooked. Three Stages of Egg Whites To check, turn your whisk or the mixer’s beaters upside down and observe the peaks formed. a. Soft Peak Stage- the peak is still soft and droops after a few seconds. b.Firm Stage- the peek has more body and keeps its shape more easily. The peak will hold but the tip still bends. c.Stiff Stage- the mixture is thick and the peak holds up straight without collapsing. Stop when you’ve reached this stage to prevent the eggs from breaking apart. Overbeaten eggs will leave a dull and watery mixture with grainy clumps of foam. How can you test if the egg whites are already beaten enough? If the egg whites are already stiff or thick, when it stands on its own and when you invert the mixing bowl, the egg whites doesn’t flow or drop. Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) is responsible for enforcing its standards on regulated entities. OHSA issue workplace health and safety regulations. These regulations include limits on chemical exposure, employee access to information, requirements for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and requirements for safety procedures. Why do we pre-heat oven? We pre-heat oven to reach the required temperature for baking before putting the products to be baked. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 72 EXAMPLE OF PLATING Windowpane test Q&A FOR BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II ASSESSMENT 1. How would you know if you have creamed the butter well enough? - The butter is lighter in color. 2. What is the role of each ingredient- flour, shortening, yeast, and sugar? - Flour for gluten development, fat for shortening the gluten strands, yeast for rising the dough and sugar is the food of the yeast. 3. How are you going to measure ¾ cups? - Use ½ cup and ¼ cup. 4. What is the difference between extract and flavor emulsion? Cake flour and all- purpose flour? - Flavor extract is alcohol base while flavor emulsion is oil base. Cake flour has the least amount of gluten and can be used only for cakes and other delicate products while allpurpose flour has more gluten content than cake flour and cake be used for bread, cookies and cakes. 5. How do you know that you have beaten the egg whites to thick peaks? - The peaks of the egg whites stay up even when you inverted the bowl or is of thick consistency. 6. What is the difference between butter and margarine? BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 73 Butter is from animals and more expensive while margarine is from vegetable and more affordable What fat substitute can you use for breads? - Margarine, mixture of margarine and butter, and other fat substitute. Why do you pre-heat the oven? - To reach the desired temperature before putting the product to the oven. Why is it important to select the right pan size for baking products? - If pan is too big, batter will spread over a large area, it will cause the cake to be small or thin. If pan is too short, the batter will over flow. How long pre-heating should be done? - 15 to 30 minutes or until desired temperature is reached. Why do you let the dough rest after kneading? - To undergo fermentation to double the size. How should you portion the dough? - By weight, by scoop/ ladle or by count. How do you check for doneness in any baked products? - By checking the internal temperature of the product or by inserting a toothpick or cake tester in the middle of the products and checking if the batter will still stick to the tester. Where do you stock breads that will be used 2 days from now? - Put breads that will not be used immediately in a tightly sealed bag in the freezer. What’s the difference between pie and tartlet? - A pie is for multiple serving while a tartlet is for a single serving. How should you portion a product in making petit fours? - By weight, by scoop/ ladle or by count. How can you plate a selection of petit fours to a guest? - Put in a plate (depending on enterprise standards) and add garnishes. - 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II 74