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Enterprise Architecture: A Tool for IS Strategy Formulation
Article in International Journal of Education and Management Engineering · March 2016
DOI: 10.5815/ijeme.2016.02.02
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I.J. Education and Management Engineering, 2016, 2, 14-23
Published Online March 2016 in MECS (http://www.mecs-press.net)
DOI: 10.5815/ijeme.2016.02.02
Available online at http://www.mecs-press.net/ijeme
Enterprise Architecture: A Tool for IS Strategy Formulation
Budoor Salem Edhah*a, Aasim Zafarb
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Department of Information Systems, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Nowadays, many organizations are concerned with how successfully they can formulate an information system
(IS) strategy. Have them adopted enterprise architecture, they are concerned of how to activate the business and
IS decisions. From a functional perspective, enterprise architecture demonstrates how all information
technology elements in an organization, systems, processes and people work together as a whole. Hence,
enterprise architecture is an approach of aligning the business area of an organization with the IT area. It has
become widely recognized that an enterprise architecture plays a key role in influencing the IS strategy
formulation. Strategy formulation in enterprises is a continuous process and it is considered an implicit process
that is influenced by a set of factors in which enterprise architecture is a major one. In this paper, we discuss
that role that an enterprise architecture plays in influencing the IS strategy formulation.
Index Terms: Enterprise architecture, Zachman, The Open Group Architecture Framework TOGAF.
© 2016 Published by MECS Publisher. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Research
Association of Modern Education and Computer Science.
1. Introduction
Nowadays information systems and IT are almost adopted in every business process and function which in
consequences boosts the business performance. Strategy formulation includes the analysis of both discrete and
identifiable decision events along with the continuous revision of successive decisions in order to allow the
enterprise to form a proper strategy. Therefore, strategy formulation is considered contextually based; hence
strategy is viewed as a set of continuous events, principles, and actions running through a context. [1]. IS
strategy is defined as an enterprise’s collective perception of the development, use, management and
investment in information system [2]. Enterprises with defined IS strategies perform better than enterprises
with undefined IS strategy because IS strategies can positively influences the enterprise’s performance in an
effective and efficient manner [3]. The high dependency of the enterprises on IS amplified the emphasis on
determining information system strategies. IS strategy should be developed based on the business structure;
thus, it is regarded as a major contributor to the overall business strategy. IT strategy aligns IT capability with
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: beidhah@stu.kau.edu.sa, azahmad@kau.edu.sa
Enterprise Architecture: A Tool for IS Strategy Formulation
15
the requirements of the business and it is considered as an iterative process. Strategic alignment is the amount
to which IT applications, the organization, and the infrastructure support and form the business strategy and
processes [4]. In order for IT strategy to be effective, it must have a measurable association to the business
strategy. Therefore, IS/IT strategy needs to be integrated with the business strategy. This indicates that the
IS/IT strategy must be understood and owned by the business management in order to be implemented
effectively. Hence, effective utilization of IT provides enterprises with competitive advantages [5]. In order to
manage IS/IT strategically, the management should understand how the role of technology-based information
system evolved in organizations.
Enterprises adopt IS/IT strategy process because aligning the business and IS/IT together will help
organizations to identify where IS/IT contributes most. It will also help to identify investment priorities, build
cost effective infrastructure for the future, achieve competitive advantages from business opportunities created
by utilizing IS/IT, and to develop suitable assets to deploy IS/IT effectively throughout the enterprise [6].
The paper is organized as follows. First, a general understanding of EA and its importance are provided.
Next section shows how EA is related to strategy formulation. The fourth section will demonstrate the role of
EA is strategy formulation. The fifth section discusses some of the related work. The sixth section will provide
real world examples of EA implementation. Finally, the paper will discuss the future of EA and provide a
conclusion for the paper.
2. Enterprise Architecture (EA)
Zachman in 1987 introduced the Framework for Information System Architecture [7] which is generally
accepted as the first approach towards the discipline of EA. Earlier, the term enterprise architecture was
referred as information system architecture. In 1996, the Clinger-Cohen Act [8] of the U.S. government
directed federal agencies to align business objectives with the information technology. According to Raphael
Malveau, this led to the establishment of the terminology of enterprise architecture [9]. Nowadays EA is wellknown as a hierarchical approach to aligning the IT and business together. An example of the most popular
frameworks inspired by the Zachman framework is The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) [10].
An enterprise is an organization of resources such as people, machines, computers, and buildings in which
the enterprise will perform a set of processes. Architecture is the fashion in which objects are organized.
Enterprise architecture is the discipline that deals with the enterprise’s resources. It is a conceptual blueprint
that defines the structure and operation of an organization. Enterprise architecture (EA) is defined as the
fundamental organization of a corporation with customers, suppliers, partners along with the ideologies
governing its design [11]. Thus, Enterprise architecture is an essential mechanism for ensuring compliance,
consistency, and efficiency of the information management. EA framework offers the meta-model(s) for EA
description; it also includes approaches for EA design, development, and reference models which serve as
plans for EA design and development. Usually, architecture in the information systems setting is concentrating
on IT related artifacts such as IT processes, IT platforms, and IT strategies. A better approach in designated
information system architecture is that EA should take in consideration the business related artifacts such as
organizational objectives, services, and business procedures including both IT related artifacts along with the
business related artifacts. EA supports important management activities such as risk analysis, and business
continuity planning [12, 13].
Enterprise architecture aligns business (processes, organizational charts, strategies, and functions),
information (conceptual, logical and physical data model), application (portfolios, interfaces, and services) and
infrastructure (network concept diagram, technology reference models) all together to achieve the business
objectives. EA is positioned between IT and the strategy formulation of the business on one side and the
project-focused solution architecture on the other side. The EA’s task is to translate the broader principles,
capabilities, and the defined objectives in the strategies into processes that allow the enterprise to realize
objectives. Therefore, EA guides solution architectures and the building of the enterprise’s operating platform.
This mediating role indicates that EA is similar to strategy in which it aims to provide a wide vision of business
16
Enterprise Architecture: A Tool for IS Strategy Formulation
processes and IT systems but with greater details [14]. The structure of the enterprise plays an essential role in
defining the identity of an enterprise and the activities that it will perform.
Mintzbering, 1979 classified organizational structure into five basic forms which are entrepreneurial
structure, machine bureaucracy, divisionalized bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, and adhocracy [15]. The
entrepreneurial structure is for small start-up businesses in a fast changing environment; it has a simple
structure that is led by a single chief executive officer. Machine bureaucracy is a structure for enterprises that
have slow changing environment and produce standard products; such enterprises are manufacturing firms and
this type of enterprises is dominated by the centralized management team. Divisional bureaucracy firms
combine several machine bureaucracies in which each bureaucracy producing a different product and all
bureaucracies are led by one central headquarters. Professional bureaucracy is a structure for knowledge-based
enterprises where products and services depend on the knowledge of professionals; examples for these
enterprises are law firms, hospitals, etc. Finally, the adhocracy structure is for task force business that must
respond to rapid fluctuating environments. This structure consists of large groups of specialist organized in
multidisciplinary teams and has weak central management; an example for adhocracy enterprises is the
consulting firms. The kind of information systems that you find in an enterprise usually reflects the type of
organizational structure. Information technology plays critical roles in assessing enterprises, perceive
environmental change and support the organizations to act on their environment. EA provide a tool that allows
communication about the essential elements and functions of the enterprise. It yields to centralized consistent
information about the enterprise environment. The precise high-quality information that EA provides supports
the organization to respond to the forces of change and facilitate the decision-making process. And since EA
allow the enterprise to reduce inconsistent and redundant information, the enterprise can improve the return on
investment for future IT implementation [16].
3. EA Role in Strategy Formulation
Business IT alignment and strategy formulation are neither mutually exclusive nor independent from each
other[17]. Executing a business strategy require an enterprise architecture function. Herniniak, 2013 stated that
every organization must shape its own strategy review process. The strategy process is a closed-loop feedback
system that leads to the desired business performance based on the strategic objectives through six steps. These
steps are strategy formulation including resource capabilities and constrains, strategy planning and execution
including organizational structure, hiring and training methods, Analysis of the actual business performance
including the deviation from the planned strategy, cause and effect analysis and learning, feedback including
change in strategy capabilities, and finally persistency including review of strategy change and resource
allocations [18]. Enterprise architecture is the key contributor to the internal analysis of the strategy
formulation in which the resource capabilities and constrains should be defined by the EA model. The planned
target enterprise architecture model offers the standard against which concrete achievement can be empirically
measured. EA has a role in evaluating how much change in business performance is accomplished relative to
what changes in the organization are needed. Also, it calculates the investment returns in specific resource
volumes in order for the enterprise to determine the optimum investment pattern. Moreover, Enterprise
Architecture influences the entire strategy review process in which it makes it logical and consistent [17].
Ward and Peppard, 2002 suggested broad methods like Porter’s Five Forces, SWOT, Critical Success Factor
(CSF), etc. for business strategy planning. The challenge has been to find out methodologies that also cover the
lower-level details of complex organized IS-Landscape. EA modeling was suggested that can serve as
“conceptual architecture of a business strategy.” EA is used for planned integration of SISP and organizational
strategies. The activity of EA development originated from the need to influence an organization’s IS strategy
by providing the fundamental process structure and technology to assemble and steer such a strategy as
identified by The Open Group, 2011. EA is descriptions of ways of thinking about the real world, which allows
managers to learn about their enterprises and to comprehend how things are operationalized. EA is the process
of applying a comprehensive and rigid method for describing the existing or the prospect structure for an
Enterprise Architecture: A Tool for IS Strategy Formulation
17
organization’s information systems, processes, personal and organizational sub-divisions in order to be aligned
with the organization’s objectives and strategic guidelines. An effective EA produces a strategic roadmap that
defies a route for achieving the architecture vision that can be realized through pragmatic applications of
concepts, and tools [19].
EA frameworks are used to capture and understand the aspects of an enterprise and its systems that may need
to be aligned. Two well-known EA approaches are Zachman and TOGAF. Many other popular EA frameworks
are in widespread use in the industry like CORBA, EA3, EAP, DoDAF, SPIRIT, ISO RM-ODP, etc. For the
enterprise to achieve its competitiveness, business and information technology need to be integrated. Enterprise
Architecture (EA) addresses business implementation and the integrations in efficient business processes of the
IT resources. Enterprise architecture represents the logical connection between the enterprise business,
information, and technical architectures. This supports the organization to align the business goals with the IT
investment plans and smooth the communication and decision making between the business strategy and IT
management groups [20].
The aim of EA project is to define and formulate strategies that guide the enterprise in its evolution. The
strategies involved the enterprise plans and the patterns of enterprise mechanism. EA projects deal with all
aspects of the enterprise; therefore, the team of EA must be multi-disciplinary [21]. Often in an enterprise, there
exists a gap between the business requirements and IS/IT deliverables which lead to a direct influence on the
enterprises’ capabilities of making fast accurate decisions; hence, this gap slows the implementation of IT
strategy. Therefore, enterprise architecture needs to hold a dominant role in IT strategy. Employing
architectural approach will assess the IT strategy formulation and execution. EA is the framework used to align
the enterprise’s IT assets, projects, and people to work together for the best of the enterprise. Moreover, for the
enterprise to effectively adopt enterprise architecture there must be a complete buy-in throughout the whole
enterprise with full understanding of roles, rules, and responsibilities allocated. Both areas of IT and business
within the enterprise should work together to ensure that the architecture stay in line with the strategic goals of
the enterprise. IT strategy must be formulated through the guides of the enterprise architecture; consequently,
this interlinked approach will speed up deployment, reduce the integration cost, and exploit current investment
in IT application and infrastructure [22].
4. Related Work
In most enterprises, the mechanism that aligns the business strategies with IS/IT strategies is missing. Based
on research in [20], META group has developed a mechanism known as Enterprise Architecture Process. This
process leads to the creation and continuous improvement of many artifacts that identify the future enterprise
architecture and the gaps between the current state and this future architecture. EA describes the logical
associations between the business and technical architecture of an enterprise for the new hierarchy in which the
architecture extends from the level of the business strategy and grows to integrate with the IT implementation.
Hence, this enables enterprises to align the business objectives, IT investments plans and facilitate
communication and decision making between business strategy and IS/IT management departments.
According to the research conducted in [23], EA is considered new young discipline in which it is still
lacking basic research although a wide range of topics has been covered. Most the contribution comes from
academics and consulting companies, but academics do not contribute heavily to the basic research in EA. The
interest of EA is growing but focusing mainly on the adoption of the EA in an organization, if adopter
companies publish their experience of EA employment, EA would gain more recognition. Moreover, based on
our search for related works tackling the EA as a tool for IS strategy formulation, we found out that there are
very limited if non-researches tackled the area of connecting the EA as a tool for IS strategy formulation.
One of the relevant works to our research is the work of Versteeg and Bouwman, 2006 in which they
conducted a study about business architecture and its relevance with strategy and business model. They
discussed the approach of creating business architecture and how its derived from the business strategy [24].
On the other hand, Lacob et al., 2012 investigated the capability of ArchiMate enterprise architecture modelling
18
Enterprise Architecture: A Tool for IS Strategy Formulation
language to assist the business strategy modelling in which the work provided an overview of the current
strategy and the appraisal theories that motivate the need for enterprise architecture modelling to influence such
elements [25]. The work of Ross, 2003 discussed how business strategies rely on specific IT architecture
capabilities. He indicated that enterprise must develop organizational competencies in IT architecture in order
to develop a synergy between the strategy and IT architecture. The research identified four IT architectural
stages with its own competencies [26]. In this research we focus on the role of EA in IS strategy formulation.
5. EA Implementation
Businesses should have an “as-is” architecture that represents its current state, and “to be” or the planned
architecture to show the direction of the business over the next five years. Creating successful enterprise
architecture requires a set of stages that needed to be performed sequentially for better outcomes. First, the
business needs to identify the purpose of the architecture. Second, the organization needs to identify the critical
business questions and use them as the focus for the architecture. Third, identifying the assumptions and
business rules are important for the business for creating customized enterprise architecture. Fourth, a business
is required to identify the architecture framework whether it is ToGAF, Zachman, EA3, DoDAF or a
combination of two in which the business needs to make sure that the selected framework matches its purpose.
The selected architecture framework guides the business on what to model before selecting the proper
modelling methodology such as business process modelling notation. Fifth, the organization should create the
meta-model which is an abstract view of the architecture; hence, this will allow the business to view the logical
relationship between the business’s architectural elements. Sixth, after creating the meta-model, the business
should identify the model needed in the architecture. Seventh, the business should integrate the architecture by
linking all the data captured based on the previously identified relationship. Organizations should be ready to
work with people outside the EA team if the architecture is to be adopted and used, and should involve
stakeholders in the decision-making process. Also, organizations need to consider governance in the decision
making [27].
Moreover, in an insurance company such as PUBA, EA supports top management to locate the companies’
lucrative markets and to understand how the company current assets are meeting customer needs in those
locations. An example of an enterprise architecture that has supported the enterprise business objectives is
demonstrated by Arkansas State Technology Council [28]. The problem was the IT planning process
recognized 10 distinct vendors providing anti-virus software in the state environment and over 60 different
versions. The solution was to create a security working group assigned to determine requirements for anti-virus
and endpoint protection tools and send the information to DFA-Office of State Procurement who put out the
requirements for bid. The outcomes were three vendors provided qualifying bids and in some case the unit
prices reduced extensively. A projection has been made that if everyone in state government benefit from this
contact, the annual saving is approximated to be $117,000 and they will benefit from uniform prices, reduced
security risks, and economic of scale due to high volume.
5.1. EA implementation process
For all organizations, enterprise architecture as a strategy indicates two key challenges which are integration
and standardization across the whole organization. Effective enterprise architectures that are executed
successfully allow businesses to have better agility, higher profit, less marketing, lower IT cost, and lower risk
of mission-critical system failures. According to Ross, Weill, and Robertson, 2006, there are six steps for
building a foundation for implementing effective enterprise architecture which are analysing the existing
foundation for implementation, defining the operating model, designing the enterprise architecture, setting the
priorities, designing and implementing an IT engagement model, and developing the foundation for
implementation [29]. There is a set of elements that support organizations through these six steps of
implementation. Analysing the existing foundation for implementation is done through identifying the digitized
Enterprise Architecture: A Tool for IS Strategy Formulation
19
processes, the strength and weakness in the current foundation, and the world class IT elements. The second
step employed through identifying the processes that differentiate the organization, the growth vision, and the
ideal customers’ experience. Designing the enterprise architecture is carried out by mapping out the essence of
the business such as business processes, shared data, and key technologies together. While aligning the project
portfolio to match the enterprise architecture, facilitate setting the enterprise priorities. Moreover, an
organization can design and implement the IT engagement model by creating formal IT governance model at
senior level, controlled project management and provide a link between them to ensure coherence. Finally, the
sixth step which is exploiting the foundation for implementation for growth is carried out by allocating funding
for training and development, aligning incentives, and rewarding the creativity.
5.2. TOGAF
A leading framework of enterprise architecture is The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF).
TOGAF holds a comprehensive system and a set of supporting tools for developing EA. It is a verified
enterprise architecture approach used by the world chief organizations to increase business efficiency. It is
developed by members of The Open Group’s Architecture Forum in 1995 to set a standard for EA frameworks.
The first version of TOGAF was based on the Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management
(TAFIM) developed by the US Department of Defense (DoD) [30]. The earlier version of TOGAF was based
on four architectural pillars which are business architecture, application architecture, data architecture, and
technology architecture. The business architecture determines the strategy and the key processes of the business.
The application architecture provides the blueprint of application systems to be implemented. The data
architecture describes the data assets of the organization and its management. Finally, the technical architecture
describes the hardware, software, network infrastructure required to deploy the applications [31]. The newer
version of TOGAF adds additional dimensions to include the IT/IS alignments which are the enterprise, culture
and stakeholders, architecture based transformation, creation and management. TOGAF version 9.1 is the latest
version of TOGAF and it is a maintenance update to TOGAF 9; hence, it retains the main features of TOGAF9
[32]. One of the updates included in TOGAF 9 is the introduction of content meta-model that plays a critical
role in the future of enterprise architecture development [33].
5.3. Overview of EA implementations in Saudi Arabia
There are several cases in Saudi Arabia where Saudi organizations implemented different frameworks of
enterprise architecture such are SABIC, ARAMCO, Saudi Airlines and SECO in which all of them
implemented SAP enterprise architecture framework. To give more insight from the aforementioned examples,
we discuss the case of the Saudi Electricity Company (SECO). There was an urgent need for SECO to
systematize its processes between business zones in the kingdom especially after unifying power companies
across Saudi Arabia. SECO applied SAP enterprise architecture framework in 2005. Based on the study in [34]
that aimed to explore the benefits of using SAP system to manage the human resource at SECO, after obtaining
the evaluation feedback of SAP implementation from 90 personnel from diverse locations, and analysing the
finding using SPSS, the researchers found out that using SAP reduced the cost of the organization by 33% and
the need to hire by 2.5%. Also, SAP standardized its procedures company-wide, speeded transactions,
increased the customer satisfaction, and allowed employees to easily move between different sectors due to the
added unified database.
Saudi Airlines is another example that implemented SAP enterprise architecture framework. Saudi Airlines
needed a unified business and IT infrastructure to derive the transformation of its operations into nine
independent subsidiaries which are technical services, catering, cargo, medical services, flight academy,
ground handling, premium, religious, and royal and VIP airlines. SAP implementation at Saudi Airlines was
part of the overall strategic plan intended to smooth the airline’s privatization strategies and responded to the
fluctuating market conditions. Implementing SAP has allowed Saudi Airlines to gain business process platform
20
Enterprise Architecture: A Tool for IS Strategy Formulation
that brought new efficiencies to each unit and flexibility of change [35]. Saudi Airlines also implemented the
Travel Service Platform (TSP) which is an enterprise enablement platform that comprises enterprise
architecture principles inbuilt airlines particular modules. TSP assisted the IT transformation and sustained the
differentiation which allowed Saudi Airlines to have a flexible and agile IT infrastructure [36].
A third EA case is the Saudi government. The Saudi government is a large enterprise that needs to optimize
and align their Information and Communications Technology (ICT) strategies to support its businesses.
Therefore, Saudi government adopted the use of EA to transform their traditional services into e-services.
Saudi government implemented Yesser Enterprise Level Architecture Framework (Y-ELAF) which is an
enterprise architecture framework that is an adaptation of TOGAF version 9 reformed to fit the Saudi
government environment in which the goal is to institutionalize the discipline of using EA to plan, execute, and
govern the delivery of e-service of the government to the whole Saudi nation [37].
6. Challenges and Future of EA
Enterprise architecture is considered sophisticated because it involves various kinds of practitioners with
diverse goals and practices. EA is viewed as an art and it heavily depends on experience due to the lack of
strong theoretical foundations. Therefore, it is considered difficult to teach or apply since it does not have a true
computer-support tool [21]. As the field of EA continues to grow, some future trends for EA started to evolve.
Such future trends are government integration in which having recognized the need for a diversification of
government power, a better service can be achieved through standardized and integrated processes that
supported by continues improving technology. Another future trend is the military’s use of EA [38].
EA is an emerging discipline in which there are several challenges EA faces. During the implementation
process of the EA, there might occur a gap between the operation level “to be” and the technology level “ as is”
in which IT application may provide limited services for outsourcing the warehouse [21]. Key challenges of
enterprise architecture are derived from the pressure of business and technology changes, especially during the
planning of “to be” state of the enterprise architecture. Hence, “to be” architecture encounters consistent
pressures from business and technology changes; the business changes require the implementation of new
system while the technology changes require the replacement of the previous adopted technology if new
innovative technology emerged. Other challenges are managing international enterprise architecture in a fast
changing environment, reacting to those changes, and predicting the future trend of the business and the
technology in order to implement “ to be” state architecture [39]. Kaisler et al., 2005 stated that there are three
areas where critical issues arise in the enterprise architecture process which are EA modelling, managing, and
maintaining. Selecting a proper framework and model require significant amount of time and effort, thus it is
difficult to change any model in a middle of the implementation process once it is selected. Moreover,
management is an important element of EA development; system architect encounter the challenges of
schedule coordination and the interoperability at the semantic interactions between information systems.
Furthermore, maintenance is a challenging task of EA because operation consistency must be maintained
during the EA implementation; thus precise scheduling is required [40]. Shah and Kourdi, 2007 highlight the
challenges of enterprise architecture form two perspectives: EA frameworks and organizational structure.
Existing enterprise architecture frameworks are not responsive to the changes in the business strategy.
Unbalanced architecture that is restricted in one view occurs because of the lack of traceability in enterprise
architecture frameworks. Some existing framework of EA are not object oriented and hard to related to Unified
Modelling Language (UML) which create some challenges to enterprise architecture stakeholders. EA is
strategically driven, models describing the “as is” and “to be” architecture should be concise and welldocumented to smooth the understanding of data flow in enterprise architecture. On the other hand, EA
challenges from an organizational perspective involve the lack of project team awareness about the existence of
EA program and the resistance to change in which some employees would stick to use the old systems. Using
different tools for models, lead to an ambiguous documentation of the EA architecture. Various enterprise
architecture stakeholders need perspectives reflecting their interpretation of an information system; therefore,
Enterprise Architecture: A Tool for IS Strategy Formulation
21
an organization should use many interpretations to detach the key concerns. There is no rigid methodology to
develop and manage information systems in the context of enterprise architecture. This is due to the lack of
formal process for defining, implementing, and maintain enterprise architecture [41].
7. Conclusions
For businesses to be more competitive, it is required to align the business with IT resources. Enterprise
architecture is the discipline that aims to align the enterprises’ strategies with processes and resources in order
to encounter the complexities and the dynamics of the Information Age Enterprise. Enterprise architecture
plays a leadership role in IS strategy formulation. The growing gap between business requirement and IS/IT
deliverables affects the enterprise ability in making fast and accurate decisions. The adoption of enterprise
architecture support the IS/IT strategy planning and execution which we have discussed throughout this paper.
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Authors’ Profiles
Budoor Salem Edhah is currently a master student in Information Systems Department,
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia. In research, her current interests include security and mobile learning. She received her
MBA degree from Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and her bachelor degree in
Management Information Systems from Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Enterprise Architecture: A Tool for IS Strategy Formulation
23
Aasim Zafar is working as Assistant Professor in Information Systems Department, Faculty of
Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In
research, his current interests include e-learning, mobile learning, virtual learning
environments and mobile ad hoc networks. He received his PhD degree in Computer Science
from Aligarh Muslim University, India and has a number of research papers to his credits. Dr.
Zafar is member of Internet Society (ISOC).
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