1. Absolute pressure: The total pressure exerted by a fluid, including atmospheric pressure.
2. Absolute zero: The theoretical temperature at which all molecular motion ceases.
3. Accurate measurement: A measurement that is close to the true value of the quantity being
measured.
4. Analog temperature sensor: A temperature sensor that produces an analog signal, such as a
voltage or current, that is proportional to the temperature.
5. Archimedean solid: A solid that can be made by stacking congruent regular polygons.
6. Area: The amount of space enclosed by a closed figure.
7. Atmospheric pressure: The pressure exerted by the atmosphere at a particular location.
8. Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object.
9. Calibration: The process of determining the accuracy of a temperature sensor.
10. Cavitation: The formation of vapor bubbles in a liquid subjected to rapid changes in pressure.
11. Celsius scale: A temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees.
12. Center of pressure: The point on a surface where the resultant force of all the pressures acting on
the surface is applied.
13. Circle: A closed figure with all points at the same distance from a center point.
14. Conductivity: The ability of a material to conduct heat.
15. Cone: A solid with a circular base and a vertex that is not in the plane of the base.
16. Critical pressure: The pressure at which a liquid changes to a gas.
17. Cryogenics: The study of the behavior of matter at very low temperatures.
18. Cuboid: A prism with six faces, each of which is a square.
19. Cylinder: A solid with two parallel circular bases and a curved lateral surface.
20. Degree: A unit of temperature equal to one-hundredth of a degree Celsius.
21. Density: The mass per unit volume of a substance.
22. Diagonal: A line segment that joins two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon.
23. Digital temperature sensor: A temperature sensor that produces a digital signal, such as a binary
number, that is proportional to the temperature.
24. Dynamic pressure: The pressure caused by the movement of a fluid.
25. Ellipse: A closed figure with all points the sum of whose distances to two fixed points is constant.
26. Ellipsoidal shell: The space enclosed by an ellipsoid and its bounding surface.
27. Equilibrium temperature: The temperature at which a system is in thermal equilibrium.
28. Face: A flat surface of a solid.
29. Fahrenheit scale: A temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212
degrees.
30. Frustum: The part of a solid that remains after a portion of the top and bottom are removed.
31. Gauge pressure: The pressure above atmospheric pressure.
32. Heat capacity: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one
degree.
33. Heat transfer: The movement of heat from one object to another.
34. Hemisphere: Half of a sphere.
35. Hexagon: A polygon with six sides.
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Hydrostatic pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest.
Ideal gas: A gas that obeys the ideal gas law.
Isosceles triangle: A triangle with two sides of equal length.
Kelvin scale: A temperature scale in which absolute zero is zero degrees.
Kinetic theory of heat: The theory that heat is the energy of motion of the molecules of a
substance.
Kite: A quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides of equal length.
Lasso: A region enclosed by two intersecting arcs.
Latent heat: The heat that is absorbed or released by a substance during a change of state, such
as melting or boiling.
Lateral surface area: The area of the lateral surface of a solid.
Lateral surface: The surface of a solid that is not a base.
Mean temperature: The average of two or more temperatures.
Octahedron: A polyhedron with eight faces.
Parabola: The set of all points that are the same distance from a point (the focus) and a line (the
directrix).
Parallelepiped: A polyhedron with six faces, each of which is a parallelogram.
Pascal's law: The pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of
the fluid.
Phase change: The change of state of a substance from one state to another, such as from solid
to liquid or liquid to gas.
Pirani gauge: A type of vacuum gauge that measures the pressure of a gas by measuring the
thermal conductivity of the gas.
Polygon: A closed figure with straight sides.
Pressure gradient: The rate of change of pressure with distance.
Pressure vessel: A container that is designed to withstand high pressures.
Prism: A solid with two parallel faces, called bases, and lateral faces that are perpendicular to the
bases.
Pyramid: A polyhedron with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a vertex.
Radiation: The transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
Rectangle: A parallelogram with four right angles.
Refrigeration: The process of removing heat from a system.
Regular polygon: A polygon with all sides of equal length and all angles of equal measure.
Regular polyhedron: A polyhedron with all faces regular polygons.
Rhombic dodecahedron: A polyhedron with 12 congruent rhombi as faces.
Rhombus: A parallelogram with four equal sides.
Saturated vapor pressure: The pressure at which a liquid is in equilibrium with its vapor.
Scalene triangle: A triangle with no sides of equal length.
Sector: A region of a circle enclosed by an arc and two radii.
Semicircle: Half of a circle.
Shear stress: The force per unit area that acts parallel to the surface of a material.
Specific heat: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit of mass of a
substance by one degree.
Sphere: A solid with all points at the same distance from a center point.
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Spherical pressure vessel: A pressure vessel that is shaped like a sphere.
Square pyramid: A pyramid with a square base.
Square: A rectangle with four equal sides.
Stagnation pressure: The pressure of a fluid that has been brought to rest.
Stress: The force per unit area that acts on a material.
Temperature gradient: The rate of change of temperature with distance.
Tensile stress: The stress that occurs when a material is stretched.
Tetrahedron: A polyhedron with four faces.
Thermal conductivity: The ability of a material to conduct heat.
Thermal equilibrium: The state of a system in which there is no net transfer of heat between its
parts.
82. Thermal expansion: The increase in volume of a material due to an increase in temperature.
83. Thermal inertia: The resistance of a material to changes in temperature.
84. Thermocouple: A device that converts temperature differences into an electric signal.
85. Thermodynamics: The study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy.
86. Thermometer: An instrument used to measure temperature.
87. Torsion: The twisting of a material.
88. Trapezoid: A quadrilateral with one set of parallel sides.
89. Trapezoidal prism: A prism with two bases that are trapezoids.
90. Triangle: A polygon with three sides.
91. Vapor pressure: The pressure of the vapor of a substance above its liquid or solid state.
92. Vertex: A point where two or more lines or curves meet.
93. Viscosity: The resistance of a fluid to flow.
94. Volume formula: A formula that can be used to calculate the volume of a solid.
95. Volume of a prism: The volume of a prism is the area of the base multiplied by the height.
96. Volume of a pyramid: The volume of a pyramid is one-third the area of the base multiplied by the
height.
97. Volume of a sphere: The volume of a sphere is four-thirds pi r^3, where r is the radius of the
sphere.
98. Volume: The amount of space enclosed by a solid.
99. Volumetric strain: The change in volume of a material due to stress.
100. Young's modulus: The ratio of stress to strain in a material.
101. Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system,
then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.