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Chapter-2
Hardware
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Objectives:
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Define input and describe the available types of keyboards and pointing devices
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Describe scanning and image-capturing device types and features
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Define output and explain the types of output devices available
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Differentiate between types of monitors and explain their features
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Differentiate between types of printers and identify the best printer for a task
 classify storage devices according to their capacities, interface, and media
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BASIC HARDWARE
HARDWARE is the physical and tangible part of a computer system.
EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER HARDWARE
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TYPES OF HARDWARE
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Input Devices
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Output Devices
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The system unity
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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Memory Unit
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Secondary Storage Devices
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INPUT DEVICES
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Input refers to any data or instruction that you feed the computer using
input device
Examples of input devices
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Keyboard
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Mouse
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Joystick
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Microphone
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Webcam
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Scanner
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Touch screen
Keyboard
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Traditional keyboards
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Flexible keyboards
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Ergonomic keyboards
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Wireless keyboards
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PDA keyboards
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Two Types of Mouse
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Mechanical - a type of computer mouse that has a rubber or metal ball
on its underside and it can roll in every direction.
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Optical: This type uses a laser for detecting the mouse's movement.
How a Mouse Hooks Up to a PC
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PS/2 Mouse
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Serial Mouse
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USB/Cordless Mouse
Other Pointing Devices
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Trackball
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Track point
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Touch pad
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Touch Screen
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12 – input device for computer games
Joystick
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Light Pens – light-sensitive penlike device
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Stylus – penlike device commonly used with tablet PCs
and PDAs.
Scanning Devices
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Optical scanners
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Card readers
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Bar code readers
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Character and mark recognition devices
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Image Capturing Devices
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Digital Cameras
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Digital Video Cameras
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OUTPUT DEVICES
Media used by the computer in displaying its responses to our requests and instructions.
Examples:
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Monitor
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Audio Speakers
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Printer
Types of Monitor
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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)- Large vacuum tube with electron guns that strike phosphors to
light up the screen triads of red, green, and blue phosphors
 Used:
 in TV
 Old computer monitors
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LCD
 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)used in :
 Laptops
 New flat Computer monitors
 Cell phones
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Printers
IMPACT PRINTERS uses pressure by physically striking the paper.
Examples:
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Daisy wheel printers,
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line printers,
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dot matrix printers & band printers.
NON-IMPACT PRINTER
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Does not apply pressure on the paper but instead produces character by using:
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Lasers
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ink spray
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photography or heat.
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Dot matrix
printer
Laser
printer
Inkjet printer
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Central Processing Unit
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Brain of the computer.
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It directs and controls the entire computer system and performs all arithmetic and
logical operations.
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Physical Composition of a CPU
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Semiconductor material (silicon)
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Encased in a ceramic shell
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Mounted on a small circuit board
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Pins or contacts on the underside
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Some examples of processors
• Intel CPU's = Celeron, Pentium III, Pentium 4;
from 500 MHz - 1.5 GHz
• Apple/Motorola CPU's = Power PC G3, G4;
from 500 MHz - 700 MHz
• AMD CPU's = K6, K7, Duron, Athlon; 500 MHz
- 1.5 GHz
• Cyrix CPU's = Cyrix MII, VIA Cyrix III; 333MHz
- 600 MHz
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Understanding CPUs
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Control Unit
Manages the flow of data through the CPU
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Does the actual processing
Registers
Holding areas for data and instructions
Understanding CPUs
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The Machine Cycle
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Memory Unit
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Where the programs and data are stored .
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READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) contains the pre-programmed computer instructions such as the Basic
Input Output System (BIOS).
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RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) is used to store the programs and data that you will run. Exists
only when there is power.
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Secondary Storage Devices
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 Attached to the computer system to allow you to store programs and data permanently for
the purpose of retrieving them for future use.
 Computer Storage units
 Bit
BIT
0 or 1
 Byte
B
8 bits
 Kilobyte
KB
1024 bytes
 Megabyte
MB
1024 kilobytes
 Gigabyte
GB
1024 megabytes
 Terabyte
TB
1024 gigabytes
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Size
example
 • 1 bit - answer to an yes/no question
 • 1 byte - a number from 0 to 255.
 • 90 bytes: enough to store a typical line of text from a book.
 • 4 KB: about one page of text.
 • 120 KB: the text of a typical pocket book.
 • 3 MB - a three minute song (128k bitrate)
 • 650-900 MB - an CD-ROM
 • 1 GB -114 minutes of uncompressed CD-quality audio at 1.4 Mbit/s
 • 8-16 GB - size of a normal flash drive
EXAMPLES of secondary storage devices:
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Floppy disk,
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Hard disk,
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CD Rom
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DVD
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Flash disk/ memory stick
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Floppy Disk
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The most common secondary storage device
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3.5” disk – 1.44MB
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High-Capacity Floppy Disks
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Floppy disk cartridges
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3 ½ inches in diameter
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Stores more information
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Zip disks
Hard Disk Drive or Hard Disk
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Made of rigid materials unlike floppy disks
 Holds a greater amount of data
 10MB in 1980s
 600MB in mid 1990s
 4.3GB in 1999
 180GB in 2001
 400GB - 2004
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Optical Discs
 A standard part of modern desktop machines, especially used for
multimedia purposes and preferred in loading applications.
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Types of Disks
 Blue Ray Disk – 40G
 Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
 DVD-R – write once, 3.95G
 DVD RW – rewritable, 3G
 Single Layer and Double Layer
 Compact Disk(CD)
 CD-R – write once, 650MB
 CD-RW – rewritable, 700MB
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Optical Drives
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CD-ROM
read CDs
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CD-Writer
read/write CDs
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DVD-Combo
read/write CDs, read DVD
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DVD Writer
read/write CDs
read/write DVDs
Other Secondary Storage
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 Solid-State Storage
 No moving parts
 Flash memory cards
 USB flash drives
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Evaluations of storage:
 Capacity
 Cost
 Access speed
 Interface
 Media type
 Portability
 Removability
Parts that Build Up A System Unit
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Casing or cover
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Sound card
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Power Supply
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Floppy disk drive
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Motherboard
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Hard disk drive
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Microprocessor
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CD-ROM drive
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Memory
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MODEM
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Video Card
Casing or cover
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The box or outer shell that houses most of the
computer, it is usually one of the most overlooked
parts of the PC.
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Protects the computer circuits, cooling and system
organization.
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Power Supply
Responsible for powering every device in
your computer.
Parts of a Power supply:
Disk drive connectors
Motherboard connector
Power supply fan
Power switch
Input voltage selector
Cover
Power plugs receptacle
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Motherboard
The physical arrangement in a computer that
contains the computer’s basic circuitry and
components.
Components are:
Microprocessor
(Optional) Coprocessors
Memory
Basic Input/ Output System (BIOS)
Expansion Slot
Interconnecting circuitry
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Expansion Slots
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Graphic cards
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Sound cards
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Modem cards
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Network interface cards/network adapter
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Ports
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Serial ports – mouse, keyboard, modem
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Parallel ports – printers
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Universal serial bus (USB) – replacing serial and parallel
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Firewire ports – faster than USB
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Summary
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Hardware are the physical components of a computer that you can touch.
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There are four main components of a hardware namely: Input devices,
Output devices, Processing devices and Storage devices.