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GLOBALIZATION
INTRODUCTION
TO
GLOBALIZATION
REPORTERS:
Krishia Belle Cambalon
Jolly Val Bitanghol
Pamela Donayre
Jenny Alute
Roda Sajut
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying the unit, the students should be able to:
❑ Synthesize the definitions of globalization by the different authorities;
❑ Explain the different attributes or characteristics of globalization;
❑ Trace the historical periods of globalization;
❑ Identify the different dimensions of globalization; and
❑ Expound the major ideological claims of advocates of globalism.
GLOBALIZATION
CONCEPTS, MEANINGS,
FEATURES, AND
DIMENSIONS
▪
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the
people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process
driven by international trade and investment and aided by information
technology.
▪
This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political
systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human
physical well-being in societies around the world.
▪
Globalization is about growing worldwide connectivity.
EXAMPLE:
People are engaged in buying and selling from other places in
far-away lands like the famed Silk Road across Central Asia
that connected China and Europe during the Middle Age for
thousands of years and they also invested in enterprises in
other countries for centuries.
There were similarities in features of those prevailing wave
of globalization before the outbreak of the First World War in
1914 to the current wave. There is an increase cross bordertrade, investment, and migration due to policy and technical
developments in the past few decades. It is in the area of
economic development that observers believe the world has
entered a new phase. Today’s globalization is farther, faster,
cheaper, and deeper in compared to earlier wave of
globalization.
EXAMPLE
Since 1950, the volume of world trade has increased
by 20 times and from 1997 to 1999, flows of foreign
investment nearly doubled from $468 billion to $827
domestically.
• Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign
markets, corporations have built foreign factories and
established production and marketing arrangements
with foreign partners.
• A defining feature of globalization would be it is an
international industrial and financial business
structure.
• One principal driver of globalization is technology.
• Economic life is dramatically transformed by advancement
in information technology.
• All sorts of individual economic actors like consumers,
investors, and businesses which are valuable new tools
for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities,
including faster and more informed analyses of economic
trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and
collaboration with far-flung partners are provided by
information technologies.
Globalization is an expansion, and intensification of social
relations and consciousness across world time and world space.
It is about growing worldwide connectivity according to Steger.
ATTRIBUTES,
QUALITIES OR
CHARACTERISTICS
OF GLOBALIZATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION
This concept has enabled economies of scale for
companies in production and distribution. It has
also
encouraged
outsourcing
and
technology
transfer among companies and countries, thus
increasing their interdependence on each other.
FREE TRADE
●
Globalization has helped improve trade volumes between
nations with minimal interference. The reason is that
governments are not micromanaging every minute aspect of
business transactions. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of
countries that have accepted globalization has also increased
significantly, thus bringing in greater prosperity. It has also
resulted in better cooperation between governments that
leads to further improvement in trade.
LIBERALIZATION
▪ One of the main characteristics of globalization is the improvement in
the business climate for corporations. It has helped entrepreneurs to set
up businesses and transact both within and outside the country.
▪ The rules and regulations for companies are relaxed significantly to
allow for more trade between nations due to globalization.
▪ Flexibility in trade regulations pushes governments to make further
concessions to industries. Both Liberalization and Globalization are
dependent on each other.
INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT
● Every industry is responsible for generating both direct and
indirect jobs. And when production increases, it has a positive
effect on employment.
● Globalization helps companies increase their production capacity
and setup operations in different parts of the world. It also helps
boost work opportunities in countries where these corporations
have set up operations.
INCREASED CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN
NATIONS
●
●
Globalization has helped countries improve trade
relations with each other. It has increased
interaction between people and businesses.
Better connectivity also boosts a country’s
economy and enhances the standard of living for
its citizens.
INTERDEPENDENCE
●
With the advent of globalization, countries have
become more reliant on each other.
●
Businesses get the opportunity to import cheaper raw
materials to produce their commodities. They are also
being allowed to export to countries that have more
demand for their finished goods. It has helped reduce
trading barriers and build overall economic prosperity.
CULTURAL EXCHANGE
➢ Improvement in people to people contacts have
encouraged the intermingling of cultural practices
and customs. It has allowed people to exchange
ideas, behaviors and values with other countries.
➢ Communities are less isolated as a result of
globalization.
URBANIZATION
▪ One of the consequences of globalization is the increase in
urban centers. When many foreign/local companies set up
businesses in a particular area, it becomes a hotbed of
economic activity. The people who work in those companies
need infrastructure near their workplace in terms of housing,
transport, shops and other establishments.
▪ Globalization leads to the building of urban centers in and
around industrial areas.
STANDARD OF LIVING
With increased economic activity and opportunities for
employment, people have more money in their pockets.
They also have more options to choose from because of
improved job opportunities. It is one of the main reasons
why globalization allows more and more people to improve
their standard of living.
PRODUCTION COST
In a globalized world, companies are free to establish their
operations in areas where the cost of production is low. The
cheap availability of land, labor and raw materials has become
very important. So it makes sense for companies to go where
these resources are present in abundant quantities and at
discounted rate. It helps them gain over their rivals by lowering
costs and improving profit margins.
OUTSOURCING
One of the characteristics of globalization is that it allows companies
to bring in third parties from outside the country to manage specific
processes. They take this step to reduce internal costs, improve the
quality of services or both. Outsourcing is a boon for several human
resource-rich countries that are looking to generate employment.
Countries like India and the Philippines have benefitted immensely as
a result of this practice.
HISTORICAL
PERIODS OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. The Prehistoric Period
❖
❖
❖
10000 BCE-3500 BCE
The earliest phase of globalization
Hunters-gatherers
2. The Pre-modern Period
❖ 3500 BCE-1500 CE
❖ The invention of writing and wheel.
Writing
• Found in
Mesopotamia
and Egypt
Wheel
• Found in Europe
3. The Early Modern Period
1500-1750
It is the period between the enlightenment and
renaissance.
●
●
●
Enlightenment
○
○
○
first vaccine in 1796
gas turbine in 1791
first battery in 1800
gas turbine in 1791
first battery in 1800
●
Renaissance
○
○
○
○
the discovery of the New World in 1492 ushering in the age of
exploration
the Protestant Reformation
the invention of printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440
the revival of classical Greek
The Gutenberg press
Greek Revival architecture
4. The Modern Period
•
•
1750-1970
Innovations in transportation, communication, population
explosion, increase in migration.
Transportation
Steamboats
Railroads
4. Ideograms
1. Cave paintings
INNOVATIONS OF
COMMUNICATION
2. Petroglyphs
3. Pictograms
5. Writing
6. Printing technology
7. Telecommunications
8. Internet
5. The Contemporary Period
❖ From 1970 to present
❖ The creation, expansion, and acceleration
of worldwide interdependencies occurred in
a dramatic way and it was a kind of leap in
the history of globalization.
DIMENSIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. Economic Dimension
• It refers to the extensive development of economic relations across
the globe as a result of technology and the enormous flow of capital
that has stimulated trade in both sources and goods .
• Major players in the current century’s global economic order.
• Huge international corporations
➢ International Economic Institutions
➢ Trading Systems. The result of these powerful forces resulted in
the wide gap between the rich and the poor countries.
MAJOR SOURCES OF ECONOMIC
GROWTH ACROSS COUNTRIES
3. Institutions
for macroeconomics
1. Property
rights
2. Regulatory
institutions
5. Institutions
for social
influence
4.
Stabilization
6. Institutions for conflict management
Economic institutions have decisive influence on investment in
physical and human capital, technology, and industrial
productions. It is also important for resource distribution.
2.
●
Political Dimension
refers to an enlargement and strengthening of political
interrelations across the globe.
1. The principle of state sovereignty
2. Increasing impact of various
intergovernmental organization
3. Future shapes of regional and global
governance.
2. Political Dimension
reference: https://youtu.be/2x8zmA9RYrM?t=19
3. Cultural Dimension
▪ It refers to the increase in the amount of cultural flows across the
globe. Cultural interconnections are at the foundations of
contemporary globalization.
▪ Individualism and consumerism which are the dominant cultural
characteristics of our age and the drive for economic success
stimulated by the internet and other technological devices circulate
much more easily than they did in earlier periods.
▪ In the dissemination of popular culture, transactional media
corporations play a major role.
▪ Cultural diversity often results hybridization- a constructive interaction
process between global and local characteristics which is often visible in
food, music, dance, film, fashion, and language.
▪ Media empires generated and directed the extensive flow of culture.
4. Religious Dimension
●
Religion is a personal or institutionalized set of attitudes,
beliefs, and practices relating to or manifesting faithful
devotion to an acknowledged ultimate reality or deity. It is the
most important defining element of any civilization as
contrasted with race, language, or way of life.
●
Jihadist globalism is a religious response to the materialist
assault by the ungodly West in the rest of the world. Coming
out of what they consider a pure form of Islam, its disciples
seek to destroy all those alien influences that have been
imposed on Muslim people.
Example:
Bin Ladin understands umma as a single community of
believers professing faith in the one and only God, but at the
same time committed to destroying not only alien invaders but
also corrupt Islamic elites in order to return power to the Muslim
masses.
Since one third of the world’s Muslim population lives in nonIslamic countries, the restoration of God’s proper reign must be
a global event. Hence, Al-Qaeda established jihadist cells in
various parts of the world.
ROMAN CATHOLIC
TEACHING OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. Commitment to universal human rights
2. Commitment to the social nature of the human
person
3. Commitment to the common good
4. Solidarity
(The principle of Solidarity affirms that
membership in the human family means that all
bear responsibility for one another.)
5. Preferential option of the poor (In the Theology of the
Incarnation- Christ God became poor for us so as to
enrich us by his poverty.
❑
The poor are susceptible to the effects of
environmental irresponsibility because they live in
countries where cheap building materials and cheap
labour are readily available. They regularly work in
farming, fishing, and forestry, areas which suffer
environmental damage).
6. Subsidiary (The Catholic Church teaches
that decisions should be made at the lowest
level in order to achieve the common good).
7. Justice
8. Integral Humanism- is concerned with whole
person.
Justice is divided in three (3) categories:
1.
Commutative Justice. This aims at fulfilling the
terms of contracts and other promises on both
personal and social level.
2.
Distributive Justice. This ensures a basic equity in
how both the burden and the goods of society are
distributed and that ensures that every person
enjoys a basically equal moral and legal standing
apart from differences in wealth, privilege, talent
and achievements.
3. Social Justice. This refers to the creation of the
conditions in which the first two categories of justice
can be realized and the common good identified and
defended. According to catholic teaching, a just society
is one which these forms of justice are assured
because they are required by human dignity.
5. Ideological Dimensions
▪ Ideology is a system of widely shared ideas, beliefs, norms
and values among a group of people.
▪ It is often used to legitimize certain political interests or to
defend
▪ dominant power structures. Ideology connects human actions
with some generalized claims.
▪ Globalization is a social process of intensifying global
interdependence while globalism is an ideology that gives the
concept of neo-liberal values and meanings to globalization.
MAJOR IDEOLOGICAL CLAIMS OF
ADVOCATES OF GLOBALISM
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global
integration markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the
world.
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