PYSO 1: Lab 1
NAME: Vincent Thai
GROUP MEMBERS: Charles
LAB DAY & TIME: Thursday
Mendoza
(February 20, 2020); 6:15 pm – 9:25 pm
Lab 1 Results & Questions Worksheets
Exercise 1: Homeostasis
Ex. 1A: Determining the Set Point and Normal Range of a Thermostat (from p.2)
1. The temperature was monitored for 60 minutes and the following 10 readings were recorded.
Table 1. House Temperature Fluctuations °C Over 60-Minute Time Period
TIME 0:00
5:15
10:00 15:30 20:00 25:15 33:00 40:00 45:00
52:30
60:00
20.2
19.8
(min:sec
)
Temp
(ºC)
18.8
19.4
20.0
20.5
21.1
21.6
22.2
22.7
21.8
a) What is the range of temperature readings in this example? 18.8-22.7°C
b) What is the set point? 20.8°C
c) How far from the set point did the temperature drift before activating a negative feedback
mechanism? 22.7 - 20.8 = 1.9
d) What is the purpose of a thermostat? List some places where you might find one?
The purpose of a thermostat is to measure the temperature and perform actions to maintain the set
temperature.
Ex. 1B: Determining Body Temperature Using Tympanic Thermometer (from p.2)
2. Measure the temperature of each group member using the tympanic thermometer.
a) List the temperature of each group member below (include units °C/°F).
Vincent: 97.0 °F / 36.1 °C
Charles: 98.4 °F / 36.9 °C
b) What is the range of temperatures measured in your group (w/ units)? 97.0 °F – 98.4 °F
c) What do you think is the set point for a typical adult temperature? 98.6 °F
d) Fill-in the technical names for each of the body regions where temperature can be measured.
Ear: Tympanic
Mouth: Oral Anus: Rectum
Armpit: Axillary
Forehead: Temporal
3. When the temperature becomes too high, a thermostat will cause the heater to shut off and the room
will begin to cool by heat transfer (or AC may be activated). Name an effector in your body that is
activated when your temperature increases above its set point? Explain its role.
Sweat glands are the effectors in the body that respond when temperature is above its set point by releasing
sweat to cool down the body.
1
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PYSO 1: Lab 1
4. When the temperature of the room is too low, the heater turns on. Think about which effector in your
body is activated when your body temperature decreases below its set point and apply what you’ve
learned about negative feedback and homeostasis, to the following scenario: You are outside on a very
cold day and your body temperature begins to drop below 36°C, falling outside the normal range.
Fill-in the following, to show what occurs in your body to maintain temperature homeostasis.
Normal range body temp: 36.1°C - 37.2°C
Set point: 36.0°C
Stimulus: Cold Weather
(What is the stimulus in this scenario?)
Sensor: Thermoreceptors
(What is the sensor for temperature in the body?)
Integrating center: Hypothalamus
(Which part of the body serves as the integrating center for temperature?)
Effector(s): Skin/ Hair/ Muscles
(What is/are the effectors that can respond?)
Response: Hairs trap air to insulate the cold which is also known as goosebumps. Shivering warms
up the muscles to increase body heat.
(What is the response of the effectors and how does this affect body temperature?)
Conclusions: Summarize what the purpose of this negative feedback mechanism is in the body.
Negative feedback mechanisms in the body work to return the homeostasis of any level that deviates from
their specific set point.
Ex. 1C: Homeostasis and Resting Pulse Rate (from p.2)
5. Determine your pulse rate at your wrist (radial artery) or neck (carotid artery) for a total of 10 data
points at 30 second intervals. To obtain your 10 data points, count the number of beats in 15 seconds,
then wait 15 seconds and repeat until you have your 10 data points. This process should take 5 minutes.
Record the pulse rate in beats/15 seconds in Table 2 below. Then convert the data to beats/minute.
Table 2. Pulse Rates Measured Manually at Radial (or Carotid) Artery Over 5-Minute Time Period
TIME (min:sec) 0:15
0:45
1:15
1:45
2:15
2:45
3:15
3:45
4:15
4:45
Pulse Rate
22
23
24
23
26
24
23
25
28
24
(beats/15 sec)
Pulse rate
88
92
96
92
104
96
92
(beats/min)
a) What is your average pulse rate in beats/min? 96.8
2
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100
112
96
PYSO 1: Lab 1
b) Does it fall within the normal range of 60-100 bpm? Yes
6. Graph your 10 pulse rate data points below.
Measuring Resting Heart Rate over 5 Minutes
120
Pulse Rates (Beats)
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
0:00
0:28
0:57
1:26
1:55
2:24
2:52
3:21
3:50
4:19
4:48
5:16
Time (min)
7. At what points on the graph do you think that negative feedback mechanisms were activated?
Discuss your results.
The drops in the graph show that I was in a more relaxed state at 2:00 min and 3:30 min. The jumps
in the graph showed a more active or aware body state at 2:30 min and 4:30 min.
3
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PYSO 1: Lab 1
Lab 1 Results & Questions Worksheets
Exercise 2: Scientific Method
Ex. 2A Differentiate between Independent and Dependent Variables (from p. 3)
8. In the space below, write the name of the independent and dependent variable for each.
a) Measuring temperatures of young adults and seniors to see if there is a difference based on age.
Independent Age
Dependent Temperature
b) Determining if gender has an effect on the heights of male and female students in the class.
Independent Height
Dependent Gender
c) Exploring the relationship between exam scores and the time spent studying.
Independent Time Spent Studying
Dependent Exam Scores
Ex. 2B Design an Experiment (from p. 3)
9. Resting heart rate varies among different groups. Design an experiment and use group data to
examine whether or not a particular variable (e.g. fitness level, smoking, activity, age, gender,
etc..) has an effect on heart rate. Begin by making one or more observations. Then formulate a
hypothesis that can be tested. Finally, design an experiment to test your hypothesis!
a) Observations: State one or more observations related to your scientific inquiry.
Observation(s): Drinking coffee increases your resting heart rate.
b) Hypothesis: Generate a hypothesis and include a justification for your hypothesis.
Hypothesis: Heart rate of people that drink coffee is higher than those who do not drink
coffee.
c) Experiment: Describe your experiment below and state the independent and dependent variables
you will be exploring. Explain any specific instructions, e.g. how it will be carried out, how any
measurements are to be made, if needed, etc…
a) independent variable: Coffee
b) dependent variable: Heart Rate
Experiment:
The experiment will consist of measuring the heart rate of those who do drink coffee frequently and
compare those statistics with those that do NOT drink coffee at all.
10. Carry out the experiment and record group data in the table below. Enter the resting heart rate
4
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PYSO 1: Lab 1
in BPM for each group member as well as data for the variable you are testing. Create your own
table or use the table below. Give your table a title and enter the average and standard deviation
for your data set.
Table Title:
Student
Initials
Resting Heart Rate (BPM)
Drinks Coffee (Y=1/N=2)
V.T.
91.2
1
C.M.
Group/Class
Average
Standard
Deviation
96.8
1
78.8
1.45
10.8
0.497
11. Create an appropriate graph using excel (or use the graph below) to represent your data. For a
Bar Graph be sure to graph the average (or mean). See supplemental handout for graphing and
statistics.
BPM versus Coffee Consumption
120
Hearte Rate (BPM)
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 (1)
2
2
2
2
G
AV
2
2
2
2
2 (2)
G
AV
Drinks Coffee (Y=1/N=2)
12. Statistical Analysis of Data:
5
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PYSO 1: Lab 1
a) Determine the mean ± SD for each experimental group that you are examining.
Group 1: Mean: 78.1; SD: 11.49
Group 2: Mean: 55.7; SD: 5.88
b) Using Excel (or the equivalent), perform a t-test and record p-value: p-value: 0.53243
c) Is there a significant statistical difference between your two test groups? Explain.
There is no significant statistical difference between coffee drinkers and non-coffee drinkers and their
heart rates based on the p-value (0.53243) that was calculated from the data, as it is higher than the
significance level of 0.05.
13. Comment on your findings. Do the data support your hypothesis? Explain.
The data does not support the hypothesis. Based on the bar graph, coffee drinkers have a slightly
lower resting heart rate in comparison to the resting heart rate of non-coffee drinkers. A wider
population would provide a more accurate result. There are outliers that are not calculated into the
process of testing such as toleration to caffeine or medical issues some test subjects might have.
Therefore, based on the data above, we can conclude there is no specific correlation between coffee
and how it may affect resting heart rate.
6
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