INDIA
by Najwa, Amelia, Yen, Rameeya
POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
Those who pursue higher education level —> high income, acquire useful skills
(leadership, organization, critical thinking) and better job opportunities
Spillover effect —> Companies could increase their productivity, eventually lowers
the average cost to achieve EOS in the long run
Society benefits from a higher number of intellectuals which will eventually lead
the country (decision making)
Benefits to the environment —> innovations and technological advancements to
reduce or overcome issues such as pollutions, global warming, climate change etc.
CENTRAL SECTOR INTEREST SUBSIDY SCHEME (CSIS)
Launched in 2009
Full interest subsidy during moratorium period on modern education
loans for technical/professional courses in India only
Without collateral security & 3rd party guarantee, max amount Rs. 10
lakhs (RM 55,889.12)
Aims to check the existing geographical imbalance with regard to
Gross Enrolment Ratio(GER) in Higher Educational Institutions
Interest payable on the Educational Loan for the moratorium period
(course period + 1 year) will be borne by gov. of India
After period of moratorium, interest on the outstanding loan amount
shall be paid by the student
ELIGIBILITY
Education Loans taken under IBA Model
Education Loan Scheme
Parental income up to Rs. 4,5 lakhs
per annum
Enrolled in professional/technical
programmes accredited by
NBA/Institutions of National
Importance / Central Funded
Technical Institutions (CFTIs)
Admissible only for once, either UG or PG
& also admissible for integrated courses
(graduate+post grad)
Shall not be available to those who
discontinue their course midstream/
expelled from institution
(disciplinary/academic grounds)
Is there a
demand for the
TVET courses?
Availability of
government
budget
Can the CENTRAL SECTOR INTEREST
SUBSIDY SCHEME (CSIS) be
implemented in Malaysia?
Demand for TVET
graduates in the
workforce
How much
subsidies to give?
Availability of government budget - can the government
afford to spend - what is the current financial status?
How much subsidies to give - It is difficult to judge how much
to subsidised as students come from different socioeconomic
and financial backgrounds
Is there a demand for the TVET courses? Will there enough or
an increase in the number of students
Demand for TVET graduates in the workforce - is it needed in
Malaysia based on the current situations and growth
To encourage more participation from various
sectors, the government will continue with the
Employment Incentives under the Social
Security Organization by paying RM600 to
RM750 per month for 3 months to employers
who hire TVET graduates. This will benefit 17000
TVET graduates. With such incentives given, it is
projected that the Ministry of Education will
achieve its target of having at least 55% of SPM
leavers further their studies by 2025.
Increasing demand
for local skilled
labour
RM36.41mil TVET
scholarship for B40
students
Negative Externalities
- Air Pollution
AIR POLLUTION
Based on the fifth annual World Air Quality Report
2022, India became the world's eighth most
polluted country, with an annual average PM2.5
concentration of 53.3 micrograms per cubic meter,
more than 10 times the WHO's recommended levels.
Major cause:
agriculture production
(stubble burning)
Air pollution caused around 1.7 million premature
deaths in India in 2019, accounting for nearly 17.8% of
total deaths, the highest in the world.
NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAMME (NCAP)
Launched by Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in
January, 2019
aim to improve air quality in 131 cities
(non-attainment cities and Million Plus
Cities) in 24 States
It is a long-term, time-bound nationallevel strategy
NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAMME (NCAP)
Efforts including:
Emphasizes effective monitoring and enforcement of the action plans
for the prevention and control of stubble burning
encourages the adoption of clean and sustainable technologies in
agriculture, such as using machinery and equipment that can help
manage crop residues without resorting to burning.
Promote in-situ crop residue management
using paddy straw as mulch or incorporating it into the soil
(alternative to burning)
Support research on ex-situ options for crop residue management
producing biofuels
EFFECTIVENESS
34% IMPROVEMENT
PM10 levels of city in India in the
year 2021-22 is 102 µg/m3
Shows improvement of 34% with
respect to base year 2017-18.
Causes of Air
Pollution
Air pollution
index
Can the National Clean Air
Programme (NCAP) be
implemented in Malaysia.
Availability of
government
budget
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION INDEX
AVAILABILITY OF GOVERNMENT BUDGET
-6.44%
-5.6%
THANK YOU