UNIT 1 REVIEW
Science
• 1880
• Wundt• Psycho physics
• Structuralists• Mind = “machine”
1st
“atoms”
• Introspection• Study self
• Functionalist• mind
• “ghost”
• James
a “stream of consciousness”
“Schools” of Psych
• “approaches”- emphasis
• “behaviorism” - actions
Intro
• Little bit, few questions…
• Early appoaches, techniques
• Wundt, James
3. “Psychology today”
• Approaches– “style” (focus)
Psychodynamic
• “unconscious”
Behaviorism
• Watson
• “observable”
• Environment
• learning
• Skinner
Evolutionary Psych
• Natural
• Selection- traits
• Allow survival
6-8%
•RESEARCH
•METHODS
“Research Methods”
• “Success is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in
knowing you made the effort to become the best of which you are
capable.”
• John Wooden
Psychology
• Science
• Behavior
• Mental Processes
Scientists
• “fair”
• ”open to truth”
• Curious
• Skeptical
•-
Science
“Research”
• Hypothesis (?)
• Research= test
• Empirical
• Data (#s)
• Theory (explain it)
Scientific attitude
• Curious
• Skeptical
• “truth”
• hindsight
• Variables
• Operational definitions
• Replicate
• generalize
“Science”
• Hypothesis (?). Kids sleep in class…. Up late with social media/video
games?
• Research= test?
• Empirical = observe?
• Data (#s)?
• Operational definitions= ?
• Theory (explain it) Kids are up late on social media
METHOD 1
•DESCRIPTIVE
•RESEARCH
.
• Natural Observation
Observe
learning?
Evaluate Research methods:
• Good for?
Surveys–
Prejudice?
data
“Sample” who
Sample? (who asked)
Evaluate Research methods:
• Good for?
Evaluate
Surveys
Case Study•
4. Correlational Research notes
METHOD 2
•CORRELATIONAL
•RESEARCH
**Remember: all research techniques
• Hypothesis
• Empirical
• Test
• Data (#s/operational definitions
• Theory
• 2 variables (factors)
• “relationship”
Positive correlation (+)
Rise and fall
Negative correlation (-)
• “INVERSE”
• -.46
• (TV & Vocab)
Causation?
Causation?
Never!!
•CORRELATION
•NEVER SHOW
•CAUSATION!!!!
• 3RD (unknown) Variable?
Correlational coefficient #
• -1.0 .9. .8. .7. .6. .5 .4. .3. .2. .1
• .20 very weak
• .20-.40 weak
• .40-.60 moderate
• .60-.99 very strong
• 1.0 “perfect”
0
+.1. .2. .3. .4. .5. .6. .7. .8. .9
1.0
Positive correlation (+)
• go together
• Ex. +.55 (SATs & college success)
• Up—up
• Down- down
•
Negative correlation (-)
• opposite
• -.46 (TV & Vocabulary)
•
Up---down
•
Down----up
SCATTERPLOTS
Graphing correlations
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Test 1
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
test 2
John: 80 on test 1, 80 on test
Gloria: 90 on test 1, 90 on test
Squibob: 20 on test 1, 20 on test 2
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Psych Test 1
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
psych test 2
Scatterplots- graph #
DRAWING CORRELATIONS
Correlational research
•Good: predictive
•Bad: No causation
• Electronic textbook
• Modules 4-6
• Multiple choice questions
• Vocab
Correlations POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE?
• AP Readiness & success in AP class
• Smart phone use & teenager happiness
• Social media use & teen anger happiness
• GPA & hours studied
• Hours of sleep and alertness
Ice cream sales & violent crime
• Rain and business at starbucks
• Sunny weather and business at a beach restaurant
• Distance Learning and learning
• Happiness and worker productivity
• Happiness and kindness
•13. EXPERIMENTAL
•RESEARCH
8. “LECTURE: Experimental research
• Good: CAUSE AND EFFECT
• Bad: “artificial” (difficult)
• Control all variables
IV vs DV
• Cause
• IV (independent variable)
• Effect
• DV (dependent variable)
• Confounding variables
IV?
• Experimental group
Control Group
Population
•
• Experimental Group
IV
•
• DV?
*RANDOM ASSIGNMENT!!
Sample
Control Group
placebo
Population
Sample
Experimental Group
IV
DV?
Statistical significance
Control Group
placebo
replication
• Repeat
• Operational definitions #s
PROBLEMS
• “confirmation bias”
• “overconfidence”
Experimenter bias?
• “unfair”
Double blind
• Experimenter &
• subjects
Ethics-- APA
• H--- HARM (no)
• D -- debrief (explain)
• V – voluntary
• I--- informed consent
• P --- private (confidential
• Harley Davidson was a Very Important person
•H D V I P
Measures of central tendency
• normal curve– mean, median, mode in center
• Mean average
• Median- “middle”, equal 3 scores above and below
• Mode- most frequent score
• Mean- average
• Median- “middle”
• Mode– frequent
• 1,1, 2,3,7 , 9, 10
• 1, 5, 1
• 2, 3, 1
• 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
• 1, 3, 5, 5, 7, 9
Variabliity
• Range- low to high
• Standard deviation- “spread-outedness”
• Skewed curve= not “normal”
• Median, mode in middle-----mean is “skewed”
• Mean- average
• Median- “middle”
• Mode– most frequent
% scores within 1 standard deviation? % within 2 standard deviations? Within 3?
Standard deviation
• “spreadoutedness” of scores
• Range: low to high
Population
Sample
Experimental Group
IV
DV?
Statistical significance
Control Group
placebo