bio eco and evo final 1. Mendelian inheritance – a. be able to use calculations from expected and observed genotype/phenotype counts to test hypotheses about the independent assortment of traits ● Use Hardy Weinburg to find expected ratios of genotypes or phenotypes. (Find allele frequencies and calculate HW equilibrium from there). ● chi-square to see if observed genotypes or phenotypes fall under HW equilibrium ● if they do not traits may be linked since the null hypothesis is that traits are not linked and that they follow the law of independent assortment. b. know the definitions of the terms we used (see slides for lists) ● Autosomal inheritance- ways that a trait can be inherited from a parent to a child ● Gene- part of DNA that codes for a specific trait passed down from parent to offspring ● Allele-specific version of a gene or variant of a gene ● Genotype-actual genetic code that an individual has for that trait, the alleles the individual has ● Phenotype- traits that 6the individual outwardly expresses ● Homozygous- same alleles for a particular trait ● Heterozygous-different alleles for the same trait ● Dominant allele- allele that is expressed in the phenotype even if only one is present ● Recessive allele-allele that is expressed in the phenotype only if 2 of them are the ame allele ● Pure line-homozygous line, if 2 pure lines are crossed offspring will be the same ● Hybrid- cross between 2 pure lines ● X-linked-traits whose genes are found on the x chromosome ● Ylinked- traits whose genes are found on the y chromosome ● Monohybrid and dihybrid cross- mono crosses 2 trait dyhybrid crosses 2 traits ● genetic linkage- traits that are inherited together ● polygenic traits-traits that have multiples genes affect them and their expression c. predict ratios of offspring from crosses when alleles are dominant and when there is no dominance 2. Evolution a. know definitions of natural/sexual/kin selection and the characteristics of each/conditions under which we expect each to occur ● natural selection- occurs whenever there is a variation in heritable traits, and some traits are more advantageous than others ○ ex: galapagos finches: depending on the type of seed that was the most abundant, a certain beak size was more favorable ● sexual selection- occurs when one sex has a more advantagou outcome (typically male) to the other (female) this results in the sex with a lowe advantage to being much more picky regarding potential mates resulting in the opposite sex developing very exaggerated and dimorphic traits ● kin selection- altruistic behavior that occurs due to being biologically closely related to the recipient b. predict changes in allele frequencies under different types of selection (directional, stabilizing, etc.) ● directional- selection favors one extreme variant of the trait and the allele frequency of that specific allele will increase while the allele frequencies of the other variants of the trait will decrease. ● stabilizing- selection favors the mean value for the trait allele frequencies for the mean will increase everything else will decrease ● disruptive- alleles for both extremes are favored, mean allele frequency will decrease allele frequencies for extreme traits will increase c. predict changes in the average phenotype under different types of selection, as well as how genetic variation in the traits would be affected ● directional-average phenotype will sway to one side, the genetic variation will decrease ● stabilizing - genetic variation will decrease and the average phenotype will remain the same ● disruptive- genetic variation will increase, and average trait value will stay the same d. know how we define and measure fitness fitness- the contribution of an individual to the gene pool of their population number of offspring produced unless it is inclusive fitness th’s surface, the warm air will rise from the equator region and 3. Ecology a. What factors determine the distribution of biomes on the planet Earth's curvature results in uneven heating patterns throughout Earth’s surface warm air will rise from the equatorial regions, it will cool and condense and dry cold air will descend on the deserts b. What factors contribute to the maintenance of the boundaries of species ranges geographic boundaries such as mountains, and bodies of water, physiological barriers such as not being abl to cross a geographic barrier, behavioral just not wanting to expand the range for a particular reason, and abiotic factors such as temperature pH etc c. What factors facilitate the expansion of species ranges The expansion of species ranges can occur when the temperature of the biome changes for example due to global warming deserts are growing and the taiga is seeping into the tundra since it is getting warmer. Human involvement and the introduction of invasive species may also cause species to settle in new areas. d. What ecological characteristics contribute to the evolution of different life history traits among species/populations Ecological characteristics such as relationships with other species, and the abundance of traits can contribute to the evolution of particular life history traits e. What factors contribute to density-independent and density-dependent growth density-dependent factors are typically biotic factors such as resource availability and intraspecific competition and density-dependent are abiotic factors f. know everything about how life tables are constructed, how we interpret different parts of the life table, and how we can use a life table to calculate the net replacement rate of a population g. Be able to calculate density-independent and density-dependent rates of growth from the formulas provided h. Know what ecosystem studies are and why they are important in today’s world. i. know what limits the number of trophic levels in a community and be able to use trophic efficiency calculations and interpret their results.
