* Metals
Experimental techniques
Non-metals
·Measurement
Time
->
always
cations,
are
always
arious
Atoms,
o
->
-
->
Elements
&
Physical
clock
Temperature
Mass
are
Mass
Compounds
Chemical
&
change
conserved
is
↳apparentchange
Hermometer
scaly
one
Volume->burettes, pipetty,
measuring
cylinders
~
all
chemical
mass
usually
in
in
ofthe
products
energy change:released
identify
->
relection
->
·Structure
whatan unknown
liquid
factor:distance
substance
distance
->
solventwill
always
is
made
of
travel
Separation
->
->
&
solution
impure
Salute
solids:use
Solms
filtration
evaporation
surroundings
->
warmer
colder
means
left
non-metato
↓
low
melting
conductors
point,
brittle, dull,
conductors
poor
Ions
(mass number
Tonic
and
bonds
-
·Formation
number)
latomic
number
-nucleotnumber
&
physical
&
point
-proton
&
surroundings
Atomic theory
purification
&
melting
good
further
by
middle,
&
↓
high
·
·
metals right
gas
a
-
matter
separated
-
solvatmoved
a
mixture:
-
moved
of
because
occurs
is
reactants
or
absorbed
·Paper Chromatography
reactions
of
ions
compounds:metal
Lionic
of
non-metal
[notmolecules, butions]
-formed by
->
impure
liquids:
use
differentboiling
gain
loss
or
ofelections
points
·
Metals
transfer
can
than
more
one
election
a
to
non-metal
distitation
oxidation:loses
-
=>
-
·
reduction:
gains
high melting
electrostatic
-
=>
electrons
Properties
-
fractional
electrons
forces
hard cystals
&
boiling
between
ions
pointbecause
ionic
=
of
bonding latice
structure
&
high
mp
=>
distillation
strong
attraction between
oppositely charged
-
-
-
dissobes
insulator
in
when
water-> water
solid
conductor when
=3
forces
forms strong electrostatic force
preventfrom moving
liquid= > Forces
broken down,
so
ions
with
ions
able
to
move.
Molecules
.
Formation:
-
-
-
·
election
sharing
metals
(group
8
group
or
between non-metals
I, I,#) do
O
because
don't
covalentbands
form
not
unreactive
Properties:
-low
-
·
and Covalent bonds
mp
&bp=>
weal
intermolecular
forces
doesn'tconductelectricity:) Strong bard,
Ioniz
vs.
non-volatile
volatility
(high
my
&bp)
volatie
insoluble
soluble
solubility
conductivity
only
form
le fre carry
to
in
water
law=non-electrolyres
when dissolved or
motte
charge)
I do
can'tc arry
Simple
strong
ious,
notcontain
an
Hydrogen
some
do
Hydrogn
form ins
dissolved)
wher
wrabt)
learn (all ious)
to
oxic:OH
So
electric currents
Stoichometry
% Radicals
easily
covalent
ioi2
intermolecular
can'tm ove
Covalent
property
electrical
elections
so
Sulfate:SOY
HCO,"Phosphate:POY
carbonate:
Vitrale.Noe
Copper Sulfate: CuSOn
Potassium
nitrate:KNOS
Carbonate:20?
Calcium
hydroxide: (a(OH)2
weat
I
Electricity
Chemistr
and
·Electrolytes
non-electrolytes
and
thatc a n conductelectricity
↳electrolytes: compounds
Li
will
light
-
in
ifsolution
electric
L
ciruit:
used
to
by
elections
moving)
lions
moving
circuits
of
and wire
electrolytes
between
distinguish
and
electrolytes
non
Conditions:
electrode
L
so
inert
is
to negative
free
thata re
ions
(molten
move
to
dissolved)
or
electrolyte
itwon'treactwith
positive
anode connected
L
terminal, white cathode
to
terminal
Process:
I
·
bulb
electrolyse=complete
an
caused
currents
I contains
·
is
up
electrodes
·
beater
in
neg
ions
to
move
Le
travel
Le
reaching
through
-
the
the
anode
eathode
Motten Lead(II)
and
anode
give up
circuit
->
cathode
-
by
taken
are
e
positive
up
ions
(4b Brz)
Bromide
neg electrode
->
lead
cathode,
moves
to
-"bromide
moves
to
anode
-electrodes
-
Products:
-
usually
made
silvery
lead deposits
-
brown bromide
-Anode:Pb
-
·
Cathode:2
Sodium
ofCarbon
Brite)
(1)
-
vapour
inert
of dish
anode
near
2e -->
->Brz(g)
4b(e); half
equation
2e-
+
Chloride solution:
disassociation:reversible
form
Laqueous
HY
and
or
because
ions
molecules
can
break
vice versa
always
include
OH
discharged,
a
code: chlorine
solutions
cathode:Sodium
altealing
a
reaction
water
up
to
-
bottom
at
+
Cathode:lydoga molecule,
-
->
up
(Nat, H), only
Nat
because
remains
the loss
surplus ofhydroxide
Ht
ions
are
ian, butsolution
ofhydrogen
ions
ious
turns
leaves
2nd
anode:Chlorid (C) and
-
OH),
discharged depending
either
solution
on
way
of
measuring ando/exo:
↳
be
could
ious
If
concentration.
dilute
bubbling
-
or
effervescence
products ofelectrolysis
is
hydrogen
are
and
oxygen
~
colorless ae
ifdilute,
hydroxide
solution
/ or chlorine
colorless gas
↓
becomes
increasingly
alkaline
pale
green gas
sodium
as
formed.
is
OIL RIG
-
and
↓
L
-
electrode,
ateach
seem
oxidation
=>
loss
is
of
reduction
e,
is
gain
Enthalpy
by o
Dilute
·
energy
Cathode->reductions
-
Sulfuric
Anode->
-
-
·
Ions
sulfuric
H*,
SO, 2 OH
mode:
->
H
&
0
gas
-
SO,
OH,
acid:
discharged
-=
discharged,
O
gas
cathode
at
vions
discharge
e)
activation
es
tions
(Ky/mol)
equation
product
exo:reactant
-
(DH)
AH
and
profiles
an
reactions
en
product
es
H
=
is
-ve
DH
is
=
the
ofenergy required
mim
amount
=
formed:9OH=2H20+0z the
2xotemic
erdotomic
↓
& non-metal
&
of
-endo:reactanten
2H +2e He
gas formed:
H
chemical
in
end
atthe
electrolysis products:
metal
- -
-
dilute
shown
-
·Energy
cathode:It
Predicting
-
in
Oxidation
Acid
-effervesence:Product:colorless
-
Change
-heat
electrons
form
acceptelectrons
molecules
&
↓
atanode
form
(It2, Bril
metallic atoms
(C, Al)
or
Igas.
Chemical
·
energetics
Energy changes
-
-
exothermic:
is
chemical
reactions
↑ temp
&
energy transfered surroundings
Lex: combustion, respiration, neutralization)
to
energy absorbed:(2x:
edottormic:
1st
way of
measuring
e n
photosynthesis
& Hermal
decompositions
Where
exo/ende:
-
does
en come
erdotremia
from?
et0
-
Overall
-
-
because
exo
nor
energy released
-
than absorbed
"
Alkane:
Methane
I
C Hu
=>
=>
C2As
Propane
=S
C3 H8
Petane
Hexane
%
absorbed to brate bonds Len
form
absorbed
Ethane
Butane
Exo:e n
Endo:e r
bonds
to
if
notused
bonds)
absorbed break
to
(in
up
excess
WhatCan
·
to break bonds
released
es
Rare thatexact
quantities
used, ifused up:limiting
are
Rate
Change
(of
-concentration
reactant,
)
ofReaction
solution)
a
Cy Ho
=>
C5 H12
=>
26
=>
Hin
Rate ofreaction:
·
Collision theory:
energy
chemical
involved
bonds
Leffective
reacting
~the
activation
bigger the
reaction
Lif
be
will
acten
=>
·Monitoring
the
rate
of
low
is
less collisions
ata
break bonds
to
energy
the stower the
energy,
particular temperature
->
more
otherwise,
-
another
one
collision:enough
to
particles
the
the
break
enough
justbounce off
will
particles
in
be
must
effective collision, if
-
act
e r is
hgh
-
temperature
·4 Kinetic
effective
reaction:
·
2.
Efforescence
plunger
2.
3.
starts
Measure
Show
flass
in
ocurs
C0219)
as
poduced
is
T collision/s
=
of product
size
moving.
gas
volume
change
reaction
syringe
every
with
time
on
in
10s
-
in
amount
same
particle
a-
e
shorter time
a
(surface area)
catalyst.
a
graph
erzyme-
·
biologicalcate
X
collision
treory:
->
sufficientenergy to
overcome
activation
RedoxReactions
·Oxydation,
Reduction
/
1. Measure
as
soon
mass↓
Draw
2.
3.
as
as
of flash
mass
inserted
plug
CO2 (y) escapes
graph
Reaction
rate
to
show
as
↓
&
adding O2
contents
an
10 ses,
every
t
removing
-()
changes
-
overtime
dependentvariable:volume
-control
between
variable:(not allowed
of
CO2
changel
to
marble
&
hydrochloric
proceeds
acid
(time)
(charged by independentvariable)
trup
+
↓
reducede
Oxidation
↳ how
independentvariable:reaction
adding
elementor
molecule
results
·
-
t
both
removing by
flash.
from the
reaction
Redox
and
↓
W
in
·
·
·
a
iron
I
Oz
! -EOC) +weee
States
many electrons
an
atom
loses
or
gains
when it's
chemical bond
(II)
iron
oxide
(Fe0)
=>
oxidation
(III) orde (Feg0z)
Oxygen
has
oxidation
stale
-
=>
of
state
11
-
-2
of
th
11 +
3
take i
-
of
no
&
charge
on
it,
reverse
of
ion
so
3-has
oxidation. What
Acids, Bases and
solution
Salts
dissolved
any substance
-
Acid
in
were neine
Lindicators: litinus X
universal
neutral:↑
range pH
=
·Whatare
↳
↳
by
typical
Ca2
(concentration of Hions)
acids
substance
reactions
scate
that
-water
replaceable Hatoms
contain
chemical
in
reactions:Acid +
Acid
metal
=>
Carbonate
+
Acid base
+
AA,
salt +A(g)
=>
->
saff
salt
CO2
+
+
sulfates
shape
↓
-
I
+
with
Alkali
alkali-liquid
base
Salt+H
Salt-HeOr
Salt+Heo
A
->
that
-
reacts
I
z
metals
carbonate
bases
Acids #20
base substance
*
AC, I+M
AB,
Neutralization
-
Cropper
GeSOy
crystalization:responsible for
contain water:anhydrous.
Salt+H20
·
Acid formul
SOG
=
Heir
↓
+H20
=
+
+
soluble salts:
alkali
H20
salt
anion
+
not
Making
·
metal atoms
do
-
Phosphate (4On-
>
=
cation
-
Suffule (SOn2
=>
H3PO,
(NOz-
Nitrate
=>
H2SOn
indicator:-In
(C1-)
Chloride
->
HNOz
acidic/altaline/neutral
↳
atoas
Salts
Hil
water
I
thatreplace
=metal atoms
-3
oAqueous
Safts:
are
202
describes
of
alkalis
Atkalis
+ water
reactions
=
-H(ag),
but
bases
and
PH-
=
HCE
lag)
HNOz
He SOn
·
H POy
Making
1.
·
Acidityin
if
-
-
two
soil:
acidic
->
by quickline
-
2.
+
quicktimet
CaO(s)
-
He (e)
->
CaCOH)2
pH
of
stakedstine
soil
tested
by:soil
+
distilted to
pHfound
=
in
+
chart.
zino
Oxide
+
carbonate
+
-
11
-
not
9)
copper(I)
b)
carbonatet-11
copper) /D
oxide dilute
+
react
warmed
-1.-->
to
rea beaut
hydrochoic
-
-
Identification ofions
indicatorse)
Paper
Identifying
-solids
Metal Ions
flame
=
and
acid
series
a
"feated
-
IsS
*
quickline
-
Zinc
acid
sufferic
+
a)
CaCOs(s) -> (a0(s) Welg)
limestone
Zinc dilute
b)
neutralize
Salls
gases
(Cations) from:
tests
Inichrome
wire
dipped
solid
compound,
acid,
then
blue
Bunsen flame. The
into
flame identifies
into concentrated
metal ion
color
in
and
is
the
hydrochloric
then
seen
a
into
in
compound
the
Lit
-
Nat
x
0
orange
=
+
bilac
=
G=
-
I
brightred
=
green
blue
solutions:dissolve
(B /(2)
royal
pale
in
water
&
hydroxide/ammonia
with
Cu21aq) 201 -TagPPP, anCOHS2
insoluble
+
CW
(Ca2t)
remains
IW
(In2+)
dissolved
IG
(Feat)
inscluble
IR
(Fest)
mix
Ca(ag) 20H-lag)
+
insoluble
[Fe3+ag)
blue
a
->
solution
I
Culor(s)
30H -lag)
->
+
FeCOH,"
blue alkaline
=
red
Identifying
Anions:(solids
and
acidic
=
solutions)
A
Only applies
to
carbonates
I W2
calcium
carbonate.
cloudiness
calcium
-
Diture
1.
hydrochloric
gass produced
is
mithy,
the
Acid
2HCe
is
solid
acid
contains
Na,CO2 (s)
+
CACe(aq) 2nC037s)
+
the
solid,
added
passed through
a
to
limewater.
If
solid
carbonate
water
Salt
Carbonate
(aq)
is
carbon diaide
2NaCe(aq) H20(2) +CO2 (g)
In
<ty(aq) He0 (e) +002(g)
->
->
+
+
-
The
limewater
with
cloudiness
Ife
dissapears:2a (0,
is
continues
(s)
is
caused
by
insoluble
pass though,
to
changed
to
soluble
hydrogen carbonate, (a(H(03)2 (aq)
Chlorine:the
Ammonia:the
gaz
only
is
basic
Periodic Table.
acidic,
gas
butalso
a
bleaching agent
Group
Air
Imetals:
/Oxyge
burn
=>
·
easily
Li- red,
2 metal
float
=>
Na &R
heat
of
Orange,
of
gay
produced
&
carbon
monoxide
lilac
forms
·
it
so
given off
&
which
suffer Complands
contain
rapidly
around
combustion
incomplete
of
hydrocarbors
->
suffer dioxide-burning fossil fuel
·
the
metal,
melts
reaction
sphere, bubbly
a
At
=
surface, moving
on
->
·
2 metals P
02
+
=>
Water viguously
Nat
ofair
flames
colored
&
Pollutants
of nitrogen-burning fesil fuel
oxides
metal
dissapers
K
hydrogen
->
got
solution
resulting
=>
=>
Chlorine
easily burning
metals
form
white
solid,
a
2 metal
Group
Cl2
+
=>
the
metal
halogens
bleach
chloride.
2 mefalct(s)
->
dissolve &
Metalz H20
(1
↳
Metals
=>
->
Hmetal (ag)
yellow, Br=Sorange, Jodie
haloges fo
2 Metal 3C2
->
=>
> form
-
Cl2
a
solution
of
2 Na Metal
+
=>
(ag)
a
->
<Metal
C1, (s)
1.
2.
testfor
Ifliquid
blue
2 NaCl
Metal z
+
as
*anhyotruos
hydrated
[CuSOa(s)
3
Also be
used
copper
using
(11)
(II) sulfate
sulfate
He0 (2)
anhycos
CoCl2 (s) 6He0
+
copper
->
from whiteto
forms.
->
CuSO
cobalt
4.
5 HeO
(11) Chloride
CoCly. 6He0
mixed
stainly
&
reaching
other
with
oiling/greesing
ion:
metaly to produce
allage seach
s steel
Fuels
Cracking
the cil
atkes
solid
water, powder will turn
5
+
alloying:
loxygen from
iron is
I Proper
water
contains
2.
as
·
add testfor water
preventwater
salt
& Water
Chemical
1.
acid
marble chips
form of
in
Methods of
preventing rusting
brown
salts
+
Displacement
I metal O
+
hydrochloric
dilute
of
calcium carbonate
=>
+
Reaction
1
forming
water
reactwith
solutions
=>
·
to
oElements:
Water=>
Air
(g)
+
the
in
react
He
chlorire
(aq)
2 metal OH
=>
+
=>
aflatore
is
2 metal 2 H20
burns
fractions
belongs
->
ICracking
much
I
to
more
a
family of tydocurbar
reactive
than
decame
(alkanes
called
saturated
-
by drocarbons
linked by
only
that
contain
->
single
covalent bender
carbon
and
hyotoga
unsaturated
atoms
contain
Alhane's& Athenes
↑
doesn'treactwith
bromine
-
one
or
more
carbarts-carbon
hydrocarbon
e
double bads
->
reactwith
bomire
and
bromine
loses
colos
&
E
**
/
=
-
u
r
.
-
I
-
M
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-
=
↑
⑧
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E
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.
==
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e
=
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oi
&
&
e
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i
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M
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-
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-
m
n
n
/
~
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↑-↑
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↑
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↑
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"
↑
P-
M
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f
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&
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war
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j
↑
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·
S
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i
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r
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oo
->
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s
↳
·
:
⑦
I
I
-
i
-
=>19/40(D)
62145/20
temperature
~improving
for hychogen
powder aqueous
·magnesium
↳
time
to
rise
variables
o
o
o
to
resistance
"resistance
it
is
as
more
Try
solution.
Catalase
measuring cylinder
for
3
2.
surface:
to
(What
results
to
anomalous
is
wear
goggles
size
ofdisk
&
result.]
hydrogen provide
of
shorter
=
-
intruder
gloves
safety
length" testthatby
comparing
has
a
ratio
oflength
density
greater
several
taking
more
water,
saltsample into
ruter
to
testtube
depth
measure
thin
ensure
ruter
of
and then
into
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