A Report on
“Evolution of Polity”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements of
B. TECH CSE (AI) Programme at
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
Submitted By:
Submitted To:
Faran Ahmad Siddiqui
B. TECH CSE (AI)
JH21/UGJ/1725
Dr. Shakeel Ahmad Siddiqui
[Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering]
Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
Contents
DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... i
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ........................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... iii
Introduction ................................................................................................................2
Thomas Hobbes ......................................................................................................2
Polity ..........................................................................................................................2
World Polity Theory ..................................................................................................3
Structure of Polity ......................................................................................................5
Awareness around the Globe: Globalization and Polity ............................................6
Critics of Globalization ..........................................................................................7
Conclusion ..............................................................................................................7
Environment and Politics ...........................................................................................9
Polity and Modern India ..........................................................................................10
Introduction ..........................................................................................................11
Polity and its Roots in Modern India....................................................................12
The Company Rule (1773-1858):.........................................................................12
The Crown Rule (1858-1947): .............................................................................13
The Constitution of India (Bhartiya Samvidhana) ...................................................15
Some facts of Constitution .......................................................................................18
Experience and Key Learnings ................................................................................20
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................22
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................23
Plagiarism Report .....................................................................................................24
DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that this project entitled, “Evolution of Polity”, from
Jamia Hamdard in New Delhi, has been done by me and is an original
work. This report is being submitted for fulfilling the requirement of the
B.Tech Programme, at the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi.
It has never been submitted nor been published elsewhere.
Faran Ahmad Siddiqui
Date: 28th December 2021
Place: New Delhi
i
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
To Whomsoever It May Concern
Date: 28th December 2021
This is to certify that the Assignment Report entitled “Evolution of
Polity” and submitted by Faran Ahmad Siddiqui, represents an original
work done by the student mentioned herein and has been submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements of the B. Tech Programme (202125 batch).
Dr. Shakeel Ahmad Siddiqui
[Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering]
Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to all the individuals
who contributed to the timely completion of this project from the very
beginning till its successful completion.
I am grateful to my professor Dr. Shakeel Ahmad Siddiqui for his
guidance for the completion of the project properly and systematically.
I would like to give special thanks to my family members, my father, my
mother, and my sister for their continuous support, guidance, and valuable
encouragement.
I am also indebted to all my friends who helped me and made this project
a fun learning experience for me.
“Success is No Accident. It is hard work, perseverance, determination,
sacrifice and teamwork, and most importantly dedication and passion for
what you are doing. All these turn futile in absence of visionary guidance”
iii
Evolution of Polity
1
Introduction
Polity is a discipline having a larger range of topics covering disciplines such as the development
of the Constitution, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, Citizenship, State Government,
Local Government, Election System, Council of Ministers, and much more. It’s a discipline of
Social Science enabling us to understand our rights as well as our democratic governance.
Polity is an identifiable political entity- any group of people having a collective identity, organized
by some form of institutionalized social relations having a capacity to mobilize the resources.
Polity as noun refers to a political group of any size or of any shape- it could be a country, state or
a government, or even some social group. It could be some group of people organized for
governance (likewise a corporate board), the government of a country, country subdivision, or a
sovereign state. Polities do not require to be in control of any geographical area, as evident neither
of the political entities nor any of the governments have controlled all the resources of one fixed
geographical area.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was a largely significant figure in the conceptualization of polities, in particular of countries.
Hobbes considered sundries of the state and the body politic in Leviathan, his most notable work. The English
champion Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) is best known for his political study, and deservedly so. His vision
of the planet is strikingly original and still applicable to contemporary politics. His main concern is the
problem of social and political order how mortal beings can live together in peace and avoid the peril and fear
of civil conflict. He poses stark druthers we should give our obedience to an inexplainable autonomous (a
person or group empowered to decide every social and political issue). Else, what awaits us is a state of nature
that nearly resembles civil war – a situation of universal instability, where all have reason to sweat violent
death and where satisfying mortal cooperation is all but insolvable.
Polity
While we talk about polity, it is important to know the difference between polity, politics, and political science
as often these are used interchangeably. Below is a comparative presentation of these concepts to have an
insight for a better understanding.
2
Polity
1. A
Politics
geographic
area
Political Science
1. Achieving
and
1. A study of the state,
with a corresponding
exercising positions of
nation,
government.
governance.
and
government,
politics
policies
of
and
the
government.
2. Thomas
Hobbes
2. It is the practice and
bodies
theory of influencing
Political Science as
politic in this sense in
other people on a civic
the study of the state.
Leviathan.
or individual level.
considered
2. Aristotle
defined
World Polity Theory
Sometimes also referred to as World Society Theory, global Neo-institutionalism, or the “Stanford School”
of global analysis; the World Polity Theory was developed mainly in response to the application of worldsystem theory. The theory sees the world system as a social system with a cultural framework called world
polity, which influences the entities such as nations, international organizations, and individuals under it. In
the words of John Boli and George M Thomas, “the world polity is constituted by distinct culture – a
set of fundamental principles and models, mainly ontological and cognitive in character, defining
the nature and purposes of social actors and action”. This theory of World Polity views the primary
component of the world society as ‘world polity’, providing a set of cultural norms or directions
in which the actors of the world society (nations, international organizations, and individuals under
it) follow in dealing with problems and general procedures. On contrary to other theories like neorealism or liberalism, this theory considers other factors such as the states and institutions to be
under influence of the global norms. World Polity Theory closely resembles constructivism but is
distinguished from it because world-polity theorists are far more resolute in taking the ‘cultural
plunge’ than their constructivist counterparts. In other sense, this theory puts more emphasis on
homogenization than the former one. By globalization, world polity and culture trigger the
3
formation of enact able organizations and cultures while in return the culture and organizations
elaborate the world society furthermore.
By the initiation of John W Meyer of Stanford University during the 1970s, world polity analysis
initially revolved around examining inter-state relations. During those times a significant amount
of work was done on the international educational environment however during the 1980s and 90s
due to the significant influence of globalization on world culture, the direction of the study tilted
towards an analysis of the transitional social movement that might account for a global polity while
at the same time attempting to a better understanding of how global polity ideas are implemented
through global actors. As per the views of Andreas Wimmer, World Society theory is perhaps the
most prominent and well-developed research program in sociology. Critics point out the fact that
world polity theory assumes a rather flawless and smooth transfer of norms of the world polity to
the global actors, which might not always really be plausible. Also, it is a practice to focus on the
homogenizing effects that brings criticism. World Culture Theory differs in this aspect from World
Polity Theory since it recognizes that actors find their own identities concerning the greater global
cultural norms instead of simply following what is suggested by the world polity.
Some say world polity is a bipartite network- meaning, states are interlinked through the
relationships in organizations, and organizations are interlinked through their member states.
Analysis of this bipartite network structure reveals growing fragmentation – not integration – in
the world polity driven by intergovernmental organizations that have become less connected by
common member states, increasingly centralized around a few prominent organizations, and
drastically heterogenous in structural position.
World society theory was developed as an analytical frame meant for interpreting global relations,
practices, and global structures. Invoking the image of the world as a system of interconnected
independent units, a theory of transitional interaction and global social change which provides a
sociological institutional account of global relations within a cultural model positing norms and
identities for actors and recommending related actions and goals. Social actors and associated
structures and behaviors are viewed as shaped by the broader environment; individuals,
organizations, governments, and other actors are embedded during a cultural context that frames
and determines their identity, structure, and behavior. Hence it could be said that the world polity
4
gives some meaning and a value to particular actors and activities, integrating them into larger
schemes within a broader framework.
This theory also notes the non-diffusion of certain elements, predominantly if the relevant models
are not framed as representing collective interests hence failing to cohere with the global
institutions and values, lacking institutional carriers. Whilst some approaches seek divergent
development. World Polity theory considers isomorphic processes guiding towards convergent
structures and practices. In terms of horizontal institutionalization, a great deal of variation can
occur as opposed to vertical institutionalization. So necessarily these are not always smooth
processes.
Structure of Polity
World polity research argues that the modern states are shaped by embeddedness during a network
of international organizations, yet the structural form of that network is never examined.
Analysis of the planet’s polity structure reveals growing fragmentation is driven by exclusive
instead of universalist intergovernmental organizations. The world polity has thus grown less
cohesive, more fragmented, more heterogeneous in its structure. This structure reflects a recent
rise within the regionalization of the global polity.
According to institutionalist arguments, organizational structures and actions are shaped by and
within an institutional environment; organizations and other actors are embedded within an
institutional context that frames and determines their structure and practice. Accordingly,
institutionalist approaches have been typically employed to explain the widespread isomorphic
outcomes within organizational arenas, and to explain symbolic conformity to the external
standards.
From this perspective, the world is a single polity. A polity in this sense refers to “a system of
creating value through the collective conferral of authority” (Meyer 1987: 44), constituted by
institutionalized rules and models. It is comprised of fundamental principles and cultural models
that define the nature, meaning, and purposes of social actors and actions. At the guts of this
depiction is that the process of institutionalization, indicating the diffusion and adoption of world
cultural models over time as a part of bigger dynamic.
5
The notion of a world polity reflects a transnational social reality. Characterized by world culture,
it embodies a set of established structures that constitute a variety of actors. These actors, in turn,
draw on identities and motivations that are increasingly operative (and determinative) at the world
level to construct interests, goals, strategies, and practices. Moreover, the patterns of interaction
among them are supported assumptions within the world polity institutional context in such a way
that even in a world marked by diversity and conflict, world polity theory provides a standard
frame for analysis in both practical and symbolic terms.
Awareness around the Globe: Globalization and Polity
The contemporary wave of globalization has forced a lot of transformation in the nation-statebased polity and to say globalization as purely an economic dimension is not a wise saying at all.
It is a concept which includes political, cultural ideological and economical manifestations. This
wave of Globalization which is indeed accompanied by information and communication
technologies which have indeed transformed world inhabitants more or less into a single
community by the means of intensified connectivity, facilitating an instant exchange of
information across the world.
Although globalization is not completely a political process, it is more like the transformation of
the political basis of the world order. Globalization is like a catalyst presently behaving as a
promoter for the political process and sensitizes everybody to their consequences. Globalization
implies the existence of a single socio-political space on a global scale, shaped by the gradual
decline in the significance of the boundaries with the help of larger exchange across boundaries.
Dynamics of the transformation of Polity
At present one can observe Globalized human activities ranging from economic transactions,
culture of welfare and the politics. These activities flow across the traditional barriers of state,
shaping a new world defined by Paul Friedman as a flat world.
The transformation in polity due to Globalization has shifted the centers of power from local to
global level, encouraging redefinition of the terms of interaction among the constituent elements
of the new Polity. It can be contended that ‘state’ capacity to deal with the current issues has
deteriorated and that new actors have come forward to fill the gap. So, at the global level the rising
6
political structure reflects three major components ‘Emerging Global Governance structures’,
‘New public Sphere’ and ‘Global Civil Society’ which is an organized manifestation of norms,
values and interests of the global society.
Critics of Globalization
The critics of Globalization makes a number of arguments such as

The leftist people say that contemporary globalization represents a particular phase of
global capitalism that makes the wealthy wealthier and the poor poorer.

One of the interesting things is witnessing anti-globalization movements allying with those
who feel like them in other countries.

In the year 1999, during the WTO meeting it was argued that the interests of developing
nations were not given sufficient importance in evolving global economic system and
policy.
Conclusion
The emerging global polity, political authorities at global level are not in a situation to be called
clear. The need for an effective global governance has appeared from ambiguous nature of
immerging global institutions. The cultural and technological exchanges have promoted the human
civilization and its governance institutions. Undoubtedly it could be said that ICT enabled
globalization would facilitate the development of civilization and governance at the global level.
Some economists and other scholars describe Globalization as “re-colonization’. Still, it should
always be kept in mind that the Globalization is greatly uneven as well, it affects some societies
more than others and some parts of societies more than others.
Some of the International Organizations
I.
II.
United Nations Organization (UN)
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
III.
World Health Organization (WHO)
IV.
World Economic Forum
V.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
7
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
World Bank
World Trade Organization
United Nations Education Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Association of South East Nations (ASEAN)
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
8
Environment and Politics
In the present era it can be seen that the cultivable land is barely expanding instead there can be
seen significant loss of the cultivable area can be seen moreover a sustainable portion of existing
agricultural land is losing fertility. Grasslands have been overgrazed, fisheries over harvested,
extensive depletion of water bodies and the alarming level of underground water and all types of
pollution. These all factors alongside of some others factors have laid the basis of International
Organizations that can be now seem contributing in world polity and politics.
As per the Human Development Report 2006 of United Nations Development Program; about 1.2
billion people in developing countries have no access to safe water and about 2.6 billion have no
access to sanitation. These problems have collectively become the death causing factor of more
than 3 million children every year. In present context the issues of environmental and natural
resources have become a political agenda and a part of world politics, in deeper sense.
Various International programs have been carried out so far aiming to sustain environment in any
and every possible way but predominantly carrying a major role in world politics and polity.
Some of them are:

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, in June 1992 (well known as Earth Summit).

The Rio Summit recommended a list of development practices called ‘Agenda 21’

The Kyoto Protocol (1997, Kyoto, Japan) an international agreement that sets targets for
industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. However, India, China, and
other developing countries are exempted. India signed and ratified the 1997 kyoto Protocol
in August 2002
9
Polity and Modern India
10
Introduction
The Republic of India, a country located in South Asia, widely regarded as one of the stable
democracies within the newly Independent Nations, has moved towards ungovernability ever since
its Independence. K Madhusudan Reddy wrote in his Journal ‘The Indian Journal of Political
Science’; “Many believe that India has moved from 'functioning democracy' to an 'electoral
democracy', from stability to instability and has even acquired the reputation of a 'functioning
anarchy'”. The problem of ungovernability is compounded by the deepening social crisis and
decline in its value system.
Since 1947, the Indian political system is nothing more than the continuation of the west-minister
model and a representative democracy. West-minister model, a parliamentary government that
incorporates a series of procedures for operating a legislature; a concept, developed in England,
later adapted throughout the world system of politics. A model which has been the part of the
Indian administration long before the political Independence, since the colonial administration of
British India.
11
Polity and its Roots in Modern India
Polity lays down the relations between the legislature, executive and the judiciary apart alongside
defining the basic structure of law, and the rights and obligations for both the state and the citizens.
Without the constitution, there can hardly be any rule of law. Events from British Rule Era greatly
influenced the Indian Constitution and India’s Polity.
The Company Rule (1773-1858):
Regulating Act of 1773
The first step by the British Government to regulate and control the affairs of the East India
Company, this was how the administrative and political functions of the company came into
recognition. It also laid the foundations of Central administration in India.
Pitt’s India Act of 1784
In order to improve the flaw of the Regulating Act of 1773, Amending Act of 1781 was passed
and then the Pitt’s India Act of 1784 which was significant as it was only then that the Company;
territories were recognized as the ‘British possessions in India’ and the British Government was
given the supreme control over the Company’s affairs and its administration in India.
Charter Act of 1813
The Company’s monopoly over Indian trade was terminated and trade with India was now open
to all British subjects
Charter Act of 1833
It made the governor-general of Bengal as India’s Governor-General vesting him all civil and
military powers moreover it depriving the governors of Madras and Bombay their legislative
power.
Charter Act of 1853
12
The last act of The Company Rule, a final landmark which laid the Foundation of The Crown Rule.
It introduced the local representation system in Indian (Central) Legislative Council and it also
extended the Company’s rule and enabled the company to retain the possession of Indian territories
on trust of the British Crown.
The Crown Rule (1858-1947):
Government of India Act of 1858
In the wake of the Revolt of 1857 this act was enacted. Government of India Act of 1958 also
known as the Act for the Good Government of India, abolished the rule of East India Company
and replaced it to the rule of the British Crown.
Indian Council Act of 1861, 1892 and 1909
After the revolt of 1857, the British administration felt the co-operation of Indians as necessary
hence these Council Act were brought, shaping the constitutional and political history of India.
Act of 1861 associated Indians (as non-officials, expanding the council of Viceroy) with the Lawmaking process and empowering the Viceroy. Act of 1892, increasing the number of members in
the Central and Provincial legislative councils. Act of 1909, also known as Morley-Minto Reforms
which considerably increased the size of both the legislative councils. It also provided separate
representation of presidency corporations, chamber of commerce, universities and zamindars.
Also, this Act marked a system of communal representation for Muslims ‘Separate Electorate’.
Under this, the Muslim members were to be elected only by Muslim voters hence legalizing
communalism.
Government Of India Act of 1919
Also known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, the act introduced ‘bicameralism’ at the
center. Central subjects were demarcated and separated from those of the Provincial subjects, the
scheme of dual governance was introduced, ‘Dyarchy’ bringing a lot many reforms to Legislative
Assembly.
Government of India Act of 1935
13
The Act provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation having Provinces and the
Princely States as units. The power was divided between the Centre and the units, the Federal List,
the Provincial List and the Concurrent List. This act also abolished ‘Dyarchy’ in the Provincial
States and introduced ‘Provincial Autonomy’ and provided for the adoption of Dyarchy in the
Centre and the Council of India was abolished.
Indian Independence Act 1947
The last Act of British rule in India declaring India as a Sovereign and Independent State and ended
the British Rule. It assigned dual functions to the Constituent Assembly and declared this domain
legislature as a sovereign body. It provided the partition of India and creation of two independent
nations, India and Pakistan with the right to secede from British Commonwealth. Lord
Mountbatten put forth the partition plan also known as Mountbatten Plan. This Act also granted
freedom to the Indian ‘Princely States’ either to join Dominion of India or Pakistan or to remain
Independent. Lord Mountbatten became the first governor-general of new Dominion of
Independent India and swore in Jawaharlal Nehru as the Prime Minister of Independent India.
Some other factors that also contributed to the making of Indian Constitution were:
 Parliamentary democracy in Britain
 Bill of Rights in the US
 French Revolution
 Socialist revolution in Russia
These were the events that contributed in shaping the Indian Constitution at the time
of India’s Independence of 1947 though in 1938 Jawaharlal Nehru, on behalf of the
Indian National Congress declared that ‘the Constitution of free India must be
famed’.
Role of Constitution
14
A constitution of any nation serves a lot many roles likewise:

Informing the rights of the Citizens of that particular nation;

Defining the rule of Law and procedure to protect the citizens of that nation;

Defining the Power, Duties and Limits of the respective government;

Describing the rules and regulations that generate a degree of trust and coordination within
the people of that nation who might be diversified on the basis of different strata of a
society;

Providing a framework within which the government and other institutions work within
the country;

Laying down the proceedings about hoe a government will be constituted and the manner
in which the decisions are to be taken.

Defining the powers of elected government;

Defining the limitations/restrictions on certain things/practices;

Defining fundamental rights of the citizens;

Defining the criterion of how the rulers are to be chosen for that nation.
Most world nations have their own constitutions. But a full-fledged constriction is not a guarantee
for any nation to be truly democratic. The Americans gave themselves a constitution after the War
of Independence against the Great Britain in the year 1787. Similarly, the French people approved
a democratic Constitution after the French Revolution twice i.e., firstly in the year 1791 and lately
in the year 1958. From then on, having a written constitution became a practice in all Democracies.
The Constitution of India (Bhartiya Samvidhana)
It is the supreme law of the Republic of India. It lays down the framework that demarcates
fundamental political Code, structure, procedures, powers and duties of the Indian government
institutions and laying down fundamental rights, duties and directive principles for the citizens of
India. It is the lengthiest written constitution of any country. Indian Constitution imparts the
Constitutional Supremacy and not the Parliamentary Supremacy and is adopted by its people with
a declaration in its Preamble. Parliament cannot override the constitution.
15
Constitution of India came into effect from 26 January 1950 comprising of 395 Articles and 8
Schedules and was about 145,000 words in length making it world’s longest national Constitution
that was ever adopted. Its formation took almost 5 years. Till date the Constitution have been
amended 105 times, lately on 10 August 2021.
16
Preamble
WE,
THE
having
PEOPLE
solemnly
into
a
resolved
SOVEREIGN
REPUBLIC and
secure
EQUALITY of
and
expression,
FRATERNITY assuring
the
IN
unity
OUR
November,
the
dignity
do
faith
and
of
ASSEMBLY
HEREBY
ADOPT,
TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION
17
worship;
opportunity;
them
of
integrity
CONSTITUENT
citizens:
political;
among
and
1949,
its
and
and
promote
India
DEMOCRATIC
all
belief,
status
to
SECULAR
economic
thought,
INDIA,
constitute
to
social,
LIBERTY of
to
SOCIALIST
to
JUSTICE,
OF
the
all
individual
of
the
this
26th
ENACT
and
Nation;
day
AND
of
GIVE
Some facts of Constitution
The Constitution also defines Fundamental Rights which are necessary in order to protect the
interest of every citizen against the oppression of the state as well as from the dominance of a
particular community [which is in power and in majority].
The constitution behaves as the Supreme Law of the Land and the source of all the powers and
authority of the government and its organs. It’s more like the Constitution is the originating source
that not only derives governments but also discharges its functioning and responsibilities within
the framework of the Constitution.
The Indian National Congress made a demand for a Constituent Assembly in 1934, which came
into existence for drafting the Constitution of India on 9th of December 1946. The Constituent
Assembly drafted the Constitution for Independent India from then onwards.
We, the people of India, have adopted and enacted the Indian Constitution on 26 November 1949
however from 26 January 1950 it was made completely functional.
The ‘Legislative Council’ and ‘Legislative Assembly’ developed into ‘Rajyasabha’ and
‘Loksabha’ after Independence.
Fundamental Rights
1. Right to Equality
i.
Equality before Law
ii.
No Discrimination on the basis of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex or Place of Birth
iii.
Equality of Opportunity to all Citizens in matter of Public Employment
2. Right to freedom of Religion
3. Cultural and Educational Rights
4. Right to Constitutional Remedies
5. Right to Education
Fundamental Duties
18
1. to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag,
National Anthem
2. to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom
3. to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
4. to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do
5. to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India
and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women
6. to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
7. to protect and improve the natural environments including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife
8. to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform
9. to safeguard public property and not to use violence
10. to serve towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity
Besides, a newly added duty which enacted after the passage of Right to Education Act, 2009. “A
parent or guardian has to provide opportunities for the education of his child/ward between the age
of six and fourteen years.
19
Experience and Key Learnings

Polity, politics and political science are different concepts and are not ought to be treated
as same.

Polity is an identifiable political entity- any group of people having a collective identity,
organized by some form of institutionalized social relations having a capacity to mobilize
resources. The noun polity refers to a political group of any size or of any shape- it could
be a country, state or a government or even some social group.

World Polity influences the entities such as nations, international organizations and individual under
it.

World society theory was developed as an analytical frame meant for interpreting global
relations, practices and global structures.

The transformation in polity due to Globalization has shifted the centers of power from
local to global level, encouraging redefinition of the terms of interaction among the
constituent elements of the new Polity.

Polity lays down the relations between the legislature, executive and the judiciary apart
alongside defining the basic structure of law, and the rights and obligations for both the
state and the citizens.

Events from British Period are greatly influenced the Indian Constitution and India’s
Polity.

Constitution behaves as the Supreme Law of the nation however it is no guarantee for a
nation to be truly democratic.

Constitution of India came into effect from 26 January 1950 comprising of 395 Articles
and 8 Schedules and was about 145,000 words in length making it world’s longest
national Constitution that was ever adopted. Constitution also defines Power, Duties and
Limits of the respective government. The Constitution also defines Fundamental Rights
which are necessary in order to protect the interest of every citizen against the oppression
of the state as well as from the dominance of a particular community [which is in power
and in majority].
20

International Organizations have formulated the foundation of World Polity and various
agendas of these organizations are often seemed as a contributing factor of World
Politics.
21
Conclusion
Polity is an identifiable political entity- any group of people having a collective identity, organized
by some form of institutionalized social relations having a capacity to mobilize resources. The
structure of politics around the world has been shaped by the evolution of polity. The traditional
concepts of international relations, the behavior of the state and their national interests cannot be
defined is a particular pattern. Polity covers the development of constitution, citizenship,
fundamental rights, directive principles, governments, council of ministers and much more. The
world polity has thus grown less cohesive, more fragmented, more heterogeneous in its structure.
This structure reflects a recent rise within the regionalization of the global polity.
The contemporary wave of globalization has forced a lot of transformation in the nation-statebased polity and to say globalization as purely an economic dimension is not a wise saying at all.
The emerging global polity, political authorities at global level are not in a situation to be called
clear. The need for an effective global governance has appeared from ambiguous nature of
immerging global institutions.
The relation of polity with India led to the emergence of the constitution mainly driven by the
crown rule. However, the framework that demarcates fundamental political Code, structure,
procedures, powers and duties of the Indian government institutions and laying down fundamental
rights, duties and directive principles for the citizens of India. It is the lengthiest written
constitution of any country.
22
REFERENCES
Constitution of India - Wikipedia Indian Polity - Constitutional Features (tutorialspoint.com)
INDIAN POLITY - M. Laxmikanth - Google Books
Historical Background of Indian Constitution - Clear IAS
Contemporary globalization and polity transformation – тема научной статьи по СМИ (медиа)
и массовым коммуникациям читайте бесплатно текст научно-исследовательской работы в
электронной библиотеке КиберЛенинка (cyberleninka.ru)
Vol. 54, No. 3/4 (July - Dec. 1993), pp. 313-324 (12 pages)
Published By: Indian Political Science Association
American Sociological Review, Vol. 68, No. 3 (Jun., 2003), pp. 401-424
Published by: American Sociological Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1519730
American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 115, No. 4 (January 2010), pp. 1018-1068
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/649577
lesson-16.pdf (nios.ac.in)
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Plagiarism Report
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