CONTRIBUTION OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES TO WILDLIFE CONSERVATION OUTSIDE PROTECTED AREAS IN TANZANIA, THE CASE OF BURUNGE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA JEHOVANESS RAPHAEL SARAKIKYA A RESERCH REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIMENTS FOR AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA 2022 CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that she has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the Open University of Tanzania, a research report entitled: contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation outside protected areas in Tanzania in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the bachelor degree of tourism management of the Open University of Tanzania. _____________________________ Dr. Halima Kilungu Supervisor _____________________________ Date ii COPYRIGHT This dissertation is copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the Copyright Act of 1999 and other international and national enactment in that on behalf on intellectual property. It may not be reproduced by any means, in full or in part, except for short extracts in fair dealings, for research or private study, critical scholarly review or discourse with an acknowledgement, without the written permission of the Director of Postgraduate Studies, on behalf of both the author and the Open University of Tanzania. iii DECLARATION I Jehovaness Raphael Sarakikya declare that this report is my own unaided work. It is being submitted for the bachelor degree of tourism management at the Open University of Tanzania. The report has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other university. ……………………………………….. Signature ………………………………………..… iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the Almighty God for protection, strength and good health throughout the period of my study. I also dedicated this work to my beloved parents Mr. and Mrs. Raphael Sarakikya who laid a foundation of my life. v AKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply grateful and indebted to Dr. Halima Kilungu my advisor, for her guidance, supervision and suggestions. Successful achievement of this research would have been very difficult without her generous time devotion from the early design of the questionnaire to the final write up of the thesis by providing valuable positive comments and thus I am indebted to her for her kind and determined efforts that enabled me to conclude the study. I would also like to extend my special thanks to the Game rangers, Head of house hold from Mweda Village, Village chairman as well as District game officer, without their help and cooperation this study would not have been materialized. Lastly, I am obliged to mention my appreciation to my beloved husband Amanyisye Urassa and my children’s Jaden and Abigail Amanyisye, thanks you all for your efforts to encourage and support me during preparation of this report. I further thank lecturers who have contributed towards my professional growth during the course of study at the Open University of Tanzania. I also extend my appreciation to my colleagues in bachelor degree of tourism management of the Open University of Tanzania for their contributions during classes, discussion and sharing of the study materials and notes. God bless you all! vi CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................................ii COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................................. iii DECLARATION......................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION.............................................................................................................. v AKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Background Information ...................................................................................... 1 vii ABSTRACT The general objective of this study was to assess the contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation outside protected areas in Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed to assess the perception of local communities towards wildlife conservation, ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife and the challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area. This study used a case study research design whereby both qualitative and quantitative studies were used. Population in this study involved Game rangers, Head of house hold from Mweda Village, Village chairman as well as District game officer. The researcher included a sample size of 29 total numbers of respondents. The researcher used simple randomly and purposive sampling methods in selecting a sample. Also, the researcher used questionnaire as the method of data collection method. The study found that the perception of local communities towards wildlife conservation are: - Local Communities like Conservation, Conservation has many benefits to local Communities, Conservation is the source of human/wildlife conflicts and Communities are the source of human/wildlife conflicts. Also, the study reveals that ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area are: - To report any action that leads to poaching of wildlife both plants and wildlife, to be ready to re- allocated to give space for conservation, To educate other colleagues on the importance of conservation and To protect environment so as to avoid wildlife to run away. facing social workers are: - low understanding capacity of community members, ignorance of the villagers about responsibilities of social workers, shift of clients from one place to unknown places, poor corporations from local leaders and Insufficient information from society and viii their leaders. Furthermore the study identifies challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area are: - Low level of conservation, Threats to report poachers because of superstition fear, Some poachers are part of friends and relatives. ix CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Background Information Conservation in Africa, in particular Tanzania dates back in pre-colonial period where wildlife lived freely in harmony with human (Kilungu et al, 2014; Chigonda, 2018). In that time, Chiefs slightly mandated how some species of wildlife were used and managed while local communities obeyed the orders (URT, 2013). Thus, the contribution of local communities in conservation should not be underestimated as it dates back in memorial time. The advent of colonial laws and regulations during Germany Rule in 1891, however, further put stringent measures to control the use of wildlife and local communities were in part put aside (Tanzania wildlife Policy 1998, pg. 1). Furthermore, after impendence, Tanzania enacted a law (Wildlife Act no. 12 of 1974), which put more stringent measure on the use of wildlife. To this law, wildlife is a government trophy even if it is found on a community land. Thus, the use of wildlife without a prior notice to the Government is termed as illegal hunting or poaching and whoever caught would likely be punished according to the law. To regulate the off-take of wildlife, protected areas were set aside with a major concern to maintain wildlife and their habitats for present and future generation (Sungusia, 2010). Protected area is as a geographical space that is clearly defined, recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means to achieve the long-time conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values (Day et al. 2012). In Tanzania, wildlife policy clearly classifies wildlife conservation areas in seven categories: national park, game reserve, game-controlled area, forest reserve, nature reserve, The Multiple Land use: Ngorongoro conservation Area, Open Controlled Area. In all these categories, wildlife conservation seems as 1 the role of government and conservators. This is not the case. Wildlife conservation should a responsibility of the communities too. In 2002, the government saw the potential of local community in conservation and proposed a new conservation category: the Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). These areas are established outside of core-protected areas, where “local people will have full mandate of managing and benefiting from their conservation efforts, through community-based programmes utilization while guaranteeing sustainable wildlife conservation” (Goldman, 2003). The areas are governed by the Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority-TAWA in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) largely control wildlife conservation in WMAs. It is in this category where local communities’ contribution in conservation can be fully assessed. It is increasingly becoming clear that the top-down approach to wildlife management which emphasises strict protection of species and habitat has not always achieved its stated objectives (Brown and Wyckoff-Baird, 1992 in IIED, 1994). Faced with the ecological crisis of the 1980’s, famine and deteriorating wild animal populations and habitats, conservationists have been forced to reassess their ideologies and methods. In the meantime, community involvement in conservation is seem as a sustainable solution. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has been widely promoted as a strategy that aims to conserve biodiversity, while simultaneously enhancing rural livelihoods. The underlying theory argues that devolving control of natural resources to local communities improves households' access to and management of those resources, thereby improving the resource base and their benefits to communities (Lund,2017). Since the 1990s CBNRM has been 2 implemented across the developing world and continues to be an important and expanding conservation strategy (Bowler,2019). Additionally, CBNRM provides a potential platform those other conservation strategy, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and biodiversity offsets, can build from (Robinson,2016). Despite the popularity of CBNRM there is limited evidence that it leads to improved conservation outcomes, and even less evidence of any socioeconomic benefits (Bowler,2019) 1.1. Problem Statement (the problem is not well stated) and justification Understanding community’s perceptions towards conservation is the key to improve wildlife management. As result, WMAs in Tanzania were set for the community to help conserve wildlife outside the protected areas and improve livelihood through income generated from wildlife use (WWF, 2014). Nonetheless, this contribution has not been realised. As a result, local communities perceive wildlife conservation as a legal obligation rather than an economic and social advantage or opportunity (Shemwetta and Kideghesho 2000). Failure of wildlife conservation is likely contributed by community not full participating in conservation practices. Consequently, this threatens community’s livelihood and puts local people in legal pressure due to increasing human-wildlife conflicts. Tessema et al. (2010) note that human-wildlife conflicts can only be alleviated when local communities perceive wildlife conservation as their role and not legal obligations. Wildlife conservation is often compromised when the locals ‘livelihoods are threatened (Mir et al., 2015; Mogomotsi, 2019). Negative attitudes toward wildlife often promote retaliatory killings of wild animals that undermine conservation sustainability (Mogomotsi, 2019). In this view, there is a need to 3 understand the attitudes of communities in proximity to wildlife and to explore responses to wildlife conservation. Studies have argued that costs associated with conservation (like crop damage, livestock predation and human death and injury) by wildlife fuel the communities’ negative attitudes toward wildlife, while benefits such as game meat promote positive attitudes (Carter et al., 2014; Mir et al., 2015). These paradigms should not be generalized as each community react to wildlife differently. Contact between wildlife and humans tend to be negative on the agricultural sector in many rural communities (Statistics Botswana, 2019). Mir et al. (2015, p. 392) note that “…attitudes toward wildlife vary because factors affecting attitudes such as interactions with wildlife are spatially heterogeneous”. Despite the benefits of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) programs, threats posed by wildlife to property and human life may lead to negative attitudes toward wildlife and nullify all benefits (Mogomotsi, 2019). People living close to wildlife resources bear substantial costs for conservation Zuze,2009), and thus should be asked to proposed possible ways to conserve wildlife harmoniously. Therefore, studies that aim to assess the perception of local community towards conservation should be conducted more often to update conservation strategies and general management plans. 1.3. Objectives: 1.3.1 General Objective This study aims to assess the contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation outside protected areas in Tanzania 1.3.2 Specific objectives 4 i. To assess the perception of local communities towards wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area. ii. To determine ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area. iii. To identify challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area. 1.4. Main Research Questions i. How do local communities perceive wildlife conservation in Burunge wildlife management area? ii.What ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area? iii.What are the challenges local communities face in conserving wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area? 1.5 Significance of the study According to wildlife Policy of Tanzania of 1998 community participation is necessary in such a way that policy has dedicate about three quarters of its strategies to the matter. Thus, the findings of this study are expected to provide insight on how best local communities can be involved in conservation from their perceptions and not from top-down approach. 1.6 Organization of the research report 5 This research report is organized into three chapters. Chapter one provides a setting of the problem that will be investigated. It presents different sections which are: background information to the problem, statement of the problem, and objectives, and research questions, significance of the study and Organization of the study. Chapter two deals with literature review which develops further understanding on contributions of local communities in wildlife conservation. Then chapter describes the model and theories in relation to the contributions of local communities in wildlife conservation. Chapter three presents the methodology, describing different methods and techniques which were used to carry out this study. A justification for each method and technique will be presented and specific research methods employed will be briefly discussed. 6 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introdction This chapter reviews the literature on contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation outside protected areas. The chapter first presents definitions of key terms and concept, then theoretical literature review and finally presents the conceptual framework and research gap. 2.2 Definition of key Concepts 2.2.1 Local Community Mattessich and Monsey (2004) define community as a group of people who live within a same geographical area and have social and psychological ties with each other and with the place where they live. Thus, in this study, local communities are a group of people who live adjacent and voluntarily agreed to conserve wildlife in Buringe WMA for the purpose of sharing benefit accrued from conservation. 2.2.2 Wildlife Conservation Wildlife conservation is the practice of protecting plant and animal species and their habitats. It also involves conservation of endangered and/ or keystone species either ex-situ or in-situ. 2.2.3 Protected Areas (PAs) Protected Area is defined as geographical space that recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values (IUCN, 2008). In Tanzania, protected areas include: national parks, wilderness areas, 7 community management areas, nature reserves, game reserves, forest reserves and antiquities sites. 2.2.4 Community Conservation Is the art of involving local community in wildlife conservation. It has been reckoned differently depending on the nature resources conserved. Community-based conservation approach came after realizing that central government alone could not sustainably conserve wildlife without involving local people. Community Conservation is a new innovation in Tanzania aiming at empowering local people to manage and benefit from wildlife resources on their lands. 2.2.5 Wildlife Management Area (WMA) According to the Tanzania Wildlife Policy (1998) that was revised in 2007, WMA refers to the strategy to protect established ecosystems like land and waters with high potentials for wildlife production, public hunting, trapping, fishing and other compatible and sustainable uses that involves local community in conserving wildlife in their village land outside core protected Reserves, also permitting use of the same resources sustainably for community benefits. According to Bachubila (2017), Wildlife Management Area is a village land set aside for the conservation of wildlife with the purpose of enabling local communities in the participation of protection and utilization of wildlife resources. 2.2: Literature Review 2.2.6 Perception of Local Communities Towards Wildlife Conservation Community-based natural resources management (in Tanzania: community-based wildlife conservation and community-based forest management) (conservation by the people) (e.g. Hulme and Murphree, 2011; Western et al., 2004): aims at the 8 conservation of „natural resources or biodiversity protection by, for and with the local people‟ (Murphree, 2004). The responsibility and benefits of biological resources rest with the local community, while the government gives advice and maintains an enabling policy framework (Hulme and Murphree, 2011; Western et al., 2014). The central idea in the community-based conservation approach is the devolution of control of natural resources to local communities, as distinct from protectionism and the segregation of people and nature (Western et al., 2014). The park outreach, community-based conservation, and co-management regimes are commonly referred to as participatory management of natural resources. The assumption underlying participatory approaches in natural resources management is that, if local communities derive some benefits from conservation, they will be more likely to support the conservation of biodiversity (Wells and Brandon, 2012). 2.4.2 Ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife Benefit sharing has been designed as a strategy to offset conservation costs and build support for biodiversity conservation among local communities (Adams et al., 2004; Western et al., 2004). It is necessary that the benefits should match the extent and nature of the costs. Inequitable sharing of the costs and benefits of conservation is an obvious challenge that needs to be appropriately addressed in the management of PAs, as it often affects the attitude of people towards conservation (Arjunan et al., 2006; Gillingham and Lee, 2009). Attitudinal studies are increasingly being used to evaluate local peoples‟ perceptions towards conservation, and enable PA management to create appropriate strategies (Gillingham and Lee, 2009; Holmes, 2009;Kaltenborn et al., 2011; Kideghesho et al., 2007). Waylen et al. (2009) argue that „attitude change is often the only tool available to conservationists when other approaches such as 9 regulations are ineffective‟. Nonetheless, some studies show that positive attitudes alone may not directly translate into friendly conservation behaviour (Holmes, 2009; Waylen et al.,2009) 2.4.3 Challenges facing local communities to wildlife conservation Local people use various overt and covert „resistance methods to challenge the hegemony of conservation imposed by protected areas authorities‟ (Norgrove and Hulme, 2006). In addition to poaching and killing wildlife, these methods may include destroying government property, extracting resources illegally, spreading false information (Shafer, 2009), destroying resources (Harkness, 2000), and threatened or actual violence against conservation staff (Brockington, 2004; Neumann, 2008; Norgrove and Hulme, 2006; Robbins et al., 2006). Methods may also take the form of illegally using land in a protected area (Li, 2007; Cavanagh and Benjaminsen, forthcoming), destroying protected area infrastructure (Meyerson, 2008), and collaborating with poachers (Western, 2004). Acts of resistance against conservation initiatives are usually carried out by marginalised people who suffer the costs of conservation and do not have the ability to circumvent the system through bribing officials or accessing political power (Holmes, 2007). Resistance to conservation in its various forms may also be seen as what Nixon (2011) calls „slow violence‟, which stands in contrast to spectacular and instantaneous violence. Slow violence is gradual and incremental, and leads to „delayed destruction that is dispersed across time and space, an attritional violence that is typically not viewed as violence at all‟ (Nixon, 2011). The same author 10 mentions dispossession caused by the establishment of areas for environmental protection as an example of slow violence. 2.5 Wildlife Policy Tanzania’s 1998 Wildlife Policy (Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism [MNRT], 1998) introduced the concept of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). The policy defines WMAs as areas on village land set aside for wildlife conservation. WMAs aim to improve wildlife conservation and rural communities’ livelihoods by giving communities full mandate to manage and benefit from wildlife. The concept and objective of WMAs are maintained in the revised 2007 Wildlife policy (MNRT, 2007). Currently, there are about 38 WMAs at different stages of development covering about 13% of Tanzania’s total land area (Bluwstein & Lund, 2018 ) 2.6 Research gap Various studies have been done on issues related to human wildlife conservation. Mogomotsi et al,(2020) did a study on Factors influencing community participation in wildlife conservation in Botswana and concluded that, Communities currently do not value wildlife as a resource but rather as a government property that destroys their livelihoods and drives them into poverty. Kicheleri et al,(2018) conducted the on institutional Rhetoric Versus Local Reality in Burunge in Tanzania and revealed that, local people, contrary to the rhetoric livelihood enhancing objectives of the 1998 Wildlife policy, felt disenfranchised and dispossessed because of the WMA. Also Boggs,(2000) did a study on the Community power, participation, conflict and development choice: Community wildlife conservation in the Okavango region of Northern Botswana and concluded that; Communities living adjacent protected areas are not always concerned with monetary benefits or the tangible costs of wildlife 11 conservation .None of these studies focused on the contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation.To fill this gap, this study intended to find out the contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation outside protected areas in Tanzania, the case of Burunge wildlife management area. 12 CHAPTER THREE 3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study Area This study was be conducted in Burunge Wildlife Management Area (Fig.3.1). Burunge (WMA), is in Babati District, Manyara region in Northern Tanzania. Burunge WMA was gazzetted as a WMA by the Wildlife Division in 2006. Ten villages namely as Mwada Ngolei, Vilima Vitatu, Minjingu, Kakoi, Olasiti, Maweni, Manyara, Magara and Sangaiwe contributed their land area of about 24,319 hectares for the Burunge WMM. About 30,073 inhabitants live adjacent BWMA and expect to full participate in conserving wildlife. To the South, BWMA is bordered by Tarangire National Park while to the north is borded by Lake Manyara Park (LMNP) and Manyara Ranch. The local community adjacent BWMA practice different land uses activities, but mainly agriculturists and pastoralists. Main ethnic tribes are Warusha, Mbugwe, Maasai and Barbaig. Despite the fact that the BWMA is made by 10 villages, this research report conducted in Mwada. This village is located within Wildlife Migratory corridor to the water point: lake Burunge. 13 Figure 3.1 The map of BWMA showing the study area, Mwada village. Source: http://babatidc.blogspot.com/ 3.2. Research Design Research design is the plan and structure of an investigation that is visualized by the researcher, so as to obtain answers to research questions (Cooper and Schindler 2003). There are different types of research design such as descriptive, case study and experimental research design. This study used case study research design. A case study gives a fair and accurate account of the case in such a way that readers are allowed to penetrate the superficial record and check the researcher’s interpretations by examining evidence on which the case study is built (Kothari, 2011) 3.3. Targeted Population 14 The study involved 198 heads of house hold in Mwada village. 2 village leaders (chairmen and Village executive officers), 56 Rangers and 1 Babati district game officer. 3.4. Sampling Procedure Sampling procedure is the systematic procedure of forming the manageable sample size that is investigated to answer the research questions (Cooper and Schindler, 2003).In this study both purposive and simple random sampling methods were used. 3.4.1. Simple Random Sampling Techniques (SRS) A simple random sampling is a process of selecting sample from a larger sample or population, giving all individuals in the sample an equal chance to be chosen (Laerd, 2012). This study use simple random sampling in selecting respondents from heads of household and game rangers.This technique applied due to the fact that heads of household and game rangers are many and every individual has an equal chance to participate in this study. 3.4.2 Purposive Sampling Technique Purposive sampling refers to as judgment, selective or subjective sampling. Stephanie, (2015) described that a purposive sample is where a researcher selects a sample based on their knowledge about the study and population. In this study, Village leaders and District game officer were selected purposely. 3.5. Sample Size Sample size refers to the number of items selected from the population to constitute a sample (Kothari, 2009). It is explained by Gay and Diehl, (1992) that, minimum 15 acceptable sample size for descriptive research would be 10% of population. This study used 10% of entire population to get number of sample size (Table 3.1). Table 3.1: Sample size Respondents Population Sample Size Sampling Technique Heads of house hold from 198 20 Mwada Village Game Rangers Simple random 56 6 Simple random Village leaders (chairmen and 2 2 Purposive 1 1 Purposive 257 29 Village Executive Officer) District Game Officer TOTAL Source: Researcher’s Computation, 2021 3.6. Data collection methods 3.6.1. Questionnaires A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms which is administered to respondents for them to fill on their own (Mbogo et al. 2012). Rule and John (2011) defined questionnaires as printed sets 16 of field questions to which participants respond on their own (self-administered) on the presence of the researcher. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires used to gather data from the head of household and game rangers (Appendix I). Questionnaires was formulated from specific objectives such as contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation, the challenges facing local communities in wildlife conservation and the measures used to curb challenges facing local communities in wildlife conservation in Burunge wildlife management area. In order to obtain sufficient data from head of households and game rangers, the researcher used questionnaires as a tool so as to save time and to give respondents enough time to fill questionnaires confidentially. 3.7 Data Analysis, Interpretation and Presentation Data analysis has been defined by Rwegoshora (2006) as to organize, provide structure and elicit meaning. Qualitative data analyzed by using content analysis. Content analysis means analyzing the information collected through interviews in order to identify the main themes that emerge from respondents (Kumar, 2005). Qualitative data from open ended questionnaires was systematically coded, and classified into broad descriptive categories exploring themes, meanings and/or issues that emerged from the information gained from interviewing. The data presented in the form of text.Quantitative data are data which are in the form of numbers. Quantitative analyzed by using descriptive statistics where by simple statistical analysis such as comparisons and percentages were used to analyze data. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) were applied to analyze the coded information of the questionnaire in this study. The data collected from this study were presented by using pie charts, tables and graphs. 17 3.8 Validity and Reliability of the Research Instruments. 3.8.1. Validity of the research instruments Validity refers to the success of a method in probing and/or assessing what it sets out to probe or assess (Taylor et al. 2011). To ensure validity of data in this study, the researcher deliberately make use of triangulation method in sampling and data collection methods. This means that different methods of sampling and data collection were employed. The use of triangulation help to demonstrate validity and opened up new perspectives about the topic under investigation, which concerned local attitudes towards conservation of natural tourism resources. The researcher alocated and made use of copyright and published documents that related to the data that assisted in validation. The researcher also conducted the pilot study. 3.9.2. Reliability of the research instruments Reliability is a criterion that refers to the consistence of data emanating from the use of a particular research method (Taylor et al., 2011). It is the extent to which data collection technique(s) yield consistent findings. In other words, as Saunders et al., (2016) further share, similar observations made or conclusion reached by other researchers or where there is transparence in how sense was made from raw data to ensure reliability. The use of multiple tools to collect data including questionnaires, interviews and direct observation let alone documentary reviews ensured that authority and reputation of data sources for this study were well assessed to this enhanced reliability. 3.10 Ethical Issues 18 The most common way of defining "ethics": Are norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior (David 2015). Ethical issues is described by Smith et al., (2015) that, for any research investigation involving human subjects, there must be careful consideration of ethical issues that may arise in the planning, conduct, and reporting of the study. Ethical aspects were strictly observed in order to achieve the research objectives. Respondents were informed of the purpose of the research as being for academic purposes only. It observed that confidentiality and anonymity on findings adhered to. Consent will be sought from respondents before interviewing them. Impartiality and objectivity while conducting research adhered to. Participants right to withdraw and to decline to take part in a particular aspect of research will be respected. The researcher ensured that there is no cause of harm or intrusion on participants’ privacy. It ensured that no personal assumptions or opinions of the researcher shall be recorded without the consent of the respondent. Also the researcher obtained a letter from the University (Open University of Tanzania) to introduce herself to Villages Chairmen, and Village Executive Officers from two selected villages and Game officer from Babati District. 19 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction 20 This chapter presents the findings and analysis of the data obtained from the field. The chapter starts by presenting socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. It proceeds with presentation of information on the contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation outside protected areas in Tanzania. Finally it presents the findings on the perception of local communities towards wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area, .ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area and the challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area. . 4.2 Social Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents The information covered in this section includes age, gender and education level of the respondents. The information presented here focus on 29 respondents. 4.2.1 Age of the respondents The age of the respondents were established (Table 4.1) in Mwada Village in Burunge wildlife management area where the research took place, with the aim of knowing the age structure of respondents. According to Busnayake and Gunaratne (2002), the age of a person is a factor that usually explain his/or her level of production, understanding and efficiency. Hence table 4.1 provides a clear structure of the age of the respondents. The age of respondents was categorized into four groups which 21 ranged between the age of 18 years and 51 years plus (Table 4.1). The grouping of age based on consideration of the economically active group which is from the age of 15 years old to 64 years (URT, 1991). The investigation of respondents‟ age was important due to diverse implications each group had and social setting which may subsequently have regarding to involvement in wildlife conservation. The majority of the respondents interviewed (48%) were aged between 31 and 40 years. The other age category, frequencies and percentages are as presented in Table 4.2.1. Table 4.2.1: Age of the respondents Age category Frequency Percentage 18-30 9 31 31-40 11 38 41-50 6 21 51 + Above 3 10 Total 29 100 Source : Field data, 2022 4.2.2 Education Level of the Respondents Education perceived as among the factors that influence an individual‟s perception of an intervention before making decision. Understanding the educational levels of the 22 respondents was an important factor in assessing their skills and knowledge of respondents for judging about different matters. The study revealed that, majority of respondents 11 (38%) had attained collage/technical education, 17% attained secondary education, 31% attained Primary education, 7% had attained university level of education and7% had no formal education (Table 4.2.2). Table 4.2.2: Education Distribution of the respondents Education Level Frequency Percentage Non formal education 2 7 Primary education 9 31 Secondary education 5 17 College/technical education 11 38 University education 2 7 Total 29 100 Source : Field data, 2022 4.2.3 Gender of the Respondents In order to have good representation of gender, gender of the respondents was taken into consideration where by respondents were asked to provide their personal information based on gender. Thus, 55.2% of employees were females. and the remaining 44.8% were males. 23 Figure 4.2.1: Distribution of respondents by gender Source: Field survey, 2022 4.3: Perceptions of local communities towards wildlife conservation 24 The first research objective sought to asses the perception of local communities towards wildlife conservation. Table 4.3 shows the number of respondents and their perceptions. Table 4.3: Perceptions of local communities towards wildlife conservation Perceptions of local communities towards Respondents Percentage wildlife conservation Local Communities like Conservation 4 20% Conservation has many benefits to local 6 30% Communities Conservation is the source of human/wildlife 3 15% conflicts Communities are the source of human/wildlife 5 25% conflicts The successes of wildlife conservation depend 2 10% on local communities’ corporation. 20 Total Source: Field survey, 2022 25 100% The findings show that the perception of local communities towards wildlife conservation are: - Local Communities like Conservation, Conservation has many benefits to local Communities, Conservation is the source of human/wildlife conflicts, Communities are the source of human/wildlife conflicts and The successes of wildlife conservation depend on local communities’ corporation. Similar results were observed by Baloi (2019) who confirmed that the ways in which the conservation area management and the local community work together results in the community having a certain behaviour (perceptions and attitudes) towards adapting wildlife conservation.. Also this result matches with finding done by Mabunda (2014) who revealed that, there are several social and economic opportunities (e.g. employment creation, income generation, biodiversity conservation) that come with wildlife conservation. 4.4: Ways in which local communities can use to conserve wildlife The second research objective sought to determine ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area. Table 4.4 shows the number of respondents and their comments. Table 4.4: Ways in which local communities can use to conserve wildlife Ways in which local communities can use to Respondents Percentage conserve wildlife To educate other colleagues on the importance 2 of conservation 26 10% To report any action that leads to poaching of 4 20% wildlife both plants and wildlife To be ready to receive advice from 7 35% conservationists on how we can better avoid human wildlife conflicts for sustainable conservation To be ready to re- allocated to give space for 5 25% conservation To protect environment so as to avoid wildlife to 2 10% run away. 20 100% Total Source: Field survey, 2022 The findings show that the ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area are: - To report any action that leads to poaching of wildlife both plants and wildlife, To be ready to receive advice from conservationists on how we can better avoid human wildlife conflicts for sustainable conservation, To be ready to re- allocated to give space for conservation, To educate other colleagues on the importance of conservation and To protect environment so as to avoid wildlife to run away. The findings also collaborate with Mabula (2014) who argue that there are increasing calls for rural communities to consider wildlife-based 27 conservation programs where they are possible as a land-use option, particularly for wildlife rich areas. However, success of wildlife-conservation depends on community cooperation and positive attitudes towards wildlife conservation The findings also comply with the study done by Olubayo (2016) that, success wildlife conservation depends on communities seeing more value in managing their wildlife on a long-term sustainable basis than in pursuing short-term exploitation. 4.5 Challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife The third research objective sought to identify challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area. Table 4.5 shows the number of respondents and their comments. Table 4.5: Challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife Challenges local communities face to Respondents Percentage conserving wildlife Low level of conservation Threats to report poachers because 4 20% of 2 10% superstition fear Some poachers are part of friends and relatives 3 15% Scared of the law that I will have to be in the 4 20% court to provide witness 28 Human wildlife conflicts 7 35% 20 100% Total Source: Field survey, 2022 The findings show that the challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area are: - Low level of conservation, Threats to report poachers because of superstition fear, Some poachers are part of friends and relatives, Scared of the law that I will have to be in the court to provide witness and Human wildlife conflicts. The study done by Shibia (2018) confirmed that low participation in conservation programs, past experience of human-wildlife conflict, increased number of crop farmers and illiteracy were found to be the negative determinants of attitudes and perceptions on resources use in Kenya. Similar findings are explained by Anthony and Moldovan (2016) who states that lack of interaction, poor communication, and unfulfilled promises in terms of financial compensation, costs and disadvantages of PAs with regard to damage-causing animals (DCAs) can cause confusion and wariness with respect to the purposes of a PA and its alleged commitment to improve relationships with its neighbors. CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Overview 29 This chapter provides a summary, conclusion and recommendation of this study on the contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation outside protected areas in Tanzania. The conclusions and recommendations are based on the findings whereby summary, summarize the whole work from the title, study problem, objectives, significance of the study, literature review, research methodology as well as findings of the study per specific objective. 5.2 Summary The general objective of this study was to assess the contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation outside protected areas in Tanzania. Specifically the study aimed to assess the perception of local communities towards wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area, .ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area and the challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area. This study used a case study research design whereby both qualitative and quantitative studies were used. Population in this study involved Game rangers, Head of house hold from Mweda Village,Village chairman as well as District game officer. The researcher included a sample size of 29 total numbers of respondents. The researcher used simple randomly and purposive sampling methods in selecting a sample. Also the researcher used questionnaire as the method of data collection method. 30 The study found that the perception of local communities towards wildlife conservation are: - Local Communities like Conservation, Conservation has many benefits to local Communities, Conservation is the source of human/wildlife conflicts, Communities are the source of human/wildlife conflicts and The successes of wildlife conservation depend on local communities’ corporation.Also the study reveals that ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area are: - To report any action that leads to poaching of wildlife both plants and wildlife, To be ready to receive advice from conservationists on how we can better avoid human wildlife conflicts for sustainable conservation, To be ready to reallocated to give space for conservation, To educate other colleagues on the importance of conservation and To protect environment so as to avoid wildlife to run away. facing social workers are: - low understanding capacity of community members, ignorance of the villagers about responsibilities of social workers ,shift of clients from one place to unknown places, poor corporations from local leaders and Insufficient information from society and their leaders. Furthermore the study identifies challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area are: - Low level of conservation, Threats to report poachers because of superstition fear, Some poachers are part of friends and relatives, Scared of the law that I will have to be in the court to provide witness and Human wildlife conflicts. 5.3 Conclusion According to the findings of this study the study concluded that perception of local communities towards wildlife conservation are: - Local Communities like 31 Conservation, Conservation has many benefits to local Communities, Conservation is the source of human/wildlife conflicts, Communities are the source of human/wildlife conflicts and The successes of wildlife conservation depend on local communities’ corporation Also the Study concluded that the ways local communities can use to conserve wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area are: - To report any action that leads to poaching of wildlife both plants and wildlife, To be ready to receive advice from conservationists on how we can better avoid human wildlife conflicts for sustainable conservation, To be ready to re- allocated to give space for conservation, To educate other colleagues on the importance of conservation and To protect environment so as to avoid wildlife to run away. facing social workers are: - low understanding capacity of community members, ignorance of the villagers about responsibilities of social workers ,shift of clients from one place to unknown places, poor corporations from local leaders and Insufficient information from society and their leaders. However, the study concluded that the challenges local communities face to conserving wildlife in Burunge wildlife management area are: - Low level of conservation, Threats to report poachers because of superstition fear, Some poachers are part of friends and relatives, Scared of the law that I will have to be in the court to provide witness and Human wildlife conflicts. This study had revealed that such negative attitude of local people’s belief towards wildlife conservation is highly contributed by high illiterate rate of the residents where no formal education accounted 7%, Primary school leavers were 31% while secondary school leavers were about 17% and University graduates were 7%. Where the quick look at this figure shows the majority of residents to be lacking higher Education the tool and the key to attain more knowledge of conservation issues and involvement with other 32 stakeholders, there is a need to impart conservation education alongside to best conservation techniques. Through provision of free education, the Tanzanian policy of which has been introduced recently to provide free Education from Primary to Secondary schools level for all Tanzanian children. Going to school must be of matter concern for every child in order to fight against the rate of literacy through that policy. The government must strongly enforce it to make sure every child is going to school. The researcher finds the plan that will reduce the challenge of low level of conservation because through education the bad traditional beliefs that are not respecting nature like wildlife poaching will be avoided as currently local people (villagers) are still practicing such beliefs of killing wild animals for Heroism or bravely. The local community is sharing drinking water with wildlife especially in Burunge WMA Area where livestock haven’t permanent water sources, therefore there is the need to construct dams or wells for livestock and wildlife within respective areas in order to avoid wild animal visitation the situation that cause human/wildlife Conflict in Burunge WMA. 5.4 Recommendation Based on the results, findings and conclusions, the followings are the recommendations. 5.4.1 Recommendation for Practice (i) The Local people adjacent to protected areas specifically in WMA should be involved in planning so as to improve wildlife conservation. This is due to the fact that most respondents complain that local people were not involved during the 33 establishment of Burunge WMA. Also to reduce the problem of human/wildlife conflicts, local communities are advised to construct strong shed and durable barbed fence wire that will protect the livestock from predation. (ii) Participation of the all stakeholders and members of the community at different levels and professionals in related disciplines of wildlife management, livestock department, Natural Resources Management need to work together to sensitize and educate each other through dialogues to come out with one problem solution on wildlife conservation. (iii) Village Community members have to elect their leaders to avoid untrustworthy leaders whom aren’t transparent to community revenues accrued from Wildlife Utilizations projects. 5.4.2 Recommendation for Policy Maker The government of Tanzania through the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism should put emphasize on education about community based conservation since local people are among of key stakeholders in conservation. However the study recommends that, there is a need for compensation towards wildlife effects since it affects livelihood of local people contrary to Tanzania Wildlife Policy (1998) that asserts non compensation leading to damages caused by wildlife. Also, wildlife habitat should be fenced so as to avoid wildlife visitation to local people residences and also the provision of education about community based conservation since local people are among the key stakeholders in conservation. To make wildlife conservation to be sustainably, there is a need to find out possible solutions to involve local community in conservation education programs. 34 5.4.3 Suggestions for Further Studies Another study of the same nature should be conducted in other WMA areas for comparison purposes and to provide more evidence on contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation outside protected areas in Tanzania. REFERENCE Akitanda, P.C. 1994. 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Paper presented at King’s Worksop on CBNRM London, February, 2005. IIED, (1994). Whose Eden? An Overview of Community Approaches to Wildlife Management. Overseas Development Administration of the British Government. IUCN, (1980) World Conservation Strategy. Living Resources for Sustainable Development. IUCN, Gland – Switzerland. IUCN, (2004): Park in transition: biodiversity, rural development and bottom line/edited by Brian Child. Kaswamila, A.L. (2006). Evaluation of Land Use Plans in Protected Area BioNetworks in North-Eastern Tanzania. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of The University of Greenwich for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Kilungu, H., Pantaleo,M., Leemans, ., & Amelung, B. (2014). Wildlife Safari tourist destinations in Tanzania: Experiences from colonial to post-colonial era. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2,240-259. Lund JF (2017). Is small beautiful? Village level taxation of natural resources in Tanzania. Public Adm Dev; Lewis, D and Carter, N. (1993). Voices from Africa. Local perspectives on Conservation. WWF Publications, Maryland, USA. 37 MNRT (2007). Wildlife policy of Tanzania (revised version). M. o. n. r. a. Tourism. Dar es salaam , Tanzania, Government printer. Murphree, M. P. (1993). Communities as resource management institutions. London, International Institute for Environment and Development. United Republic of Tanzania, (2005a) Learning about Livelihoods; Lessons for Poverty Reduction in Tanzania. Vice Presidents office. Dar es Salaam University Press. Lissu, T.A. (1999). Legal and Policy Issues in Wildlife Management in Tanzania's Pastoral Lands: The Case Study of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies (forthcoming). Makaramba, R. (1998). Review and Harmonization of Wildlife Laws and Regulations in Tanzania. Report to UNEP/UNDP/Dutch Government Project on Environment Law & Institutions in Africa, Dar es Salaam (mimeo-graph). Robinson et,al.(2016);Implementing REDD through community-based forest management: Lessons from Tanzania. Nat Resour Forum.; Shauri V. (1999. The new wildlife policy in Tanzania: old wine in a new bottle? Scott A. (2002): Living with Wildlife: Sustainable Livelihoods for Park –adjacent Communities in Kenya. 38 APPENDICES APENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE HEADS OF HOUSE HOLD My name is Jehovaness Rafael Sarakikya, the student from the Open University of Tanzania studying bachelor degree in tourism management. I am conducting a study “on the contribution of local communities to wildlife conservation in Burunge wildlife management area”. The information is required for research leading to the award of Bachelor Degree of Tourism Management of the Open University of Tanzania. The questionnaire seeks your opinions on how you perceive wildlife conservation in Burunge wildlife Management Area, ways that you use to conserve wildlife and finally the challenges you are facing in conserving wildlife in this WMA? 39 All the information is for this research only and your responses will be treated in confidential. You are kindly requested to fill the following questions in the best of your knowledge. Thank you for you participation. (A)DEMORGRAPHIC INFORMATION What is your Age (tick the appropriate ). 18 - 30……………………..….. ( ) 31 - 43………………………… ( ) 44 - 56………………………… ( ) Above 56 years……………...… ( ) Level of education (tick in the table) Non formal Primary education education Secondary College University education education education Gender 40 Male ( ) Female ( ) Employment / Occupational status (Tick in the appropriate) A. Employed ( ) B. Self-employed ( ) C. Unemployed ( ) D. Others e.g. retired ( ) OBJECTIVE 1: Are you aware that all wildlife is the government trophy and that you are not allowed to take or kill illegally unless if it is for life defense? YES/NO/I DIDNT KNOW Is there any member in your family engaged with wildlife conservation? YES/NO How do you perceive wildlife conservation in the Burunge Wildlife Management Area? (Please tick (√) SA= N= D= SD= SN Perception of local Strongly communities to Agree conservation in BWMA 41 Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree 1 I don’t like conservation at all 2 Conservation has many benefits to me and the adjacent community 3 Conservation is the source of huma-wildlife conflicts 4 Communities are the sources of human-wildlife conflicts OBJECTIVE 2: What ways do you use to conserve wildlife in BWMA? (Tick the appropriate even more than one) I education other colleagues on the importance of conservation I report any actions that lead to poaching of wildlife both plants and animals I am not ready to be re-allocated to give space for conservation I am ready to receive advice from conservationists on how we can better avoid human-wildlife conflicts for sustainable conservation Others, please specify 42 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………… OBJECTIVE 3: Do you face any challenges in conserving wildlife and its habitats in the BWMA? YES/NO What are the challenges facing local communities in conserving wildlife in the Burunge Wildlife Management Area? Low level of conservation Threat to report poachers because of superstition (which and witchcraft) fear. Some poachers are part of friends and relatives Scared of the law that I will have to be in the court to provide witness Others, please specify ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………… 43 GENERAL KNOWLDGE: (D) What benefit do you get from Burunge Wildlife Management Area? ……….…………………………………..…,……………………………….., Appendix II RESEARCH TIME PLAN S/N Activity 2022 2022 June July 1 Proposal writing 2 Proposal writing 3 Data collection 4 Data processing & August analysis 5 Study data presentation 6 Submissions of 44 Sept October Nov Dec study results APPENDIX III : RESEARCH BUDGET S/N Items Total amount(Tsh) 1 Stationary and Internet access 80,000/- 2 Data collection 390,000/- 3 Typing and printing 100,000/- 4 Transport 90,000/- 5 Meals and accommodations 70,000/- 6 Final report writing 110,000/- TOTAL 850,000/- 45