Social problems and issues in the Philippines / Francisco M. Zulueta, Dolores B. Liwag
By: Zulueta, Francisco M.
Contributor(s): Liwag, Dolores B.
Material type: BookPublisher: Mandaluyong City : National Book Store, ©2001Description: xiv, 382
pages : illustrations.ISBN: 9710861905.Subject(s): Social problems -- Philippines | Social conditions -Philippines
Contents:
Chapter 1: Dimensions of Social Problems
Origins of social problems sociological diagnosis of social problem social problem vis-a-vis the social
system social problems and issues
Social disorganization
Economic conditions
Social problem and deviance
Types of deviation
Theories and causes of deviance biological theories of deviance psychological theories of deviance,
sociological theories of deviance
Conflict theory
The cultural transmission theory
Social learning theory labeling theory
Social problems and cultural diversity
Social problems vis-a-vis social control
Informal and formal control
Social problems require collective action
Chapter 2: Research and Development
The scientific method of investigation
The survey method
Advantage of survey
Disadvantage of survey
The case study method
Observation
Advantage of observation
Disadvantage of observation
Ethics of research
Chapter 3: Population and Family Planning
Population
Fertility
Morality
Migration
Population and ecology
Mathusian theory of population
Population and natural resources
Zero population growth
Population and development
Social policy and programs
Calendar rhythm
Historical basis
Sociological basis
Economic basis
Anthropological basis
Political science basis
Population and moral responsibility
Philippine population and its implications
Population and poverty
Population and health
Population and squatting
population, transportation, and traffic, population and crime
Population and education
Population and labor force
Chapter 4: Poverty and Social crises
The nature of poverty
Some causes of poverty in the philippines
Theories of poverty
Existence of poverty
Effects
Four strategies to reduce poverty
Elementary education
Life is better is trash
Chapter 5: Juvenile Delinquency and crime
Causes of juvenile delinquency
Some control mechanisms to prevent delinquency
Individual programs, social skills training
Cognitive behavior programs
Social-problem solving
Moral reasoning development
Multimodal programs
Institutional and community program
Chapter 6: Drugs, Alcoholism and Crimes
Some common misconceptions about alcohol and alcoholisim
Pschoses associated with alcoholism addiction to narcotic drugs
The barbiturates (sedatives)
Effects of barbiturates
The use and abuse of minor tranquilizers
The amphetamines and cocaine (stimulants)
Case no.1 marijuana
The advent of shabu
The Devasting effects of drugs
all about drugs
Drug abuse and dependency
Common signs of drug abuse
Detriment effects of drug abuse
Some treatment approaches
Drug control and preventon
rehabilitation programs
Chapter 7: Prostitution and sexually transmitted diseases
Types of prostitution
Female prostitutes
Male trypes of prostitution
Child prostitution
Causes of prostitution
Effects of prostitution
AIDS, HIV, and is deadly because there is no cure for it
The Components of the immune sysytem prevention and control aids
Safety measure against HIV
STD (Sexually transmitted diseases)
Other sexually transmitted diseases
Nongonococal urethristis and cerviticus
Lympho-granuloma venereum
Granuloma linguinale
Condyloma accuminatum
Symptoms of STD in men
Symptoms of STD filipinos and aids
Ignorance kills : myths about HIC/AIDs
The role of the church
Social Issues
Chapter 8: Battered Women
Battered women on a surge
Patterns of wife abuse
The abuser
Why women stay in abusive relationship
Agencies that protect women from violence
Stopping women abuse
Various cases of battered women
Case no.1 "ayoko na"
Case no. 2 Hubby
His Pregnant wife with lead pipe
Case no 3 hubby hacks wife
Chapter 9: Unemployment and under employment
Frictional unemployment
Structural unemployment
Cyclical Unemployment
Issues on unemployment and under-employment
The role of the government and the labor market
Chapter 10: Environmental Pollution
Air-basic essential for survival
Types of air pollutants, sources and central techniques
Gas, carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane particulates
matters
dust
Aerosol
Fog
Fume
Mist
Smoke
Ash
Lead
Asbestos
Arsenic organic pollutants
Organic solvents
Organo halogen compounds dioxin
Inorganic pollutants
Oxidizing substance
Types of toxic chemicals
Toxic Chemicals in terms of persistence
Sources of environmental toxic chemicals
Estimating health effects of toxic chemical
Nitrous oxide
Programs against pollution
Thermal pollution
The Payatas tragedy
Solid management act
Garbage Education
Starting and effective school recycling program
The clean air act
Law enforcement of law on pollution control
Toxic waste-a real rhrear to humal lives
Metro manila crises
Nuclear war and nuclear winter
Other environment effects of a nuclear war
Anti-pollution program philppine environmental laws
Agencies concerned with solid wate management
Chapter 11: Other Social Problems and Issues
Issues
The Family and legal separation
Marriage
Engagement pointer's for males to avoid
Functions of the family
Unwed mother and illegitimate children
Causes of unwed motherhood
Characteristics of unwed mothers that led them to unwed motherhood
The illegitimate children
Agencies that take care of unwed mothers
Why be concerned over illegitimate children
Abortion
Malnutrition
Total nutrional therapy (TNT)
Street-children
Broken homes-source of most street-children
Children in crises
Socioeconomic anatomy of a child
Child abuse
Implicataions on child abuse
Child sexual abuse
Pedophilia
Effects of child sexual abuse
Treatment child labor
The ugly face of child labor
Gambling
The Filipinos have a passion for gambling
Relationship of gambling to crime
Holding the cockfighting
Legislative measures
Strategies on gambling
Suggested preventive measures on gambling
Sexual harassment
Squatting
Causes and effects of squatting
National housing authority (NHA) resettlement program sites and services development
Relocation and resettlement
Medium- rise residential building bliss condominium
Dormitory and apartment housing program
Community mortgage program (CMP) mortgage take-out (MTO)
Local government housing
Upgrading slums
Urban poor families
Floods controlo floods
Construction of damsquency , crime, divorce, etc.
"Brigada kophasis upon groups and institutions.”ntra baha" The traffic problems like race relations, juvenile
deli
Sociology. “It is the scientific study of human social relationships with special emphasis upon
groups and institutions.”
“It is the scientific study of social problems like race relations, juvenile” delinquency, crime,
divorce, etc.
“The study of the origin, growth, structure, and characteristics of group life and pf associated
environmental, biological, and psychological factors” (Compton”s Encyclopedia, 1974).
The Nature and Social Problems.
Roabeznick (1961) “A problem in human relationships which seriously threatens society or
Impedes the important inspirations of many people.”
Mckee and Robertson (1975) “State that a social problem exists when a significant number of
people, r a number of significant number of people perceive an undesirable difference between
social ideals, and social realities and believe that this difference can be eliminated by collective
action.
One can note that this definition actually contains several ideas which McKee and Robertson
enumerate and explain as follows:
1. Social problems involve the subjective perception of an objective condition.
For a social problem to exist, there must be a real, objective condition, such as crime, drug
abuse, or poverty. According to him, there must be a subjective response in people’s minds: they
must perceive the condition as presenting a problem.
Public perception of a social problem depends to a great extent on the validity of the condition
in question. For this reason, groups that are newly aware of their disadvantaged condition often
taken dramatic action to bring their plight to public attention. Movements. Like women’s
liberation, have attempted to attract public attention, by unusual methods, for their adherents
realize that unless the situation they complain of is widely perceived as a social problem, no social
action will be taken to solve it. The visibility of a social problem depends, too, on the willingness
of the mass media to devote publicity to it.
2. Social problems involve a gap between social ideals and social reality.
All social problems involve a widespread perception of the difference between the real – what
is – and the ideal – what ought to be. The ideals of any society are based on the values and attitudes
of the people. Values are shared ideas about what is desirable, such as a belief in the sanctity of
marriage, equal opportunity, etc. Attitudes are predispositions to respond favorably toward
particular people, events, or situations – such as a feeling of prejudice against an ethnic group.
Because social values and attitudes are continually changing, the gap between particular social
ideals and particular social realities also changes. Sometimes closing, sometimes widening – it
results in the emergence of new social problems and the disappearance of old ones.
The problem of environmental pollution provides an example of how changing values and
attitudes contribute to the emergence of a new social problem. We are now aware of environmental
pollution and take a very unfavorable attitude toward industrial pollutants. The result is that
environmental pollution, a subject that did not appear as social problem a few years ago, is nw
regarded as a critical social problem.
3. Social problems must be perceived as problems by a significant number of people or
by a number of significant people. No matter how undesirable a social condition may seem to a
few people, it cannot be regarded as a social problem until it is subjectively perceived as such
either by a speech significant proportion of the population or by a number of people who occupy
positions of power and influence in society.
For example, the problem of juvenile delinquency reveals the importance bot of significant
numbers of people and of significant numbers of people and of a numbers of significant people
individuals – a {resident or a leading public opinion to perceive a social condition as a social
problem and then to confront that problem by a collective action. Mckee and Robertson entertain
the view that a highly significant individual - a President or a Pope – can place a “new” social
problem before a population in a single speech.
4. Social problems must be regarded as capable of solution through collective action.
All societies experience social conditioned that they recognize as undesirable, such as disease,
war, or a fume. But it is only when people believe that they have the capacity to do something
about these conditions are regarded as social problem. that the conditions are regarded as social
problems.
Collective action may take many forms. In the extreme case, it can involve public
demonstrations, violence or even revolution, but more commonly it involves the efforts o interest
groups to inform the public of the issues at stake and to persuade those in a positions of authority
to make the necessary changes. Sometimes those in authority take the initiative themselves;
usually, however, pressure of public opinion is necessary to provoke specific changes. Solutions
to social problems are rarely based on any one strategy or approach, but legislative action is often
a vital element in the process.
The Sociological Approach
Social problems are looked at in many different ways depending upon the person’s orientation.
The problems being social, however, it is the sociologist who can look at it with a more
comprehensive analysis. Since sociology is the scientific study of human society, it is the risks of
the sociologist to make a systematic analysis of social behavior. In the process he utilizes
information from other disciplines like historical facts, psychological theories, or economic dateto
obtain a clear picture of a particular problem.
There are two elements the sociologist employs in the analysis of social problems. These are
theory and research. Theory is a formulation of relationships or underlying principles of certain
observed phenomena. It implies considerable evidence in support of a formulated general
principle explaining the operation of certain phenomena. It implies considerable evidence in
support of certain phenomena. Research is a careful, systematic investigation in some field of
knowledge, undertaken to discover facts.
Relationship between Theory and Research. Theory and research complement each other.
Selltiz et.al. (1959) express the view that theory can point to areas in which research is likely to be
fruitful, and can provide a basis for explanation and prediction. Research findings, on the other
hand, can without research is to ignore the essential n test theories which have been worked out,
can clarify examination of a particular individual hand, can test theories which have been worked
out, can clarify theoretical concepts, and theoretical formulations or extend old ones. To conduct
research without theoretical interpretation or to theorize without research is to ignore the essential
function of theory as a tool for achieving economy of thought.
Research on Social Problems. Theories about the origins, consequences and solutions of
social problems are of little use facts. The sociologist uses research both in gathering of facts and
testing of hypotheses to determine whether they fir the facts. Research in sociology generally uses
one of three methods. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages and each is more
appropriate for some problems. Often, two or even all three methods can be applied to the same,
for, like the theoretical perspective, they are not mutually exclusive. The three research methods
are the case study, the sample survey, and the experiment. (Mckee and Robertson 1975).
The Case Study. A case study sometimes called the case history technique, involves a
comprehensive and intensive examination of a particular individual, group, or situation over a
period of time-, observes actions and facts and maintains careful records of significant events and
observations. He or she may conduct long, probing interviews with selected individuals whose
attitudes, values and experiences might through light on the problem. The researcher then analyzes
which be drawn.
The Sample Survey. This is a type of investigation wherein only a representative group of
people is chosen from a particular “population” which may be in a school, an occupational group,
ethnic group or even the whole nation. In the sample survey, instead of examining the entire group
called the population, one examines a small part of the group called a sample. The subjects in
the survey may be given relatively brief interviews, or they may be asked to complete
questionnaires about a particular topic. The information from these surveys may be then fed to a
computer and various correlations be established between particular populations have toward
absolute divorce and also to establish what the correlates of these are – religion, educational
attainment, sex, age, etc.
The Experimental Method. Experimentation, whether in sociology or in any other fields,
rests on the assumption that they exist invariant relationships between certain antecedents and
certain consequents so that, provided a given set of condition that prevails. If one does this, that
will follow. Experts express the view the experimentation which, or at least known. The essence
of this procedure is that the one which is the basic scientific method is the most precise and reliable
way of obtaining data. The chief characteristic of the method is that all the conditions in a situation
are carefully controlled or at least known. The essence of this procedure is that the one factor or
situation being studied can be isolated, and varied at will while the other remain constant. In this
type of experiment, the act of cause-effect relationship may be established.