A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR (/ˈɑːbdəl
kəˈlɑːm/ ( listen); 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an
Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th
president of India from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in
Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace
engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and
science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's
civilian space programme and military missile development
efforts.[1] He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India
for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch
vehicle technology.[2][3][4] He also played a pivotal
organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II
nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by
India in 1974.[5]
Kalam was elected as the 11th president of India in 2002 with the
support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the thenopposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the
"People's President",[6] he returned to his civilian life of
education, writing and public service after a single term. He was
a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat
Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.
While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management
Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac
arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83.[7] Thousands, including
national-level dignitaries, attended the funeral ceremony held in
his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with full
state honours.[8]
Early life and education
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Official portrait, 2002
11th President of India
In office
25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Manmohan Singh
Vice President Krishan Kant
Bhairon Singh
Shekhawat
Preceded by
Succeeded by Pratibha Patil
1st Principal Scientific Adviser to
the Government of India
In office
November 1999 – November 2001
President
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October
1931, to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of
Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency
and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen
Marakayar was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque;[9] his
mother Ashiamma was a housewife.[10][11][12][13] His father
owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between
Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi.[14][15]
Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his
K. R. Narayanan
K. R. Narayanan
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Preceded by
Office established
Succeeded by Rajagopala
Chidambaram
Personal details
Born
15 October 1931
Rameswaram,
family.[16][17][18] His ancestors had been wealthy Marakayar
traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts
of land. Marakayar are a Muslim ethnic group found in coastal
Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descent from Arab traders
and local women. The family business had involved trading
groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from
Sri Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and
Pamban. With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland
in 1914, however, the businesses failed and the family fortune
and properties were lost by the 1920s, apart from the ancestral
home. The family was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was
born. As a young boy he had to sell newspapers to add to the
family's meager income. [19][20][21]
In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described
as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to
learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially Mathematics.[21]
After completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary
School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint
Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the
University of Madras, from where he graduated in physics in
1954.[22] He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace
engineering in Madras Institute of Technology.[13] While Kalam
was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied
with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship
unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam
met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I
was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult
deadline."[23] He narrowly missed achieving his dream of
becoming a fighter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only
eight positions were available in the IAF.[24]
Ramanathapuram
district,Tamil Nadu)
Died
27 July 2015
(aged 83)
Shillong,
Meghalaya, India
Resting place
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul
Kalam Desiya
Ninaivagam, Pei
Karumbu,
Rameswaram,
Tamil Nadu, India
Political party
Independent[fn 1]
Alma mater
St. Joseph's
College,
Tiruchirappalli
(BEng)
Madras Institute of
Technology (MEng)
Profession
Aerospace Scientist
· Author
Awards
Full list
Notable
Wings of Fire
work(s)
India 2020
Ignited Minds
Indomitable Spirit
Transcendence: My
Spiritual
Experiences with
Pramukh Swamiji
Career as a scientist
After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in
1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment
of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (by
Press Information Bureau, Government of India) as a scientist
after becoming a member of the Defence Research &
Development Service (DRDS). He started his career by
designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by his
choice of a job at DRDO.[26] Kalam joined the INCOSPAR,
working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space
scientist.[13] He was interviewed and recruited into ISRO by H.
G. S. Murthy, the first Director of Thumba Equatorial Rocket
Launching Station (TERLS).[27] In 1969, Kalam was transferred
to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was
the project director of India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLVIII) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth
orbit in July 1980; Kalam had first started work on an expandable
Signature
Website
Official Website (htt
p://www.abdulkala
m.com)
Scientific career
Fields
Aerospace
engineering
Institutions
Defence Research
and Development
Organisation
rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[1] In 1969,
Kalam received the government's approval and expanded the
programme to include more engineers.[25]
In 1963 to 1964, he visited NASA's Langley
Research Center in Hampton, Virginia; Goddard
Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; and
Wallops Flight Facility.[11][28] Between the 1970s
and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and SLV-III
projects, both of which proved to be successful.
Indian Space
Research
Organisation
This was my first stage, in which I learnt
leadership from three great teachers—Dr
Vikram Sarabhai, Prof Satish Dhawan and Dr
Brahm Prakash. This was the time of learning
and acquisition of knowledge for me.
Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the
A P J Abdul Kalam[25]
country's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the
representative of TBRL, even though he had not
participated in its development. In the 1970s, Kalam
also directed two projects, Project Devil and Project
Valiant, which sought to develop ballistic missiles from
the technology of the successful SLV programme.[29]
Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet, Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these
aerospace projects through her discretionary powers
under Kalam's directorship.[29] Kalam played an
integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal
the true nature of these classified aerospace
Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT
projects.[29] His research and educational leadership
Guwahati
brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s,
which prompted the government to initiate an
advanced missile programme under his directorship.[29] Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and
scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister, R.
Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned
missiles one after another.[30] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating
₹ 3.88 billion for the mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) and
appointed Kalam as the chief executive.[30] Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under
the mission including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface
missile, although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns.[30][31]
Kalam served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and Secretary of the Defence Research
and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were
conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served
as the Chief Project Coordinator, along with Rajagopala Chidambaram, during the testing phase.[11][32]
Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.[33]
However, the director of the site test, K Santhanam, said that the thermonuclear bomb had been a "fizzle"
and criticised Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[34] Both Kalam and Chidambaram dismissed the
claims.[35]
In 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent, named the
"Kalam-Raju Stent".[36][37] In 2012, the duo designed a rugged tablet computer for health care in rural
areas, which was named the "Kalam-Raju Tablet".[38]
Presidency
Kalam served as the 11th president of India, succeeding K. R.
Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an
electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366 votes won by
Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25 July 2002, to 25 July
2007.[39]
Presidential styles of
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which
was in power at the time, expressed that they would nominate
Kalam for the post of President,[40][41] and both the Samajwadi
Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his
candidacy.[42][43] After the Samajwadi Party announced its
support for Kalam, Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in
office, leaving the field clear.[44] Kalam said of the announcement
of his candidature:
I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet
and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I
was thinking what message I can give to the people of
the country at this juncture.[45]
On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian
Parliament, accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet
colleagues.[46]
The polling for the presidential election began on 15
July 2002, in Parliament and the state assemblies, with
the media claiming that the election was a one-sided
affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone conclusion;
the count was held on 18 July.[47] Kalam became the
11th president of the Republic of India in an easy
victory,[48] and moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan
after he was sworn in on 25 July.[49] Kalam was the
third President of India to have been honoured with a
Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, before
becoming the President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1954) and Zakir Husain (1963) were the earlier
recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the
President of India.[50] He was also the first scientist
and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati
Bhawan.[51]
Spoken style
President Abdul
Kalam
Alternative
style
Mr. President
Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan
Singh during his presidency
During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the People's President,[52][53][54] saying that
signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.[55][56][57] Kalam
was criticised for his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him
during his tenure.[58] Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant
pardons, and suspend or commute the death sentence of convicts on death row.[58][59] Kalam acted on only
one mercy plea in his five-year tenure as president, rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who
was later hanged.[58] Perhaps the most notable plea was from Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was
convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death
by the Supreme Court of India in 2004.[59] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20
October 2006, the pending action on his mercy plea resulted in him remaining on death row.[59] He also
took the controversial decision to impose President's Rule in Bihar in 2005.[60]
In September 2003, in an interactive session in PGI Chandigarh, Kalam supported the need of Uniform
Civil Code in India, keeping in view the population of the country.[61][62][63][64]
At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in
office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election.[65] However, two
days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving
Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes.[66] He was proposed by third front named United
National Progressive Alliance leader J. Jayalalithaa and coordinator Chandrababu Naidu other leaders
Mulayam Singh Yadav and Om Prakash Chautala, but he did not have the support of the left parties, Shiv
Sena and UPA constituents, to receive a renewed mandate.[67][68]
Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012, media reports in April
claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[69][70][71] After the reports, social
networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his candidature.[72][73] The BJP potentially
backed his nomination, saying that the party would lend their support if the Trinamool Congress,
Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 presidential election.[74][75] A
month ahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for
Kalam.[76] Days afterwards, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as the solitary
supporter.[77] On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll. He said of his
decision not to do so:
Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and
affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support.
This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me.[78]
Post-presidency
After leaving office, Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, the
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and the Indian Institute of Management Indore; an honorary
fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore;[79] chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and
Technology Thiruvananthapuram; professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University; and an adjunct
at many other academic and research institutions across India. He taught information technology at the
International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, and technology at Banaras Hindu University
and Anna University.[80]
In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant; he
supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local
people.[81] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they saw him as a pro-nuclear scientist and were
unimpressed by the assurances he provided regarding the safety features of the plant.[82]
In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme for the youth of India called the What Can I Give Movement,
with a central theme of defeating corruption.[83][84]
Death
On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to
deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth"
at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong. While
climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some
discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a
brief rest.[85] At around 6:35 p.m. IST, only five
minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.[86][87] He was
rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical
condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other
signs of life.[86] Despite being placed in the intensive
care unit, Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden
cardiac arrest at 7:45 p.m. IST.[86][88][89] His last
words, to his aide Srijan Pal Singh, were reportedly:
"Funny guy! Are you doing well?"[90]
Kalam at Bijnor a week before his death
Following his death, Kalam's body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to
Guwahati, from where it was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July in an air force C-130J
Hercules. The flight landed at Palam Air Base that afternoon and was received by the President, the vicepresident, the Prime Minister, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal, and the three service chiefs of the
Indian Armed Forces, who laid wreaths on Kalam's body.[91] His body was then placed on a gun carriage
draped with the Indian flag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 Rajaji Marg; there, the public and
numerous dignitaries paid homage, including former prime minister Manmohan Singh, Congress President
Sonia Gandhi and Vice-president Rahul Gandhi, and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav.[92]
On the morning of 29 July, Kalam's body, wrapped in the Indian flag, was taken to Palam Air Base and
flown to Madurai in an air force C-130J aircraft, arriving at Madurai Airport that afternoon. His body was
received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and state dignitaries, including cabinet
ministers Manohar Parrikar, Venkaiah Naidu, Pon Radhakrishnan and the governors of Tamil Nadu and
Meghalaya, K Rosaiah and V. Shanmuganathan. After a brief ceremony, Kalam's body was flown by air
force helicopter to the town of Mandapam, from where it was taken in an army truck to his hometown of
Rameswaram. Upon arriving at Rameswaram, his body was displayed in an open area in front of the local
bus station to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8 p.m. that evening.[93][94]
On 30 July 2015, the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu Ground with full
state honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of
Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.[95][96]
Reactions
India reacted to Kalam's death with an outpouring of grief; numerous tributes were paid to the former
president across the nation and on social media.[97] The Government of India declared a seven-day state
mourning period as a mark of respect.[98] President Pranab Mukherjee, Vice-president Hamid Ansari,
Home Minister Rajnath Singh, and other leaders condoled the former President's demise.[88] Prime Minister
Narendra Modi said "Kalam's death is a great loss to the scientific community. He took India to great
heights. He showed the way." [99] Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who had served as prime
minister under Kalam, said, "our country has lost a great human being who made phenomenal contributions
to the promotion of self-reliance in defence technologies. I worked very closely with Dr. Kalam as prime
minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president of our country. His life and work will be
remembered for generations to come."[100] ISRO chairman A. S. Kiran Kumar called his former colleague
"a great personality and a gentleman", while former chairman G. Madhavan Nair described Kalam as "a
global leader" for whom "the downtrodden and poor people were his priority. He always had a passion to
convey what is in his mind to the young generation", adding that his death left a vacuum which none could
fill.[101][102]
South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late statesman. The Bhutanese government
ordered the country's flags to fly at half-staff to mourn Kalam's death and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage.
Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness, saying Kalam "was a leader greatly
admired by all people, especially the youth of India who have referred to him as the people's
President".[103] Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina described Kalam as "a rare combination of a
great statesman, acclaimed scientist, and a source of inspiration to the young generation of South Asia" and
termed his death an "irreparable loss to India and beyond". Bangladesh Nationalist Party chief Khaleda Zia
said "as a nuclear scientist, he engaged himself in the welfare of the people". Ashraf Ghani, the President of
Afghanistan, called Kalam "an inspirational figure to millions of people," noting that "we have a lot to learn
from his life". Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala recalled Kalam's scientific contributions to India:
"Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost an honoured and ideal personality." The President of Pakistan,
Mamnoon Hussain, and Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and
condolences on his death.[104][105][106] The President of Sri Lanka, Maithripala Sirisena, also expressed
his condolences. "Dr. Kalam was a man of firm conviction and indomitable spirit, and I saw him as an
outstanding statesman of the world. His death is an irreparable loss not only to India but to the entire
world."[107] Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen and Vice-president Ahmed Adeeb condoled Kalam's
death, with Yameen naming him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue to be an inspiration
to Indians and generations of South Asians. Former President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who had made an
official visit to India during Kalam's presidency, termed his demise as a great loss to all of humankind.[108]
The Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, expressed
condolences on behalf of the Myanmar government.[109] The Dalai Lama expressed his sadness and
offered condolences and prayers, calling Kalam's death "an irreparable loss".[110]
Kathleen Wynne, the Premier of Ontario, which Kalam had visited on numerous occasions, expressed
"deepest condolences ... as a respected scientist, he played a critical role in the development of the Indian
space programme. As a committed educator, he inspired millions of young people to achieve their very best.
And as a devoted leader, he gained support both at home and abroad, becoming known as 'the people's
President'. I join our Indo–Canadian families, friends, and neighbours in mourning the passing of this
respected leader."[111] United States President Barack Obama extended "deepest condolences to the people
of India on the passing of former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam", and highlighted his
achievements as a scientist and as a statesman, notably his role in strengthening US–India relations and
increasing space co-operation between the two nations. "Suitably named 'the People's President', Dr.
Kalam's humility and dedication to public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and
admirers around the world."[112] Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed sincere condolences and
conveyed his sympathy and support "to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader, to the government,
and entire people of India". He remarked on Kalam's outstanding "personal contribution to the social,
economic, scientific, and technical progress of India and in ensuring its national security," adding that
Kalam would be remembered as a "consistent exponent of closer friendly relations between our nations,
who has done a lot for cementing mutually beneficial Russian–Indian cooperation."[113] Other international
leaders—including former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Malaysian Prime Minister
Najib Razak, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, President of the United Arab Emirates Sheikh
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and vice-president and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and emir
of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum—also paid tribute to Kalam.[114][115] In a special
gesture, Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon visited the Permanent Mission of India to
the UN and signed a condolence book. "The outpouring of grief around the world is a testament of the
respect and inspiration he has garnered during and after his presidency. The UN joins the people of India in
sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman. May he rest in peace and eternity", Ban wrote in
his message.[116]
Memorial
The Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial[117] was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei
Karumbu, in the island town of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra
Modi in July 2017.[118][119] On display are the replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked
with. Acrylic paintings about his life are also displayed along with hundreds of portraits depicting the life of
the mass leader. There is a statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the Veena. There are two
other smaller statues of the leader in sitting and standing posture.[120]
Personal life
Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra (d. 1997), followed
by three elder brothers: Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar (5 November 1916 – 7 March
2021),[121][122] Mustafa Kalam (d. 1999) and Kasim Mohammed (d. 1995).[123] He was extremely close to
his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of
money to his older relations, himself remaining a lifelong bachelor.[123][124]
Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.[124][125] He never owned a television, and was
in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7 a.m. and sleeping by 2 a.m.[126] His few personal possessions included his
books, his veena, some articles of clothing, a CD player and a laptop; at his death, he left no will, and his
possessions went to his eldest brother, who survived him.[127][128]
Religious and spiritual views
Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.[129] He made his own spiritual
journey the subject of his final book, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh
Swamiji.[130][131]
Islam
A proud and practising Sunni Muslim, daily namaz and fasting during Ramadan were integral to Kalam's
life.[9][132][133] His father, the imam of a mosque in his hometown of Rameswaram, had strictly instilled
these Islamic customs in his children.[9] His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of
interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A. P. Jainulabdeen, an imam,
Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used
to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."[130][134] Such early exposure convinced
Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the
country's religious, social, and political leaders.[132] Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other
faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, he was fond of saying: "For great men, religion is a way
of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."[135]
Syncretism
One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect
of his legacy, is the syncretism he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and
cultural traditions of India.[132][133][136][137] In addition to his faith in the Quran and Islamic practice,
Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions; he learnt Sanskrit,[138][139] read the Bhagavad Gita[140][141]
and he was a vegetarian.[142] Kalam also enjoyed writing Tamil poetry, playing the veena (an Indian string
instrument),[143] and listening to Carnatic devotional music every day.[133] In 2002, in one of his early
speeches to Parliament after becoming president, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that
"during the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... and I would like to endeavour
to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country".[136] Describing
Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions, Congress leader Shashi Tharoor stated, "Kalam was a complete
Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity".[133] BJP leader L. K. Advani
concurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the
cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity. This was most strikingly
evident in the second-to-last book he published, presciently titled Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences
with Pramukh Swami".[137]
Pramukh Swami as Guru
Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders to help create a more prosperous, spiritual, and unified India was
what initially led him to meet Pramukh Swami, the Hindu guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya,
who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru.[130][132] The first of eight
meetings between Kalam and Pramukh Swami over a fourteen-year period took place on 30 June 2001, in
New Delhi, during which Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and
spiritual purity.[144] Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous
interactions. One such incident occurred the day following the terrorist attack on BAPS' Akshardham,
Gandhinagar complex in September 2002; Pramukh Swami prayed for, and sprinkled holy water upon, the
sites of all of the deceased, including the terrorists, demonstrating the view that all human life is sacred.
Kalam recalled being moved by Pramukh Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one
of his motivations for writing Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji.[145]
Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed
transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in
a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in
eternity."[132][146] Following Kalam's death a month after his final book was released, co-author Arun
Tiwari pointed to this passage as potentially prophetic and premonitory of Kalam's death.[147]
Writings
In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge
superpower" and a developed nation by 2020. He regarded his work on India's nuclear weapons
programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.[148]
I have identified five areas where India
has a core competence for integrated
action: (1) agriculture and food
processing; (2) education and healthcare;
(3) information and communication
technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable and
quality electric power, surface transport
and infrastructure for all parts of the
country; and (5) self-reliance in critical
technologies. These five areas are closely
inter-related and if advanced in a
coordinated way, will lead to food,
economic and national security.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam delivering a speech
Kalam describes a "transformative moment" in his life when he asked Pramukh Swami, the guru of the
BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, how India might realise this five-pronged vision of development.
Pramukh Swami's answer—to add a sixth area developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the
current climate of crime and corruption—became the spiritual vision for the next 15 years Kalam's life,
which he describes in his final book, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji,
published just a month before his death.[144]
It was reported that there was considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books
authored by him.[149]
Kalam took an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology, including a
research programme for developing biomedical implants. He also supported open source technology over
proprietary software, predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of
information technology to more people.[150]
Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the
post of scientific adviser in 1999.[21] He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people,
particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to
ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already
available." His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the
heart.[21]
Awards and honours
Kalam received 7 honorary doctorates from 40 universities.[151][152] The Government of India honoured
him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and
DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government.[153] In 1997, Kalam received India's highest
civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of
defence technology in India.[154] In 2013, he was the recipient of the Von Braun Award from the National
Space Society "to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".[155]
In 2012, Kalam was ranked number 2 in Outlook India's poll of the Greatest Indian.[156]
Following his death, Kalam received numerous tributes. The Tamil Nadu state government announced that
his birthday, 15 October, would be observed across the state as "Youth Renaissance Day;" the state
government further instituted the "Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award", constituting an 8-gram gold medal, a
certificate and ₹500,000 (US$6,300). The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day,
beginning in 2015, to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the
humanities or the welfare of students.[157]
On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015 the CBSE set topics on his name in the CBSE expression
series.[158]
Prime Minister Narendra Modi ceremonially released postage stamps commemorating Kalam at DRDO
Bhawan in New Delhi on 15 October 2015, the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.
Researchers at the NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) had discovered a new bacterium on the filters
of the International Space Station (ISS) and named it Solibacillus kalamii to honour the late president Dr.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.[159]
Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of
Kalam following his death.
Kerala Technological University, headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram where Kalam lived
for years, was renamed to A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University after his death.
An agricultural college at Kishanganj, Bihar, was renamed the "Dr. Kalam Agricultural
College, Kishanganj" by the Bihar state government on the day of Kalam's funeral. The state
government also announced it would name a proposed science city after Kalam.[160]
India's First Medical Tech Institute named as Kalam Institute of Health Technology located at
Visakhapatnam.[161]
Uttar Pradesh Technical University (UPTU) was renamed A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical
University by the Uttar Pradesh state government.[162]
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial Travancore Institute of Digestive Diseases, a new research
institute in Kollam city, Kerala attached to the Travancore Medical College Hospital.[163]
A new academic complex at Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala.[164]
Construction of Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City started in Patna in February 2019.[165]
A new science centre and planetarium in Lawspet, Puducherry.[166]
India and the US have launched the Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship in September
2014. The first call for applicants was announced on Friday, 12 March 2016, for the
fellowship which will enable up to 6 Indian PhD students and post-doctoral researchers to
work with US host institutions for a period of 6–12 months. The fellowship will be operated
by the binational US-India Educational Foundation (USIEF) under the Fulbright
programme.[167]
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Planetarium in Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha was named after him.
Island
Wheeler Island, a national missile test site in Odisha, was renamed Abdul Kalam Island in September
2015.[168]
Road
A prominent road in New Delhi was renamed from Aurangzeb Road to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam
Road[169][170] in August 2015.[171]
Plant species
In February 2018, scientists from the Botanical Survey of India named a newly found plant species as
Drypetes kalamii, in his honour.[172]
Other awards and honours
Year of award or
honour
Name of award or honour
Awarding organisation
2014
Honorary professor
Beijing University, China[173]
2014
Doctor of Science
Edinburgh University, UK[174]
2013
Von Braun Award
National Space Society[175]
2012
Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa)
Simon Fraser University[176]
2011
IEEE Honorary Membership
IEEE[177]
2010
Doctor of Engineering
University of Waterloo[178]
2009
Honorary Doctorate
Oakland University[179]
2009
Hoover Medal
ASME Foundation, USA[180]
2009
International von Kármán Wings Award
California Institute of Technology, USA[181]
2008
Doctor of Science
Universiti Sains Malaysia[182]
2008
Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa)
Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore[183]
2008
Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa)
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh[184][185]
2007
Honorary Doctorate of Science and
Technology
Carnegie Mellon University[186]
2007
King Charles II Medal
Royal Society, UK[187][188][189]
2007
Honorary Doctorate of Science
University of Wolverhampton, UK[190]
2000
Ramanujan Award
Alwars Research Centre, Chennai[191]
1998
Veer Savarkar Award
Government of India[13]
1997
Indira Gandhi Award for National
Integration
Indian National Congress[13][191]
1997
Bharat Ratna
President of India[191][192]
1995
Honorary Fellow
National Academy of Medical
Sciences,[193]
1994
Distinguished Fellow
Institute of Directors (India)[194]
1990
Padma Vibhushan
Government of India[191][195]
1981
Padma Bhushan
Government of India[191][195]
Legacy
Books, documentaries and popular culture
Kalam's writings
Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A P J Abdul Kalam and
Roddam Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988.[196]
India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A P J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan; New York,
1998.[197]
Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A P J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press,
1999.[11]
Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India by A P J Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.[198]
The Luminous Sparks by A P J Abdul Kalam, by; Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd., 2004.[199]
Mission India by A P J Abdul Kalam, Paintings by Manav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005[200]
Inspiring Thoughts by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal & Sons, 2007[201]
Indomitable Spirit by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal & Sons Publishing[202]
Envisioning an Empowered Nation by A P J Abdul Kalam with A Sivathanu Pillai; Tata
McGraw-Hill, New Delhi[203]
You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond by A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari;
Ocean Books, 2011.[204]
Turning Points: A journey through challenges by A P J Abdul Kalam; HarperCollins India,
2012.[205]
Target 3 Billion by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; December 2011 (Publisher:
Penguin Books).
My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions by A P J Abdul Kalam; 2014 by the Rupa
Publication.[206]
A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020 by A P J Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj; July
2014 by HarperCollins.[207]
Forge your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring by A P J Abdul Kalam; by Rajpal & Sons, 29
October 2014.[208]
Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal
Singh; by Penguin India, 14 May 2015.[209]
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji by A P J Abdul Kalam with
Arun Tiwari; HarperCollins Publishers, June 2015[210]
Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal
Singh; HarperCollins Publishers,15 October 2015.[211]
Biographies
Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam by S Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[212]
President A P J Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.[213]
A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by K Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp,
2002.[214]
A Little Dream (documentary film) by P. Dhanapal; Minveli Media Works Private Limited,
2008.[215]
The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President by P M Nair; HarperCollins, 2008.[216]
My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A K George; Novel Corporation, 2009.[217]
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life by Arun Tiwari; Harper Collins, 2015.[218]
The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam by S M Khan; Bloomsbury Publishing,
2016.[219]
Popular culture
In the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but
bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.[220]
My Hero Kalam is a 2018 Indian Kannada-language biographical film by Shivu Hiremath
which portrays his life from childhood to the Pokhran tests.[221]
People's President is a 2016 Indian documentary feature film directed by Pankaj Vyas which
covers the life of Kalam. It was produced by the Government of India's Films Division.[222]
Mega Icons (2018–2020), a documentary television series about prominent personalities of
India which aired on National Geographic, based the third episode – "APJ Abdul Kalam" –
on Kalam's life and his ascendancy to India's presidency.[223]
Soorarai Pottru, a 2020 film about the Indian aviation industry had a look-alike of Kalam,
Sheik Maideen, portraying him.[224]
Rocket Boys[225], an Indian Hindi-language Biographical streaming television series on
SonyLIV. The character of Kalam was played by Arjun Radhakrishnan.
See also
2002 Indian presidential election
List of presidents of India
Pokhran-II
The Greatest Indian
References
Footnotes
1. Appointed for 2002 Presidential Elections as an Independent Candidate; in coalition with
NDA, during Vajpayee Government
Citations
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External links
Official website (http://www.abdulkalam.com/)
Website of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam during his tenureship as the President of India (http://abdulk
alam.nic.in/profile.html), hosted by the National Informatics Centre
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1527897/) at IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam&oldid=1158562606"