高雄醫學大學 102 學年度學生轉系考試【普通生物學】試題
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選擇題：共 50 題，每題 2 分
1. Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that are secreted from the cell?
A) Golgi apparatus B) rough ER C) lysosome D) plasmodesmata E) free cytoplasmic ribosomes
2. A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It
could be a cell from
A) any kind of organism
B) a bacterium
C) nearly any eukaryotic organism
D) an animal, but not a plant
E) a multicellular organism, but not a unicellular organism
3. During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential
energy contained in glucose is
A) transferred to ADP
B) transferred directly to ATP
C) stored in the NADH produced
D) retained in the two pyruvates
E) used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose 6-phosphate
4. Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells?
A) mitochondrial inner membrane
B) mitochondrial outer membrane
C) mitochondrial intermembrane space
D) mitochondrial matrix
E) cytosol
5. Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would
have increased levels of
A) ATP B) cAMP C) adenylyl cyclase D) activated G proteins E) phosphorylated proteins
6. Apoptosis involves all of the following except
A) cell-signaling pathways
B) activation of cellular enzymes
C) fragmentation of the DNA
D) digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells
E) lysis of the cell
7. Which of the following statements about steroid receptors is false?
A) The receptors are localized in the plasma membrane.
B) The receptors undergo a conformational change after binding the steroid.
C) Once the steroid binds the receptor, the steroid/receptor complexes dimerize.
D) Steroid receptors can be transported into the nucleus.
E) Steroid receptors act as transcriptional factors, regulating the expression of certain genes.
高雄醫學大學 102 學年度學生轉系考試【普通生物學】試題
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8. Place the following events of mitosis in the correct order.
I. Sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate.
II. The cleavage furrow forms.
III. The nuclear membrane breaks up.
IV. Sister chromatids condense.
V. Sister chromatids separate.
A) I, II, III, IV, V B) III, IV, I, V, II C) IV, I, III, V, II D) III, II, I, IV, V E) IV, III, I, V, II
9. Proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, and that show fluctuations in concentration during the cell
cycle, are called
A) actins B) tubulins C) cyclins D) cyclin-dependent kinases E) growth factors
10. Which of the following statements about human sexual life cycle is false?
A) Gametes are the only haploid cells.
B) Gametes cannot divide by mitosis.
C) Gametes are the only cells produced by meiosis.
D) The zygote is the only diploid cells.
E) The zygote can divide by mitosis.
11. What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants?
A) There is considerable genetic variation in garden peas.
B) Recessive genes occur more frequently in the F1 generation than do dominant ones.
C) Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of "blending."
D) Genes are composed of DNA.
E) An organism that is homozygous for many recessive traits is at a disadvantage.
12. In certain plants, tall is dominant to short. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the
probability that the offspring will be short?
A) 0 B) 1/2 C) 1/4 D) 1/6 E) 1
13. If one nondisjunction event occurs in meiosis II during gametogenesis, what will be the result at the completion of
meiosis?
A) All the 4 gametes will be diploid (2n).
B) 2 of the 4 gametes will be 2n, and 2 will be n.
C) 2 of the 4 gametes will be n + 1, and 2 will be n - 1.
D) 2 of the 4 gametes will be n + 1 and n – 1, and 2 will be n.
14. Individuals with the disorder xeroderma pigmentosum are hypersensitive to sunlight. This occurs because their cells
are impaired in what way?
A) They cannot replicate DNA.
B) They cannot repair thymine dimers.
C) They cannot undergo mitosis.
D) They cannot exchange DNA with other cells.
E) They do not recombine homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
高雄醫學大學 102 學年度學生轉系考試【普通生物學】試題
15. What is a ribozyme?
A) an RNA with enzymatic activity
B) an enzyme that modifies ribosomal RNA
C) an enzyme that uses RNA as a substrate
D) an enzyme that synthesizes RNA during the transcription process
E) an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers during DNA replication
16. Alternative RNA splicing
A) is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription.
B) is a mechanism for increasing the rate of translation.
C) can allow the production of different proteins from a single pre-mRNA.
D) is due to the presence or absence of particular snRNPs.
17. Which of the following statements about microRNAs is false?
A) MicroRNAs are short RNA molecules.
B) MicroRNAs are formed by cleavage of hairpin loops in a larger precursor.
C) MicroRNAs have internal complementary base pairs, folding into cloverleaf patterns.
D) MicroRNAs silence the expression of specific mRNAs.
E) MicroRNAs are found in plants and animals.
18. Which of the following statements describes proto-oncogenes?
A) Their normal function is to suppress tumor growth.
B) They are introduced to a cell initially by retroviruses.
C) They are produced by somatic mutations induced by carcinogenic substances.
D) They often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle.
E) They are underexpressed in cancer cells.
19. Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they
A) contain different genes.
B) express different genes.
C) use different genetic codes.
D) have unique ribosomes.
E) have different chromosomes.
20. What are prions?
A) mobile segments of DNA
B) tiny molecules of RNA that infect plants
C) misfolded versions of normal brain protein
D) viruses that invade bacteria
21. The reason for using Taq polymerase for PCR is that
A) only minute amounts are needed for each cycle of PCR.
B) it binds more readily than other polymerases to primer.
C) it is heat stable and can withstand the high temperature of PCR.
D) it can use RNA as template to synthesize DNA.
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高雄醫學大學 102 學年度學生轉系考試【普通生物學】試題
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22. Why might the cricket genome have 11 times more base pairs than that of fruit fly?
A) The two insect species evolved at very different geologic eras.
B) Fruit flies are more complex organisms.
C) Crickets must make many more proteins.
D) Crickets must have more noncoding DNA.
23. What characteristic of short tandem repeat DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting?
A) The number of repeats varies widely from individual to individual.
B) The sequence of repeats varies widely from individual to individual.
C) The sequence variation is acted upon differently by natural selection in different environments.
D) Every racial group has inherited different short tandem repeats.
24. What is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection?
1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals.
2. Genetic variation is present in a population.
3. Genetic frequencies within the population change.
4. A change occurs in the environment.
A) 4 → 1 → 3 → 2 B) 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 C) 2 → 1 → 4 → 3 D) 2 → 4 → 3 → 1 E) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3
25. In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36
purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for
this population?
A) 0.25 B) 0.36 C) 0.64 D) 0.80
26. The recessive allele that causes phenylketonuria (PKU) is harmful. What maintains the presence of this harmful allele
in a population's gene pool?
A) heterozygote advantage B) diploidy C) stabilizing selection D) balancing selection
27. Which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic, and therefore unacceptable, based on cladistics?
A) Monera B) Protista C) Plantae D) Fungi E) Animalia
28. The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of
A) golden algae B) diatoms C) dinoflagellates D) green algae E) brown algae
29. Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of
A) origin of the plastids from cyanobacteria
B) fusion of plastids
C) evolution from mitochondria
D) secondary endosymbiosis
E) budding of the plastids from the nuclear envelope
30. The following are all adaptations to life on land except
A) cuticles B) tracheids C) seeds D) reduced gametophyte generation
E) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
高雄醫學大學 102 學年度學生轉系考試【普通生物學】試題
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31. How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?
A) by nourishing the plants that make them
B) by attracting insects to the pollen inside
C) by facilitating dispersal of seeds
D) by producing triploid cells via double fertilization
E) by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat
32. What do fungi and arthropods have in common?
A) Both groups have cell walls.
B) Both groups are commonly coenocytic.
C) The haploid state is dominant in both groups.
D) The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin.
33. Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?
A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange.
B) It prolongs embryonic development.
C) It provides insulation to conserve heat.
D) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment.
E) It allows internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.
34. A plant seedling bends toward sunlight because
A) there is more auxin on the light side of the stem.
B) auxin is destroyed more quickly on the dark side of the stem.
C) auxin is found in greatest abundance on the dark side of the stem.
D) auxin migrates to the lower part of the stem due to gravity.
E) gibberellins produced at the stem tip cause phototropism.
35. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback control in homeostasis?
A) During the birth process, stretch receptors in the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. This
hormone stimulates uterine muscle contraction that increases stimulation of the stretch receptors.
B) Blood volume and pressure drop due to bleeding. This decreased pressure causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption to
increase blood volume and pressure.
C) Glucose levels rise following consumption of a big dessert, triggering release of insulin which causes glucose levels to fall.
D) Blood levels of glucose fall during sustained exercise, causing the release of glucagon which stimulates the release of glucose
into the blood.
36. The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps
A) Na+ and K+ out of the cell.
B) Na+ and K+ into the cell.
C) Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell.
D) Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell.
37. Which of the following are not important in chemical synapses?
A) gap junctions B) secretory vesicles C) neurotransmitters D) specific neurotransmitter receptors
E) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
高雄醫學大學 102 學年度學生轉系考試【普通生物學】試題
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38. You turn on the shower and check the water temperature with your hand. Your brain is able to monitor increasing
temperature because the thermosensitive neurons in your skin
A) gradually adapt to the stimulus.
B) transmit action potentials to different brain regions.
C) transmit bigger action potentials to the brain when the water warms up.
D) transmit action potentials at a greater rate when the water warms up.
39. What is the primary function of the transverse tubules?
A) Form cross-bridges between actin and myosin during muscle contraction.
B) Attach troponin to tropomyosin.
C) Attach muscle fibers to skeletal elements to exert force.
D) Conduct action potentials from the surface of muscle fiber to internal regions near myofibrils.
E) Act as a channel for Ca2+ ions during excitation-contraction coupling.
40. Which of the following is not a reason respiration in water is challenging?
A) Water is very dense relative to air.
B) Water holds relatively little oxygen compared to air.
C) Water moving over thin respiratory epithelial surfaces can create osmotic challenges.
D) Dessication of respiratory surfaces is a significant problem.
41. Diving mammals like whales and seals experience frequent periods when they are not able to breathe air. Which of the
following is a muscle adaptation they show to this challenge?
A) increased capillary densities
B) increased myoglobin concentrations
C) increased amounts of sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) increased expression of acetylcholine receptors
42. Consider a tadpole becoming a toad. You would expect to find it changing its form of nitrogenous waste from ______
to______.
A) ammonia, urea B) urea, ammonia C) urea, uric acid D) uric acid, urea E) uric acid, ammonia
43. All of the following are functions of the mammalian kidney except
A) water retention B) filtration of blood C) excretion of nitrogenous waste
E) production of urea
D) regulation of salt balance in the blood
44. Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity?
A) the pituitary gland B) parathyroid glands C) salivary glands D) the pancreas
E) adrenal glands
45. Sexual reproduction
A) only occurs in vertebrates.
B) allows more offspring to be produced per individual.
C) allows a parent to pass on 100% of their genes to offspring.
D) increases genetic variation.
46. Sickle-cell anemia is a human disease that occurs as a result of what type of mutation in the -globin gene?
A) silent B) missense C) nonsense D) frameshift
高雄醫學大學 102 學年度學生轉系考試【普通生物學】試題
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47. Which of the following represents the proper order of events in embryonic development?
A) fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, neurulation
B) fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis
C) fertilization, gastrulation, neurulation, cleavage, organogenesis
D) fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, neurulation, organogenesis
E) fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis, neurulation
48. Which of the following germ layer-structure is mismatched?
A) endoderm-digestive tract B) mesoderm-notochord C) mesoderm-lungs or respiratory tube
E) ectoderm-brain
D) ectoderm-epidermis
49. A doctor discovers that her patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but he is unable to protect
himself against viral infections. The doctor suspects a disorder in her patient's
A) B cells B) plasma cells C) cytotoxic T cells D) suppressor T cells E) macrophages
50. The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by
A) hormones B) evolution C) sexuality D) pheromones