DEGREE PROGRAM
SEMESTER ⅠⅠ ACADEMIC SESSION 2022/2023
___________________________________________________________________________
COURSE : ENGINEERING LABORATORY II
COURSE CODE : EEE 3321
MADE BY:
STUDENT’S NAME
MOHAMMAD HAIKAL BIN NIK ISMAIL
STUDENT’S ID
2220162
AKMAL RIDHA BIN AZHAR
2220838
MEESHAJIT KAUR A/P HARCHARANJIT SINGH
2220151
INTRODUCTION
In this project, we conducted a study on implementing a running light emitting diode using a
PIC16F84A microcontroller and Multisim software and MPLAB Xpress software. The main aim
of the project was to demonstrate the functionality of the microcontroller in controlling an output
LED to create a running light effect. The project spanned half of a semester, starting from week 3
and ending at week 10. Throughout this period, students were able to learn how to install, design,
and program the PIC16F84A microchip.
This mini project is to introduce the basic requirement circuit for PIC16F84A microchip.This
project also teaches to write in C language to the PIC16F84A microchip. A microcontroller is
meant to be more self-contained and independent, and functions as a tiny, dedicated computer. The
advantage of microcontrollers is that the parts-count and design costs of the item being controlled
can be kept to a minimum. They are typically designed using CMOS (complementary metal oxide
semiconductor) technology, an efficient fabrication technique that uses less power.
Microcontrollers are commonly manufactured using CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor) technology, which ensures optimal performance through an efficient fabrication
process. This technique offers advantages such as lower power consumption and improved
immunity to power spikes compared to other methods. Microcontrollers are often referred to as
embedded microcontrollers since they are integrated into embedded systems, which are part of
larger devices or systems. Microcontrollers find application in various fields due to their small
size, low cost, and low power requirements.
In this report we will cover every aspect of the safety steps that relate to the lab work with
comments on the precautions ,provide full coverage of the project supported with clear images and
meaningful aids related to the activity and associated tools, cover all aspects of the design from
related activities with realistic planning, correct cost estimation based on lab work and off-theshelf price.
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SAFETY AWARENESS
Precautions During Soldering Process
Soldering is the most important, necessary and vital process. Its function is to connect all the
components and make it work together. This technique is used to manufacture or repair any
electrical devices and equipment too. A good solder joint should have low contact resistance and
good mechanical strength to withstand vibrations. The process is handled with care and many
precautions need to be followed in order to avoid any fault and injury during soldering. There are
few precautions provide below :
-
Clean the soldering surfaces of dirt, grease, oil or solder residue with wet sponge.
-
Never try to touch the iron part of the solder because it holds a great heat that can hurt
and damage skin.
-
While soldering, apply heat to the lead and not to the board.
-
If any mistakes occur during soldering , the lead can be removed with a solder remover.
-
Before inserting a new component, see that the eye hole is clean and free from excess
solder.
-
Apply solder wire to the lead and not to the soldering iron. Melting solder on iron and
then applying to the lead is not recommended.
-
Use heat for minimum time (not more than 5 seconds). Make certain that the soldering
iron is fully heated. A less heated soldering iron will take more time and damage the
board.
-
After the soldering process , the tip of the soldering iron needs to be cleaned either with a
wet sponge or alcohol to avoid malfunctioning that tip.
Lastly , do not try to repair any damage to the soldering iron because it need necessary skill or
professional people to perform it
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DESIGNING AND PLANNING
(MULTISIM CIRCUIT)
(ULTIBOARD)
To begin the design process, the initial task involves determining the necessary hardware and
software components required for the configuration.Subsequently, a circuit diagram illustrating
the connections between the hardware components is created. Once the circuit diagram is finalized,
the PIC microcontroller is programmed with the programming code. Following the programming
stage, the running light effect is simulated using Multisim. The simulation helps verify the
functionality and success of the design. If the simulation proves successful, the next step entails
transferring the circuit design onto a printed circuit board (PCB). For this project, the printing will
allow for the creation of a compact and well-designed PCB layout.
Then, the next step is to etch the project. In the step to create the connection of each base
component, we need to displace the cuprum by using more electropositive elements such as ferric
chlorite acid to make the path of current flow. Once we made this, we needed to wear the apron
and gloves to make sure we could handle the acid safely. When the etching process is already done,
then we need to rub back the PCB to make sure the connections can be seen. Then for the continuity
test we take the multimeter and test the connection to each terminal.
In the drilling process, it is crucial to prioritize drilling the necessary holes in the base before
proceeding with component soldering. It is essential to exercise caution and prioritize safety
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measures since drilling can be hazardous without proper precautions. Once the drilling process is
complete, the subsequent step involves soldering the components onto the board. The primary
objective of this process is to ensure that all the drilled holes can securely attach the components
to the board. It is crucial to exercise caution when working with a soldering iron as it contains hot
elements that can pose a safety risk, potentially leading to severe consequences. Applying a small
amount of soldering paste onto the soldering iron tip and allowing it to cool can facilitate the
soldering process. Finally, proceed to populate the board with all the necessary components to
achieve a fully assembled circuit.
Then the students are required to write back the programming using C language and load the
program to the PIC using the PIC KIT software. We need to think of animations that vary from
each other. Using the MPLAB software we can rewrite or erase the type of function that just 1
and 0 function. Then the hex file that we had done with the animation will be written to the PIC
using the jumper. The software still needs us in computer skills to make this project successful.
After finishing all the above processes, the test process is being done. The independent sources are
connected together and current let to flow. The process would be tested by the animations that are
made based on the animations created. Then the project finished when the LEDs were lit up with
the form of various animations.
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FINAL RESULT
(2220151)
(2220162)
Throughout the project, students gained hands-on experience in circuit design, programming, and
working with microcontrollers. They learned about the PIC16F84A microcontroller's capabilities
and how to utilize it for controlling output devices like LEDs. Additionally, they developed skills
in troubleshooting and debugging, as they had to identify and resolve any issues that arose during
the project.
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COST ESTIMATION
Component
Unit
Justification
Primary component for emitting
light
Lab Work
Cost per Unit
(RM)
Off-the-Shelf
Cost per Unit
(RM)
0.80
1.00
6.00
7.50
LEDs
6
9V Battery
1
0.1μF Mica
Capacitors
2
Noise suppression and stability
0.30
0.40
10-ohm Resistor
1
Current limitation and LED
protection
0.10
0.15
10μF Polar Capacitor
1
Voltage stabilization
0.40
0.50
Microcontroller
(PIC16F84A)
1
Control of LED flashing pattern
10.00
12.00
Transistor (7806)
1
Voltage regulation and power
supply
0.40
0.50
10 MHz Oscillator
1
Clock signal for microcontroller
0.80
1.00
Copper PCB
1
Base for mounting and
connecting components
8.00
10.00
30.10
38.45
Total Cost Estimation (RM)
Power source for the circuit
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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the project focused on implementing a running light emitting diode using the
PIC16F84A microcontroller and software tools like Multisim and MPLAB Xpress. The main
objective was to demonstrate the functionality of the microcontroller in controlling an output LED
to create a running light effect.
Throughout the project, students learned various aspects, including the installation, design, and
programming of the PIC16F84A microchip. They gained hands-on experience in circuit design
and programming in the C language specific to the microcontroller. This project served as an
introduction to the basic requirements and operations of the microchip, providing a foundation
for further exploration and development.
Microcontrollers, such as the PIC16F84A, play a crucial role in modern technology due to their
self-contained and independent nature. They function as dedicated computers, offering
advantages like compact size, low cost, and low power consumption. The use of CMOS
technology in their manufacturing ensures optimal performance, reduced power consumption,
and improved immunity to power spikes.
Overall, the project enabled students to acquire practical knowledge and skills in utilizing
microcontrollers for controlling electronic devices. Understanding the fundamentals of
microcontroller-based systems and their applications prepares individuals for a wide range of
opportunities in fields such as embedded systems, automation, robotics, and IoT (Internet of
Things).
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