Topic 3. Ethical problems of organ
transplantation
• Organ transplantation – is the moving of an organ
from one body to another or from a donor site on the
patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the
recipient's damaged or absent organ.
Organ transplantation
• Organ transplantation – medical process
where organs and tissues are removed from a
donor and transplanted into someone who is
very ill or dying from organ failure.
• Organ transplantation – a surgical operation
in which an organ is moved from a donor to a
recipient.
• Transplantation is necessary because the
recipient’s organ has failed or has been
damaged by disease or injury.
• The person who donates his or her organ is
called a donor, and the one who receives the
transplant is called a recipient.
• Transplant Recipient – a person who has
received a tissue or organ transplant.
Organ transplants can save lives
• A single donor can save up to ten lives.
Up to 60 lives can be profoundly altered by
tissue donation.
Alexis Carrell
(1873-1944)
• In 1902 the French surgeon
had developed methods for
connecting blood vessels
and conducted successful
kidney transplants on dogs.
• In 1912 Alexis Carrell
received the Nobel Prize for
his work.
Yuri Voronoy
(1895-1961) – the
Ukrainian surgeon
• In 1933 Ukrainian doctor
Yuri Voronoy transplanted
the first human kidney,
using an organ from a
deceased donor. The
recipient died shortly
thereafter as a result of
rejection.
Vladimir Demikhov
• In the 1950s, Vladimir Demikhov
actually created a two-headed
dog.
• In the end, this two-headed dog lived only
for just four days.
In 1967, the first
heart transplant
• Christiaan Barnard – South
African surgeon who
performed the first human
heart transplant operation.
• Recipient died of pneumonia
18 days later.
• In 1954 the first successful kidney transplant was performed by Joseph
Murray. He took a kidney from Ronald Merrick and transplanted it into his
identical-twin brother Richard.
• 1967 – the first successful liver transplant performed by Dr. Thomas Starzl.
• In 1967, the first heart transplant, performed by the South African surgeon
Christiaan Barnard.
• 1969 – First pancreas transplant, by Dr. Lillche, University of Minnesota.
• In 1986, the first successful double-lung transplant was performed by Dr. Joel
Cooper.
• In 1998, the first ever successful hand transplant was performed in France
• In 2005, the first successful partial face transplant was performed in France,
followed by the first successful full face transplant on a man in Spain in 2010.
• 2011 – First double leg transplant, by Dr. Cavadas in Spain.
Face transplant
Isabelle Dinoire (2005)
was a French woman
who was the first person
to undergo a partial face
transplant
57-year-old Charla Nash (2011), who was
mauled by a chimpanzee in 2009
Maurice Desjardins (2018)
A 64-year-old grandfather who had half his face blown off in
a hunting accident is the world's oldest person to ever have
a full face transplant
First double face transplant patient in
France (Jerome Hamon)
Types of transplants
• 1) Autotransplantation – a transplant from one person to
themselves. The donor and the recipient are the same person (as in
the case of a skin graft).
• 2) Allotransplantation – a transplant between two genetically
different members of the same species.
• 3) Isotransplantation – a transplant between identical twins.
• 4) Xenotransplantation – using animal organs for human
transplantation. The donor and recipient are from different species.
Transplant rejection
• A transplant between two people can cause a
rejection process where the immune system of the
recipient attacks the foreign donor organ or tissue and
destroys it.
• To reduce the risk of rejection of the donated organ,
the recipient will probably need to take
immunosuppressive medication for the rest of their
life.
• Immunosuppressive Drugs – a medicine that
suppresses the body's immune response thereby
preventing organ rejection.
Kidneys are the most commonly transplanted
organs
Brain death
• Most organs come from deceased donors. The
most common type of deceased organ donation
is donation after brain death.
• Brain death is not the same as coma. People
can recover from comas, but not from brain
death.
Brain death
• Brain death is the
irreversible loss of
function of the entire
brain, meaning that it will
never recover again.
• Brain death is the
death of a human
being.
• The first standard set of
neurologic criteria for
determining death were
developed at Harvard
University in 1968.
Jemima Layzell – 13-year-old girl who died from a brain
aneurysm has helped a record eight different people,
including five children, through organ donation.
Zion Harvey, the first child to receive a double
hand transplant in 2015
• The first heart
transplant in Ukraine
was performed by
physician Boris Todurov
in 2001.
Organ transplantation in Ukraine
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In 2018 in Ukraine were performed:
kidneys - 95,
liver - 5
heart - 0
lungs - 1
pancreas - 0.