Copperbelt University
Directorate of Distance Education and Open Learning
Master of Public Health
DBS800A: Thesis Serminar
Assignment 12
By
Chikumbi Ndolesha
SIN: 21900803
Lecturer: Dr. Reuben Lembani
21th March, 2023
Assignment: Submit your Research Paper/Article/Review Paper. This is the place
review the progress of your article, so this doesn't need to be a complete paper.
i
Topic: Analysis of factors contributing to the rising prevalence of malaria in the Copperbelt
Province's Kawama East compound.
ii
Contents
1.0 CHAPTER ONE-INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………iv
1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. iv
1.2 Problem statement ..................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Objectives ..................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
1.3.1General Objective ................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.2Specific Objectives ................................................................................................................. 8
1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Rationale of the study ............................................................................................................... 9
1.6 Justification ............................................................................................................................... 9
2.0 CHAPTER TWO-LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 9
2.1 Malaria Burden ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Global Picture ...................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa Picture........................................ Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
2.1.3 Zambia Picture ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.2 Sub-Sahara Africa Region ................................................................................................... 13
3.0 CHAPTER THREE- MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................... 14
3.1 Study design ............................................................................................................................ 14
3.2 Study population ..................................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Study Sample .......................................................................................................................... 15
3.4 Sample Size............................................................................................................................. 15
3.5 Sampling Strategy ................................................................................................................... 15
3.6 Data collection ........................................................................................................................ 15
3.7 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 15
3.8 Data Management and quality ................................................................................................ 15
Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 16
iii
Appendices
Appendix 1: Participant’s information sheet
Appendix 2: Participants Consent Form
Appendix 3: Research Work plan
Appendix 1: Budget
iv
v
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Malaria is a fatal parasitic disease that is contracted through the bite of a female anopheles
mosquito carrying the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. The four parasites that are most
important for public health are, in general, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax,
Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovalea. (WHO, 2018) It is transmitted to humans
through female Anopheles mosquitoes, which require a high temperature climate to thrive.
Thus, malaria is commonly found in a warmer regions of the world that are closer to the
equator, including tropical and subtropical countries. The malaria parasites, which develop in
the mosquitoes, also require a warm environment to complete their growth cycle before
reaching the stage at which they are ready to be transmitted to humans (Ramdzana,2022)
Malaria burden varies from one region to another. The 2021 World Health Organization
report indicates that globally, there are 1.7 billion malaria cases, 10.6 million malaria deaths
recorded in the period 2000-2020. The report further highlights that out of the reported cases,
82% of the cases are from Africa with 95% deaths.
Despite the above presented global picture of malaria burden, there is a significant decrease
in malaria burden among Sub-Saharan Africa. This decrease varies from country to country
and region to region. In some areas, within a region of low malaria burden, some areas
remain hot spots. In South Africa, malaria morbidity and mortality has reduced over the
period of last 10 years. Cases of malaria have reduced by 87% in 2020 compared to 2000.
Mortality of Malaria has also reduced by 91% in 2020 compared to 2000. On the other hand,
Malaria is endemic in Zambia and has long been the main cause of morbidity and mortality.
According to recent statistics, malaria is still the main cause of morbidity and the second
greatest cause of mortality in Zambia, being surpassed by HIV and AIDS. Moreover, up to
40% of infant deaths and 20% of maternal deaths in Zambia are attributable to malaria, which
places a significant socioeconomic burden on the nation and particularly on the populations
living in malaria-endemic areas. (Mutalimaji, 2022) Despite the fact that the disease is an
endemic burden, malaria has significantly decreased during the last ten years. Regardless of
this decrease, malaria remains a significant public health problem in the country with
incidence varying in different provinces of the countries. There is a wide variation in
6
infection prevalence across provinces and districts. Malaria annual reported cases have
declined by 52% and 65% respectively in in 2019 and 2020.
However, the malaria landscape remains heterogeneous, with different levels of transmission
coexisting within communities in the same district and within districts in the same province.
Malaria incidence has declined in some areas but remains largely unchanged in other places
since 2010. Copperbelt province where this research will be conducted, annual malaria
incidence stands at 345.4 per 1000 population. (National Malaria Elimination Strategy, 20171021).
The burden of malaria varies globally, regionally, nationally, and among communities due to
a variety of reasons. These elements differ from community to community. In sub-Saharan
Africa, factors that affect the prevalence of malaria include urban, periurban, and rural areas;
malaria vectors; natural sites for vector breeding; environmental factors; urban agriculture;
household and community factors; implications of vector management; and travel-related
factors. (Prathiba, et al 2017).
In Zambia, factors that affect the prevalence of malaria include current malaria vector control
measures, such as regular use of an ITN and indoor residual spraying (IRS). According to
research by Nawa and colleagues who examined the rise in malaria from 2010 to 2015,
geographic location of residence, such as urban and rural, has been found to be substantially
associated with malaria burden. In order to look for potential correlations between tested
cases and confirmed cases, Mazaba under the Zambia National Public Health Institute
(ZAMPHI) conducted another descriptive study between August 2019 and June 2020. This
study demonstrated that Zambia has a high rate of malaria cases that have been classified as
positive, with 3700892 cases in a span of 10 months and a mean score of
370089.Furthermore, the National Malaria Elimination Strategy, (2017-21) alludes to
seasonal changes as a significant factor associated with burden. The strategy states rainy
season (December to April) lead to highest peak transmission period.
One common factor with all these studies is that Malaria still is a burden in Zambia and the
resurgence of malaria makes one believe that traditional methods of controlling it are
approaching the point of saturation. (Banguero H.1984)
This research will be conducted to analyze these determinants, recommend potential
solutions, and provide a scientific explanation for the malaria burden in one of the townships
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in Copperbelt Mufulira. This is because the factors that determine the prevalence of malaria
vary from one community to the next, from one region to the next, and from one district to
the next.
Finding social and economic elements that might be significantly influencing the problem
either independently or in conjunction with epidemiology or health determinants of the
disease necessitates an evaluation of the situation.
1.2
Problem statement
The nation set an ambitious goal to end malaria by 2021 in the year 2017. Since then, many
packages of malaria elimination key interventions have been implemented in areas, including
Mufulira district, where the study area is located. Case management, malaria surveillance,
chemoprophylaxis, and vector control are among these strategies.
As previously mentioned, factors affecting malaria prevalence differ from place to place,
which is another reason this study is focusing on a specific township and addressing the
factors affecting it. A previous study by Nawa and colleagues examined the rising prevalence
of malaria in Zambia and associated it with age, housing, environment, etc.
Mtalimanja and colleagues conducted a similar study in which economic modelling was used
to track the amount of money spent on malaria-related health care rather than focusing on the
causes. This paper bridges the gap by narrowing it down to a specific study area and analyse
comprehensively the factors affecting the rising prevalence.
Although there have been great advancements in the management of malaria in Zambia
Mufulira District inclusive, the disease still accounts for a significant portion of morbidity in
the Kawama east complex. The reported incidence increased from 891, 903, and 580 over the
past three years (HMIS, 2021). This suggests that either effective malaria therapies are not
being used as intended or that community awareness of these interventions may be low. This
is the reason why a study is necessary to establish the scientific cause.
1.3 Aim/Objectives
1.3.1General Objective
To assess the effects of social and environmental factors on malaria prevelence.
1.3.2Specific Objectives
i. To evaluate the relationship between environmental factors and malaria prevalence.
ii. To determine if there is significant association between behavioral uptake of malaria
preventive measures and high malaria prevalence in Kawama East.
iii. To evaluate the relationship between malaria prevalence and behavioral uptake of
preventive measures
iv.
To evaluate if there is a significant association between social factors and high
malaria prevalence in Kawama East.
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1.4 Research Questions
i. Is there a significant association between environmental factors with high malaria
incidence in Kawama East?
ii. Is there a significant association between behavioral uptake of malaria preventive
measures and high malaria incidence in Kawama East?
iii. Is there a significant association between participant’s demographic factors and high
malaria incidence in Kawama East?
iv.
Is there a significant association between social factors and high malaria incidence in
Kawama East?
1.5 Significance of the study
Regardless of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations’ effort to eliminate malaria,
incidence of malaria cases in Kawama east has been increasing (HMIS, 2021). The researcher
is for the view that reduction in the malaria incidence should be based on directly obtaining
factors that exist in a particular locality. This therefore can be achieved through researches
conducted in all areas where of the country where malaria incidence keep getting higher.
To the district affected with problem, the research will be a helpful tool to the Policy Makers,
District program Managers and other stakeholders battling to eliminate malaria. To the
providers of health care services, therefore Nurses, public health officials and all other health
professionals on the ground, the research will provide first hand scientific evidence to define
what is working and what is not working in malaria elimination agenda.
1.6 Justification
Taking into consideration that these factors contribution varies, the district is therefore denied
with more specific interventions that can be implemented to reduce malaria burden in Kawama
east compound. The findings of this study are therefore of greatest significance to deliver
evidence on determinants of malaria burden in the affected compound. The research is going
to be a guiding stick to the program managers and policy makers to develop interventions
directly associated to the problem in order to improve the indicator.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Malaria Burden
Malaria is a fatal parasitic disease caused by plasmodium parasite which is transmitted
through a bite of an infected female anopheles’ mosquito. Generally there are four parasites
of public health significance which are Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Vivax,
Plasmodium Malariae and Plasmodium Ovalea.(WHO,2018) It is transmitted to humans
through female Anopheles mosquitoes, which require a high temperature climate to thrive.
Thus, malaria is commonly found in a warmer regions of the world that are closer to the
9
equator, including tropical and subtropical countries. The malaria parasites, which develop in
the mosquitoes, also require a warm environment to complete their growth cycle before
reaching the stage at which they are ready to be transmitted to humans (Ramdzana,2022)
2.1.1 Global Distribution for Malaria
Malaria is distributed worldwide, with the majority of cases
reported from the African continent (88%), Southeast Asian region
(10%), and Eastern Mediterranean area (2%). According to the
World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 300–500 million
cases of malaria are reported each year, with approximately one
million deaths, and these occur particularly in developing
countries. Most of the deaths are reported among young children.
However, the World Malaria Report 2015 reported that the global
incidence of malaria decreased by 37% between the years 2000 and
2015.Ramdzan,2022
Today some 40 percent of the world’s population is at risk of malaria and the vast majority
live in the world’s poorest countries. The disease is found throughout the tropical and
subtropical regions of the world and each year causes more than 300 million acute illness and
1 million deaths (Zambia National Malaria Elimination Center)
A number of studies have shown that age and sex are significantly associated with malaria infection Malaria
burden varies
from one region to another. The 2021 World Health Organization report indicates that
globally, there are 1.7 billion malaria cases, 10.6 million malaria deaths recorded in the
period 2000-2020. The report further highlights that out of the reported cases, 82% of the
cases are from Africa with 95% deaths.(WHO,2021) Different factors contribute to difference
in malaria burden globally, regionally, countries and among communities. These factors vary
from one community to another. According to Prathiba , etal (2017), determinants of malaria
burden in sub-Sahara Africa includes Urban, Periurban and Rural, Malaria Vectors, Natural
Vector Breeding Sites and Environmental Factors, Urban Agriculture, household factors,
community factors, vector control implications and travel factors. Southeast Asia region
10
contributes 10% of the cases and 2% of deaths to the global picture. Although the worldwide
burden of malaria substantially decreased since 2010, some high-burden countries in Africa
report an increase in malaria cases. According to the WHO, the global targets for 2030 will
not be achieved unless there is accelerated change.( Heinemann, et al,2018)
2.1.2 Morbidity and Mortality in Africa
Nearly every minute, a child under five dies of malaria. Many of these deaths are preventable
and treatable. In 2021, there were 247 million malaria cases globally that led to 619,000
deaths in total. Of these deaths, 77 per cent were children under 5 years of age. (UNICEF,
2023) Malaria is still the major cause of hospital consultations in Western Kenya with an
alarming number of severe forms of the disease among the school aged children at the
epidemic prone setting. Mortalities were higher among <5 children years in high infection
transmission setting and among ≥15 years in low and moderate transmission settings.(
Kapesa et al,2018). . In South Africa, malaria morbidity and mortality has reduced over the
period of last 10 years. Cases of malaria have reduced by 87% in 2020 compared to 2000.
Mortality of Malaria has also reduced by 91% in 2020 compared to 2000.
On the other hand, Malaria burden remains high in Malawi. Malawi is among the top
southern African countries contributing to high malaria burden in Africa. 7.4% of malaria
cases in in eastern and southern Africa occur in Malawi. The country has however recorded a
slight reduction in morbidity from 211 to 208 per 1,000 population in 2019 compared to
2016. It has further recoded 9% death reduction from 0.39 to 0.31 per 1,000 in the same year
(Severe Malaria Observatory, 2020).
In 2020, an estimated 627,000 people died of malaria—most were young children in subSaharan Africa. Within the last decade, increasing numbers of partners and resources have
rapidly increased malaria control efforts (CDC, 2020)
More than 16 million people are at risk of malaria in Zambia. It is estimated that in 2015,
there were over 5 million malaria cases.
Though major achievements have been made in malaria control, the disease remains a
significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Zambia, with one in five children under age
five infected with malaria parasites, and other vulnerable population groups at risk (Zambia
National Malaria Elimination Center)
2.1.3 Malaria endemism in Zambia
In Zambia, Malaria is an endemic disease. Despite the endemicity of the disease, malaria
burden has markedly decreased with the massive scale-up of control efforts in the past 10
11
years. Regardless of this decrease, malaria remains a significant public health problem in the
countries with incidence varying in different provinces of the countries. There is a wide
variation in infection prevalence across provinces and districts. Malaria annual reported cases
have declined by 52% and 65% respectively in in 2019 and 2020. However, the malaria
landscape remains heterogeneous, with different levels of transmission coexisting within
communities in the same district and within districts in the same province. Malaria incidence
has declined in some areas but remains largely unchanged since 2010. Copperbelt province
where this research will be conducted, annual malaria incidence stands at 345.4 per 1000
population. (National Malaria Elimination Strategy, 2017-2021).
2.2 Determinants of Malaria
2.2.1 Global Determinants
Vector control: is a vital component of malaria control and elimination strategies as it is
highly effective in preventing infection and reducing disease transmission. The 2 core
interventions are insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Therefore,
areas of effective vector control are likely to experience less burden of malaria.
Preventive chemotherapy: different chemoprophylaxis for malaria are used globally. These
includes intermittent preventive treatment of infants (IPTi) and pregnant women (IPTp),
seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) and mass drug administration (MDA). These safe
and cost-effective strategies are intended to complement ongoing malaria control activities,
including vector control measures, prompt diagnosis of suspected malaria, and treatment of
confirmed cases with antimalarial medicines.
Case management
Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease, prevents deaths, and contributes to
reducing transmission. WHO recommends that all suspected cases of malaria be confirmed
using parasite-based diagnostic testing (through either microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test).
Diagnostic testing enables health providers to swiftly distinguish between malarial and nonmalarial fevers, facilitating appropriate treatment. To improve case management, different
countries have introduced community management of malaria cases.
Surveillance
Malaria surveillance is the continuous and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of
malaria-related data, and the use of that data in the planning, implementation, and evaluation
of public health practice. Improved surveillance of malaria cases and deaths helps ministries of
health determine which areas or population groups are most affected and enables countries to
monitor changing disease patterns. Strong malaria surveillance systems also help countries
design effective health interventions and evaluate the impact of their malaria control programs.
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2.2.2 Sub-Sahara Africa Region
Urban, Peri urban and Rural Transmission. Dozens of African cities show a clear trend of
increasing malaria transmission from urban to peri urban to rural settings (Robert.V,2003). For
example, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, the P. falciparum parasite rate (PfPR) has been
estimated at 24.1% in the urban center, 38.6% in its periurban surroundings, and 68.7% in
neighboring rural areas (Wang S. J. etal 2005). This is largely because African cities tend to
grow outwards with perimeters consisting of relatively underdeveloped, poorly serviced
settlements. Recent migrants from rural areas tend to bring their rural practices with them,
creating a multitude of vector breeding sites, and poor-quality housing provides less protection
against mosquito bites. However, it should be noted that this is not a universal trend. In
Libreville, Gabon, malaria transmission was found to be the highest in the urban center (EIR
of 87.9 infective bites per person per year) and the lowest in the peri urban surroundings (EIR
of 13.3 per person per year) because of slum-like conditions in the urban center being
surrounded by more affluent peri urban suburbs ((Wang S. J. etal 2005).
Malaria Vectors. Malaria in human’s results from infection by any of five species of
Plasmodium transmitted by approximately 50 species of mosquitoes, all belonging to the genus
Anopheles. In sub-Saharan Africa, most deaths are caused by P. falciparum and transmitted by
An. gambiae and its close relative Anopheles arabinoses. The form is better adapted to rural
and humid forest areas and prefers (Byrne, 2007).
Natural Vector Breeding Sites and Environmental Factors. The heavy burden of malaria in
rural Africa is testimony to the ability of natural breeding sites to sustain vector.
Populations. Natural breeding sites, although less common in urban areas, are nevertheless
present. Field studies suggest that anopheles larvae are most likely to be found in permanent,
shallow, sunlit pools of water of perimeter greater than 10 m (Matthys et al, 2016).
Artificial Vector Breeding Sites. The most numerous sources of mosquito larvae in African
metropolitan centers are generally thought to be artificial, rather than natural, vector breeding
sites [32, 36, and 37]. This is evident in Table 2, which demonstrates that in our systematic
study, references to artificial vector breeding sites were approximately three times higher than
references to natural locations. Citation counts do not prove a comparison to be valid, but a
review of the publications from which these counts were taken (Supplementary Table 1) does
not reveal any glaring bias. In the literature search, urban agriculture (n = 36) received the
highest citations for breeding sites, followed by drains/gutters (n = 9), ditches (n = 8), tyre
tracks (n = 8), and water pipes (n = 6). Also mentioned were water tanks, construction sites,
and swimming pools. Some of these sites, such as tyre tracks and swimming pools, were found
to contain all life stages of An. gambiae, suggesting that they were particularly productive
habitats and were found mainly in poorly-drained, periurban areas.
Urban Agriculture. Urban agriculture has spread into the periphery and heart of many towns
and cities in sub-Saharan Africa over the past ten years. It has the advantage of improving food
security while reducing malnutrition and poverty, but it also fosters the best circumstances for
vector reproduction, increasing the risk of malaria transmission in the area. Due to the creation
13
of shallow water between seed beds, agricultural trenches are excellent breeding habitats, and
in a research conducted in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, anopheles larvae were found in more than
half of the trenches. In a different study conducted in Cote d'Ivoire, it was discovered that rice
fields had the highest potential of harboring anopheles during both the wet and dry seasons
(Matthys. 2006).
Socio-Economic Status. Higher socioeconomic status is associated with several factors that
lead to reduced malaria transmission, from piped water and better refuse collection to better
education, higher exposure to TV and radio prevention campaigns, and increased ability to
afford prevention methods and treatment. These factors contribute to a better awareness of
vector breeding sites, malaria transmission, and control among people of higher socioeconomic
status. The higher socioeconomic status of urban dwellers is a major factor contributing to their
reduced risk of contracting malaria within cities, socioeconomic factors contribute to increased
transmission in poorer areas with slum-like conditions, as seen in Libreville, Gabon (Jarjaval
et al, 2012).
Household Factors. Better-quality housing decreases the risk of malaria as it minimizes entry
points for mosquitoes during the night. To illustrate this, a study in Gambia showed that houses
with malaria-infected children are more likely to have mud walls, open eaves, and absent
ceilings than those with uninfected children. Floors comprised of earth bricks are also
associated with lower malaria risk as inhabitants are more likely to sleep on raised beds to
avoid ground moisture, in turn eluding bites from An. gambiae mosquitoes which search for
blood close to the ground. Interestingly, a study in Burkina Faso found that electricity use was
associated with increased malaria risk, as the alternative of biomass fuel burning produces
smoke that is thought to deter mosquitoes from entering houses. However, electricity use in
better-quality housing would presumably not show this trend (Ndo et al, 2015).
Community Factors. Hygiene, sanitation, and waste collection are key determinants of
malaria transmission which, while household responsibilities, have a community level effect
on disease transmission. As an example, the more the households dispose of waste properly,
the lower the risk of liquid waste collecting in pools of stagnant water and forming vector
breeding sites. In Accra, Ghana, being connected to a toilet was found to be even more
important than waste removal in reducing community malaria mortality. However, toilets are
also potential areas of mosquito activity, and septic tanks within communities are a potential
source of vector breeding sites (Coene,2003)
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study design
The study will be an analytical cross-sectional study to analyse determinants of increased
malaria incidence.
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3.2 Study population
The study population will be households within Kawama east compound.
3.3 Study Sample
The study sample for the research will be household members within Kawama east compound.
The sample will be therefore drawn from 3156 households within the compound.
3.4 Sample Size
𝑁
n= 1+𝑁(𝑒)2
Where:
n= Sample Size
N= Population size
e = error margin (95 confidence level)
𝑁
n= 1+𝑁(𝑒)2
3156
n=1+3156(0.05)2
3156
n=1+3156(0.0025)
n=355
3.5 Sampling Strategy
Multistage sampling design was used to come up with the desired sample size. At the first
stage, the compound will be stratified into 4 stratums based on their locations. Hence eastern,
western, northern and southern strata. To come up with the exact sample size per stratum,
systematic random sampling will be used. The first household per stratum will be selected
conveniently with the remaining ones being sampled systematically using snow ball technique.
3.6 Data collection
Quantitative and qualitative data will be collected using simplified semi-structured
questionnaires administered to household members and heads. The questionnaire will be
subdivided in sections according to the independent variables to be studied.
3.7 Data Analysis
Frequency tables will be used to analyse the mean, standard deviation and other descriptive
values of the demographic variables. The Association between independent and dependent
variables will be analysed using logistic regression. To determine the likelihoods between
variables, odds will be used. Chi square will be used to determine significance association
between variables. All this was done through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)
version 20.
3.8 Data Management and quality
To ensure Data Quality the data capturing tool will be pretested through a pilot study which
will be conducted on 5% of the sample population in a community with similar setup with the
target population. These were health facilities with similar factors to the ones under which the
study was to be conducted. Corrections will be made based on errors that will arise from to the
15
pilot. Furthermore, data capturing tool will be submitted to the research supervisor for review.
Data management and quality will further be attained through orientation of the two research
assistants.
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Appendix 1: Participant Information Sheet
Purpose of the Research
Determinant of with high malaria incidences. A study of Kawama East compound.
OBJECTIVES
i. To determine if there is a significant association between environmental factors with
high malaria incidence in Kawama East.
ii. To determine if there is significant association between with malaria preventive
measures and high malaria incidence in Kawama East.
iii. To determine if there is a significant association between participants demographic
factors and high malaria incidence in Kawama East.
iv.
To evaluate if there is a significant association between social factors and high
malaria incidence in Kawama East.
Who is associated with the Research?
…………………….. Of Public Health student
………………………
Supervisor
Participants’ involvement
Participation in this research will be voluntary. Participants will be administered with a
questionnaire or interview than will take an average of 15 minutes. Questions will be open
ended with some being close ended. For the professional staffs who are key informers, an
interview of not more than 15 minutes will be done.
Collected Material
Collected material will be anonymously represented in the research, publications, reports and
presentations. No legal names will be used. Questionnaires will be coded with either numeric
code or pseudo name.
Interviews and questionnaires will be only accessible by the researcher and the supervisor.
Generated information on the research will only be made available to the public under
request.
Potential risk
You are free to express any of your views in case of any feeling of human right violation
during interview or questionnaire responding.
Participant opt-out
As a participant, you are free to opt out of the study at your own discretion.
For more information: contact the primary researcher: …………………………
Appendix 2: Participants Consent Form
Informed Consent Form for: ……………………………………………..
19
This informed consent form is for …………………… who is a student at
………………pursuing Master of Public Health. It’s academic research were she is inviting
you to participate in research, titled ‘Determinant of with high malaria incidences. A study of
Kawama East compound’.
Certificate of Consent (Participant)
I have been invited to participate in research about analysing determinants of with high
malaria incidences. A study of Kawama East compound’.
I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I have had the opportunity to
ask questions about it and any questions I have been asked have been answered to my
satisfaction. I consent voluntarily to be a participant in this study
Name of Participant__________________
Signature of Participant ________________
Date ___________________________
Day/month/year
For Illiterate
I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the potential participant, and the
individual has had the opportunity to ask questions. I confirm that the individual has given
consent freely.
Name of witness ---------------------participant
Signature of witness ----------------Date ________________________
Thumb print of
Day/month/year
Activitie
s
Appendix 3: Research Workplan
Work Plan
Months
May June July August September October November December
20
Problem
identification
Literature Review
Topic Submission
Proposal Writing
Proposal
submission
Data Collection
Data Entry
Data Analysis
Thesis Defense
Thesis Publication
Appendix 1: Budget
Budget
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Item
Quantity
Stationary
Ream of paper
Pens
Printing
Photocpoying
1 Box
6 Pages
2208 Pages
Unit Cost
6
21
Total
60
60
3
0.5
360
60
18
1104
1.5 Book Binding
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
4 copies
Sub Total
Orientation of reaserch Assistants
Lunch
Tea Break
Transport Refund
350
1400
2942
10Plates
6plates
2
Sub Total
3 Payment of Research Assistants
4 Transport Cost
5 Miscellaneous Cost
Publishing cost
2
50
50
100
500
300
200
500
600
700
2000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
8942
Grand Total
22