OT 505
Quiz One
Study Guide
HIssong, Lape & Bailey Chpts. 1, 2,3, 4,10,11
Chpt. 1- Compare/ contrast inductive and deducting reasoning
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Inductive reasoning: starts with specific observation that eventually forms general theory
o “bottom-up” approach
o Start with interesting observation, looks for pattern of similar observations, develop
hypothesis from pattern, and form base of general theory
o Accepts or believes finding about a situation and then applies belief to all similar
individuals, assuming finding will be true for all
Deductive reasoning: starts with a general theory and ends with a specific conclusion
o “top-down” approach
o Start with general theory, form hypothesis based on theory, test hypothesis, assess
results, and form conclusion
Chpt. 3- Literature Review- thorough review of written material on the proposed topis of study;
essential to design a relevant, original, and timely research study
What is CINAHL?
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The cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature
More than 3,000 journals on topics: OT, PT, and speech and 12 other rehab disciplines
Includes books, book chapters, conference proceedings, audiovisuals, and educational software
PubMed?
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More than 21 million citations to biomedical research from 1948 and includes worldwide
coverage
OT Search?
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Comprehensive database of literature and audiovisual material related to occupational therapy
along with information directly related to literature in rehabilitation, education, psychiatry,
psychology, healthcare delivery, and administration
Psych info?
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Produced by American psychological association
Content classification scheme that divides field of psychology into 16 major categories and 64
subcategories
More than 3.3 million citations, primarily to peer-reviewed journal articles and books pertaining
to behavioral sciences and mental health
Chpt. 4
What is the problem?
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The heart of the study from which all other elements flow
The reason for doing the study
The problem or question that caught your interest in the first place
The issue you want to solve in your clinical practice
What is significance of a study?
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Purpose
Should tell the reader what you hope to accomplish regarding the problem by carrying out your
study
Study is appropriate for the research problem and hat some important beliefs will occur if you
do it
What is importance of the study?
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What your study will do to affect the problem and why your study is important
Tells what makes your purpose worth pursuing
Chpt. 10- Evidence Based Practice and PP on the topic
What is EBP?
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The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about
the care of individual patients
The integration of best research evidence with our clinical expertise and our patient’s unique
values and circumstances
What are the three components?
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Best evidence: the current applicable research available on the efficacy of treatments for
particular diagnoses or conditions
Practitioner expertise: knowledge, skills, and past experiences
Client goals, values, and circumstances: client’s context can encompass his or her cultural
background, personal demographics, virtual communication, stage of life, and physical and
social environments
What are critically appraised papers?
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Short analyses of individual studies
Highlight the purpose, the setting, the participants or sample used, the study design or
methodology, the level of evidence, the main outcomes and findings, any limitations, and how
and why the article was deemed applicable to the question at hand
What are critically appraised topics?
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Summaries of multiple studies on a single topic or practice concern
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Similar to systematic reviews- include synthesis of numerous studies, but generally less rigorous,
more concise, and more limited in focus, with the emphasis on practical application of research
What is a systematic review?
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A summary of all of the literature on a particular topic; summarize existing clinical research on a
topic
What is a meta analysis?
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Combines the data of multiple studies to find common results and to identify overall trends
Quatitative, formal, epidemilogical study design used to systematically assess the results of
previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research
Draw the pyramid of EBP- see text book pg. 135
What is the 5 step EBP Process?
1. Identifying a need and an evidence-based practice question: consider practice setting and
identify practice question
2. Searching the evidence: literature review
3. Appraising and synthesizing the evidence: determine value and relevancy of literature
4. Applying the evidence:
5. Evaluating the project: closely examine outcomes of project to draw conclusions about
treatment and decide if you will continue
How do you conduct a literature review?
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Consider search terms you might use, which databases might be helpful, and time period
Research log
Chpt. 11-Before Implementing your plan and Informed Consent PP
What is IRB?
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Institutional review board
Human participants committee
Responsible for safeguarding the rights of individuals or groups you will be studying
Why do we need informed consent?
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Agree to the study
Understand benefits and risks
Withdraw at any time
What key information needs to be on the informed consent?
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Easy to understand language
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Benefits and risks
Can withdraw at anytime
confidentiality
What does benefits outweigh the risks mean?
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What can be gained is much more significant than what might be lost or risked
What is readability?
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How easy and what grade level the document is
Particpants must be able to understand the informed consent to sign it
What is child assent and when do we need it?
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Informed consent for minors
Child signs the document after you have explained the consent process to their level of
understanding
PICO – what is it and how do we use it?
P: populations- who are you wanting to study
I: intervention- what interventions are you looking at
C: comparison/correlation- what other interventions or techniques have evidence and should be
considered
O: outcomes- what has been measured to show changes, what are the changes?
Finer research problems are:
F: feasible
I: interesting
N: novel
E: ethical
R: realistic
3 types of research- define each of these
Quantitative: numbers, facts, statistical analysis, structured procedures, big pictures
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Designed to collect cold, hard facts
Sample of at least 30
Qualitative: describe more than mesaure
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Impressions, opinions, viewpoints, human voice
Less structured
Delve deep into the topic at hand to gain information about people’s
motivations, thinking, and attitudes
More indepth, patient perspective, going native
Mixed Methods
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Combination of qualitative and quantitative
Information can complement each other
Have numbers- not sure why
Qualitative may provide some insight
Sampling
Consensus: the entire population
Population : an exhaustive group of objects/individuals having one or more common characteristics,
target population of interest to the researcher
Sample: any portion of the population less than the total
Non probability sampling:
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No random selection
Selected based on other criteria
 Location
 Availability
 Convenience
 Uses subjects that are available
 Decreases generalization
Convenience Sampling: any subjects eadily available and willing, opportunistic sampling
Purposive Sampling: subjects deliberated selected for the study based on predefined criteria,
selecting information- rich subjects
Snowball Sampling: informants/participants provide names of others who meet study criteria
Quota Sampling: individuals who are unlikely to be represented are included
Probability sampling: sampling that ensures all members of the population have equal change of bein
selected
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o Parameters of population known
Simple random sampling: table of random numbers is used to randomly select sample
Systematic random sampling: sampling interval width is determined and individuals are
selected, every nth person is selected
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Stratified random sampling: dividing population into hmohenous subgroups and then reandomly
selecting from each subgroup
o Proportional: the percentage of participants from each group is the same as the
population
o Nonproportional: the percentage of particpants from each group in different than the
population
Cluster Sampling: successive random sampling of units is used to obtain sample, divide
population into smaller clusters
Research Ethics
Confidentiality: protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, presonnel records, trade or military secrets, or patient records
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Describe how privacy and confidentiality concerns will be handled
Be sensitive to protect information frm unauthorized observation
How particpants will be notfied of any unforseen findings
Equipose:
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If a new intervention is being tested against the currently acceted treatment, the investigator
should be genuinely uncertain which approach is superior
A true null hypothesis should exist at the onset regarding the outcome of the trial
Autonomy
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The investigator’s obligation to respect each participant as a person capable of making an
informed decision regarding participation in the research study
Each particpant has received a full disclosure of the nature of the study, the risks, benefits and
laternatives, with an extended opportunity to ask questions
Finds expression in the informed consent document
Beneficence
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The investigator’s obligation to attempt to maximize benefits for the individual participant
and/or society
o Minimizing risk of harm to the individual
An honest and thorough risk/benefit calculation must be performed
Justice
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Demands equitable selection of participants avoiding participant populations that may be
unfairly coerced into participating, such as prisoners and institutionalized children
Equality in distribution of benefits and burdens among the population group(s) likely to benefit
from the research
Disclosure
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Particpants informed fully of the nature and purpose of the research, procedures to be used, the
expected benefits, the potiential of reasonably foreseeable risks, stresses, and discomforts,
alternatives to participating in the research
Description of procedures for confidentiality/anonymity.
Availability of compensation and medical treatment whom to contact with questions about the
research study research subjects’ rights
Competence
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The participant must be competent to give consent
If the participant is not competent due to mental status, disease, or emergency, a designated
surrogate may provide consent if it is in the participant’s best interest to participate
In certain emergency cases, consent may be waived due to lack of a competent particpant and a
surrogate
What types of data are protected by HIPPA?
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Names, geographical identifiers, telephone numbers, fax numbers, email, SSN, medical records,
health plans, account numbers, certificate/license numbers, vehicle identifiers, device
identifiers, IP address, biometric identifiers, full face photography
Designing Questionnaires
What does a funnel structure mean?
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Place easy, non-challenging question first
Key filter questions should go in early
Use a funnel structure
Go from basic to more in depth
General questions before specific questions
Go from the least sensitive to the most sensitive questions
But—try and put important questions in before the end
What are demographic questions?
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What is important to know about your sample that makes them similar or different from the
population
Age, gender, education, years of experience, income, geographical information, etc.
Descriptive Research questionnaire
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Purpose is to generate a profile of the characteristics of the sample
Answers questions such as what they frequently do, what they think, and their characteristics
Predictive and Analytical questionnaires
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Purpose is to understand any relationships between variables
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Look for patterns, using correlation techniques, to investigate the relationship between these
two variables
Once research has established relationships between variables it may be possible to offer some
predictions as to future events or patterns of behavior
Measurement Scale Questionnaires
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Purpose is to generate a measurement scale to measure a complex variable
Comprised of a number of statements that can be used to measure the variable
Typically, based on previous research, and then test and refine the scale using data collected
from appropriate respondents, with the aid of analytical methods such as exploratory, principal
components or confirmatory factor analysis
What is a Likert scale?
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Strongly agree, agree, neither, disagree, strongly disagree
Visual Analog scale?
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Select the picture that represents your current pain level
Rating Scale?
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On a scale of 1-7 with 1 being very poor and 7 being excellent
Depends on question and context