“No matter how hard it gets, we’ll always say HELLO to our promise forever” No masterpiece was created by lazy artist so fckin’
move now Krisha Anne
ARISTOTLE’S TRIPARTITE SOUL
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
THE GOOD LIFE
ARISTOTLE’S NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS
Rational
Humans
Sensitive
Animals
Nutritive
Plants
ARISTOTLE (384-322)
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Originally from Macedon
Arrived Athens in 367, Student of Plato
Left Athens in 347, taught Alexander
Returned to Athens 334, founded Lyceum
Left Athens in 323, after death of Alexander
Works on topics: biology, physics, logic, music and art,
politics, ethics, etc.
Wrote dialogues, but only lecture notes survive
Considered “The Philosopher” in Middle Ages
NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS
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OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Greatest Good: Eudaimonia
Eudaimonia and the Human Soul
The Virtues
“The Golden Mean”
THE GREATEST GOOD: EUDAIMONIA
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Every action aims at some good
• Some actions aim at an instrumental good
• Some actions aim at an ultimate good
Ultimate goods are better than instrumental goods
• Instrumental goods (ends) are aimed at only
insofar as they are for the sake of something
else
• Ultimate goods (ends) are aimed at for their own
sakes.
Fame & Honor
Happiness
Critiques
Transient, not complete
Only instrumental, not selfsufficient
Depends on others, not
self-sufficient
Complete and self-sufficient
HAPPINESS?
EUDAIMONIA
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Well-being or doing well
“activity of the soul in accordance with virtue or
excellence” (EN I.7)
More complete than merely feeling good or joyful
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Feeling well in all aspects of life
EUDAIMONIA AND THE HUMAN SOUL
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Human happiness must be uniquely human, or a
distinct human function.
Consider the structure of the psyche:
• nutritive, sensitive, and rational parts
• Which is uniquely human?
Only the rational element is distinctive of humans.
So, human happiness consists of a rationally
directed life…a whole life…
Partlyrational
Non-rational
A virtue (areté) is what makes one function well;
usually understood as a disposition or state of a
person.
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CONDITIONS FOR VIRTUE: FORTUNE AND SUCCESS
Basic necessities, good birth, friends, wealth, good
looks, health, etc.
TYPES OF VIRTUE
1. VIRTUES OF THOUGHT
o wisdom, comprehension, etc.
o Achieved through education and time
2. VIRTUES OF CHARACTER
o generosity, temperance, courage, etc.
o Achieved by habitual practice
Both should be in accord with reason and are needed for
Eudaimonia.
“THE GOLDEN MEAN”
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ULTIMATE GOOD?
Candidates
Pleasure
Wealth
Rational
THE VIRTUES
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A treatise on the nature of moral life and human
happiness, based on the unique essence of human
nature.
Named after one of Aristotle’s son who is thought to
have edited it from lecture notes.
Theoretical
Practical
Will
Appetites
Sensation
Movement
Animative
Generative
Virtue is ruined by excess and deficiency (in
feelings and action)
• Consider health
So, is learned by the mean of excess and deficiency
• A balance or intermediate between extremes
But a “relative” mean*
• Not a geometric or arithmetic average…
• A mean relative to the person, the
circumstances, as well as the right emotional
component (EN II.3 and II.6)
COURAGE
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The right action and emotional response in the
face of danger
Fool-heartiness or rashness is an excess of the
emotional and/or proper action; (doesn’t properly
appreciate the danger, not fearful)
Cowardice is the deficiency of proper emotion
(motive) and action; (the danger is over-appreciated,
too fearful)
SOME VIRTUES AND MEANS
DEFICIT
Cowardice
Insensible
Meaness,
stinginess
Mock-modesty
VIRTUE
Courage
Temperance
Liberality or
generosity
Truthfulness
EXCESS
Rashness
Self-indulgence
Prodigiality,
spendthrift
boastfulness
VIRTUE
Magnificence
(money matters)
Proper Desire
(ambitious?)
Proper Pride
Pleasantness
(friendliness)
EXCESS
Tasteless or
vulgarity
Zealous
WHAT?
DEFICIT
Niggardliness
lazy
Undue Humility
Quarrelsome,
surly
Vanity
Obsequious,
flatterer
Taking on various challenges over and over again, and believing in yourself is the way to make your dreams come true. You can do it! pg. 1
“No matter how hard it gets, we’ll always say HELLO to our promise forever” No masterpiece was created by lazy artist so fckin’
move now Krisha Anne
OTHERS
ALAN TURING
DEFICIT
Shameless
Envy
VIRTUE
Modesty
Righteous
Indignation
Witty
Boorishness
EXCESS
Bashfulness
Spite
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Buffoonery
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INFORMATION AGE
GUTENBERG’S PRINTING PRESS
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printing press was invented by German goldsmith
Johannes Gutenberg around 1440
a device that applies pressure to an inked surface
lying on a medium i.e. cloth or paper to transfer the
ink
hand mould printing press led to creation metal
movable type
a new branch of media was known as “the press”
era of mass communication
permanently reformed the structure of society
• political and religious authorities were
threatened due to the increase of literate
population
• middle class was distinguished
• proto-nationalism had grown due to rapid
increase of vernacular languages
rotary press run by steam and used in industrial scale
printing in 19th century
APPLE 1
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ENIGMA MACHINE
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Communications needed calculations due to
advancing trade and industry
Computers were people who compiled actuarial
tables and did engineering calculations.
During World War II, the Allies, countries that
opposed the Axis powers (Germany, Japan and
Italy): had shortage of human computers for military
calculations
United States mechanized the problem by building
the Harvard Mark 1
• an electromechanical monster 50 feet long
• capable of doing calculations in seconds
British needed mathematicians to crack the German
Navy’s Enigma code
• used by Germans to transcribe their
messages in encryption using a machine
called Enigma
• ENIGMA - looked like an oversized
typewriter
an English mathematician
hired in in 1936 by the British top-secret
Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley
Park to break the Enigma code
code-breaking works became an industrial process
having 12,000 people working three shifts day in day
out 24/7
Nazis had made the Enigma machines more
complicated having approximately 10114 possible
permutations
Turing designed BOMBE
• an electromechanical machine
• made the British able to read all daily
German Naval Enigma traffic by searching
through the permutations
• saved millions of lives since the invention
shortened the war by as much as two years
published paper entitled “On Computable
Numbers,
with an application to the
Entscheidungsproblem,” in 1936
• presented a theoretical machine, called the
Turing machine
• TURING MACHINE - solve any problem
from simple instructions encoded on a
paper tape
demonstrated simulation of Turing machine to
construct a single Universal Machine
• became the foundation of computer
science and the invention of a machine that
can solve any problem by performing any task
from a written program later called a
computer
A generation with “electronic brains” was born by
the 1970s who wanted their own personal computers
(PCs).
In 1975, members of the Homebrew Computer
Club, became eager with the potential of the new
silicon chips
• allow them build their own computers
STEVE WOZNIAK
• built a simple computer around the 8080
microprocessor hooked up to a keyboard
and television in 1976
STEVE JOBS
• called the computer Apple I and sold
replicates of this machine to a Silicon
Valley shop
BILL GATES
• realized that PCs needed software and sold
his Microsoft programs
From 1973 onwards different social media creations were
introduced:
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multi-user chat rooms
instant-messaging e.g. AOL, Yahoo messenger,
MSN messenger, Windows messenger
conferencing and bulletin-board forum system
exchanging e-mails
game-based social networking websites i.e.
Friendster, Myspace, Facebook, Twitter, VK, Tumblr
business-oriented social networking websites i.e.
Xing
messaging, video and voice calling service e.g.
Skype
blogging platform, image and video hosting website
e.g. Flicker
discovery and dating-oriented website e.g. Tagged,
Tinder
video sharing service allowing users to post virtually
everything e.g. YouTube
Taking on various challenges over and over again, and believing in yourself is the way to make your dreams come true. You can do it! pg. 2
“No matter how hard it gets, we’ll always say HELLO to our promise forever” No masterpiece was created by lazy artist so fckin’
move now Krisha Anne
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real-time social media feed aggregator e.g.
FriendFeed
live-streaming e.g. Justin.tv, Twitch.tv
photo-video sharing website e.g. Pinterest,
Instagram, Snapchat, Keek, Vine
question-and-answer platform e.g. Quora
To date, these social-media platforms were just
bought by one company owner to another and were
modified based on the dynamic needs of the users
Development of the information age from the discovery
of printing press to the creation of social media platforms
have impacted our lives individually and the society as a
whole.
The impacts may be beneficial or adverse depending on
how these discoveries were used.
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technology?? (not sure, magulo kay sir ppt)
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NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY
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branch of technology that deals with dimensions
and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers,
especially the manipulation or control of individual
atoms and molecules
This
distinguishes
nanotechnology
from
chemistry where motion of atoms and molecules are
uncontrolled and in random motion.
In nanotechnology, in order to achieve the
preferred control, a special, nonrandom eutactic
environment must be achieved.
Orderly environment just like that of a lattice crystal
is necessary.
study and application that can be used across all
the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology,
physics, materials science, and engineering
It is ‘convergent’ because it brings together
sectors of science that were previously separated
• e.g. (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA silicon
chips, converging between semiconductor
science (inorganic chemistry) and biology,
with applications in the medical industry.
It also involves design, characterization,
production and application of structures, devices and
systems by controlling shape and size at the
nanometer scale.
This technology is ‘enabling’ in the sense that it
provides the platform, and the tools to realize
certain products.
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In medicine, numerous applications of this field:
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more effective drugs for conditions such as high
blood pressure
For contamination of Arsenic in soil and water, a
simple and cheap but effective way of removing the
contaminant with TiO2 nanoparticles.
Availability of a nanotechnology inspired detector
from Washington, which can sense the smallest
amount of radiation, made the detection of a
nuclear leak faster and more accurate at the
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
Chlorinated compounds i.e. chlorinated solvents
and pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
and
brominated
compounds
are
major
environmental contaminants that can be reduced
using nanoscale metal particles, such as FeO and
Fe-Ni in conjunction with iron filings [Fe(0)]
Silver (Ag) has long been known to exhibit strong
antimicrobial properties.
• Its activity has been enhanced with the
discovery that the bactericidal properties of
Ag nanoparticles(1-100 nm) are dependent
on both their size and shape
AGRICULTURE
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In agriculture, novel techniques of nanotechnology
applications are applied to breed crops with higher
levels of micronutrients, to detect pest, and to control
processing of food
• Ultra-small probes on earth surfaces for
agricultural applications and control of soil,
air, and water contamination are also
developed by nanotechnology
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Bio nanotechnology provides feasible solutions
e.g. support of cleaner production methods,
provision of alternative and renewable energy
sources, and
source
reduction
into
the
manufacturing process
APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE
Water purification systems, with nanomaterials
and utilizing new membrane technologies with
variable pore sizes as filters
• forward-osmosis membrane technology of
Hydration Technologies
• used to prepare heat-resistant and selfcleaning surfaces, such as floors and
benchtops.
• Nanoparticles of silicon dioxide or titanium
dioxide can also make a surface repel water,
which prevents stains.
• Detergent molecules self-assemble into a
sphere to form a micelle that allows the
detergent to traps oils and fats within the
cavity of the sphere that eventually aids
washing.
• Zeolites are silicon oxide and aluminium
oxide that have specific nanoporous cagelike structures allowing it to absorb molecules
i.e. heavy metals and compounds that cause
odor
For everyday life?? (not sure, magulo kay sir ppt)
To decipher how nanotechnology works, 3 DIMENSIONS
must be considered:
1. tangible object which include materials, devices
and system;
2. passive, static objects i.e. nanoparticles that have
properties different to bulk objects even if they have
the same composition; the active devices i.e. those
that can store information, induce energy or change
its state; and the nanofacture which refers to
atomically precise manufacturing (APM) i.e.
collection of instruments and procedures
3. DIRECT NANOTECHNOLOGY - which refers to
materials structured at nanoscale components;
extends also to indirect nanotechnology which can
be used in huge applications but start with
nanoparticles i.e. hugely powerful information
processors with individual nanoscale components
assisted by the view of these molecules afforded by
X-ray lasers
simulate biological mechanisms to monitor a
cancer cell while it is treated by drug-bearing
nanoparticles
“nanobots”, molecular-scale workers that can
employ molecular processes within cells which
eventually can deliver drugs to specific molecular
sites or even carry out surgery
diagnose prevalent contagious diseases like HIV/
AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, etc. with screening
devices using nanotechnology
Taking on various challenges over and over again, and believing in yourself is the way to make your dreams come true. You can do it! pg. 3
“No matter how hard it gets, we’ll always say HELLO to our promise forever” No masterpiece was created by lazy artist so fckin’
move now Krisha Anne
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Nanotechnology helps in energy consumption like
in the use of graphene into a coating material
resulting in the need for only one layer, which does
not require a multifunctional film coating.
Nanoscale chemical reagents or catalysts are
smaller in sizes yet increase the reaction rate,
thus lessening input of raw materials
In the lecture given by Dr. Fabian M. Dayrit in 2008
entitled “Nanotechnology: Business and Practical
Applications: Where the Philippines Is and Where It
Should Be”, he mentioned the possible applications
of nanotechnology in the Philippines, namely:
1. ICT and Semiconductors
2. Energy
3. Food
4. Agriculture
5. Environment
6. Health and Medicine
CHALLENGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
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Nanotechnology when used in environmental impact
assessments and in toxicology testing, may bring a
possibility of e-waste bins at recycling centers or
even in sanitary landfills to have intricately
engineered nanostructures that could screen what
happen to these e-wastes to possibly lessen
environmental consequences. This may be feasible
but may be difficult.
The mineral-based nanoparticles found in
cosmetics, paints, clothing and other products are
questioned on how they affect the environment as
they go through sewerage treatment plants untreated
due to their very small diameters.
• They can be carried down by fine silts or
microplastics with both inorganic and organic
pollutants.
• Thus, may even affect our water source
• In the 1980s, a semiconductor plant
contaminated the ground-water in Silicon
Valley, California (Zhang et al, 2011).
CARBON NANOTUBES used in manufacture of
memory storage, electronic, batteries, etc. were
found to have unknown harmful impacts to the
human body by inhalation into lungs comparable to
asbestos fiber11.
• The pulmonary toxicological evaluation of
single-wall carbon nanotubes12 indicated that
it is more toxic than carbon black and quartz
once it reaches lung13 while multifocal
granulomas were produced when rats were
exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes14
Due to its size, nanoparticle will be difficult to be
analyzed and this lack of information and methods of
characterizing nanomaterials makes it a challenge to
detect its concentration in air or in any matrix of the
environment.
• Predicting the toxicity of a nanomaterial rely
heavily on the information of the chemical
structure since minor changes of chemical
function group could drastically change its
properties.
Point to point risk assessment at all stages of
nanotechnology then should be conducted to ensure
the safety on human health and environment.
The risk assessment should include the exposure
risk and its probability of exposure, toxicological
analysis,
transport
risk,
persistence
risk,
transformation risk and ability to recycle, which will
be quite expensive due to the difficulty in detection of
nano particles.
DILEMMA OF UTILIZING NANOTECHNOLOGY
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With the identified potential hazard that nanoparticles
can bring to human health and the environment,
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shall we give up the benefits the technology can
provide the society?
Issues raised may be further studied and
modification of nanotechnology methods may be
done i.e. that of altering the composition of graphene,
known to be one of the most advanced materials for
structural improvement, substitution of silicon for
electronic devices, thermal transferring, and fire
retardant, to become more environmental friendly.
Some studies also found microorganisms that can
decompose graphene to make it less toxic to the
environment (Zhang et al, 2011).
It is imperative therefore, that the society is given
a nano safe knowledge on how nanomaterials
BIODIVERSITY AND A HEALTH SOCIETY
BIODIVERSITY
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the variety present in all forms of life
3 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
1. GENETIC BIODIVERSITY
o variation of genes within the species that gives
distinction of one population from another
even of the same species
2. SPECIES DIVERSITY
o variety of species within a particular region
o Similar species are grouped together in
families, families in orders up to kingdoms
3. ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
o the number of species in a community of
organisms
o variations of climatic and altitudinal
conditions and ecological habitats
BIODIVERSITY AND THE SOCIETY
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Society benefits a lot from the richness of biodiversity
Goods and services from the natural systems
• foods, energy, timber and pharmaceutical
products
• regulation of climate, water storage, flood
control, buffering against extreme weather
events, treatment of water and air, regeneration
of soil fertility, decomposition of wastes
HEALTH AND MEDICINE
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2600 B.C., natural products i.e. Cupressus
sempervirens (Cypress) and Commiphora species
(myrrh) for coughs, colds and inflammation
Healing rituals and treatments of injuries resulted
from wars or accidents
Over 700 plant-based drugs ranging from gargles,
pills, infusions, to ointments were used by Egyptians
Chinese in 1100 B.C. up to 659 A. D. utilized from
365 up to as high as drugs 850 drugs from natural
products
In 100 A. D., Greeks recorded the collection, storage
and the uses of medicinal herbs up to 300 B.C.
During the Dark and Middle Ages the monasteries
in England, Ireland, France and Germany preserved
this Western knowledge on treating illnesses.
Arabs preserved the Greco-Roman practice and
expanded the uses of their own resources, and
mixed with Chinese and Indian herbs
plant genus Salvia used by Indian tribes of
southern California as an aid in childbirth and it
gives high immune from all respiratory ailments
Alhagi maurorum Medik (Camels thorn)
• secretes a sweet, gummy material from the
stems and leaves called “manna” during hot
days
• contains melezitose, sucrose and invert sugar
and claimed to treat anorexia, constipation,
Taking on various challenges over and over again, and believing in yourself is the way to make your dreams come true. You can do it! pg. 4
“No matter how hard it gets, we’ll always say HELLO to our promise forever” No masterpiece was created by lazy artist so fckin’
move now Krisha Anne
dermatosis, epistaxis, fever, leprosy, and
obesity
Israelis also took the extract from roots for diarrhea
The Konkani people smoked the plant for the
treatment of asthma
Romans used the plant for nasal polyps
plant Ligusticum scoticum Linnaeus
• protect a person from infection
• the root was a cure for flatulence, an
aphrodisiac and was used as a sedative in the
Faeroe Islands
anti-inflammatory agent, acetylsalicylic acid
known as aspirin
1870s: crude morphine from the plant P.
somniferum, used as painkiller
10th century to 1700s: active constituent digitoxin
derived from Digitalis purpurea L. (foxglove) in
Europe and used in congestive heart failure
1942 to 1944: penicillin G
1970s: the production of bacterial strains
supersensitive to β-lactams, tests for the inhibition
of β-lactamases and specificity for sulphurcontaining metabolites
• novel antibiotic structural classes i.e.
norcardicins, carbapenems and monobactams
• isolation of the antibiotics, norcardicin,
imipenem and aztreonam
• 25, 000 species of basidomycetes and
Ascomycota: antiviral, cytotoxic, antineoplastic,
cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, immunestimulating and anticancer activities
• Fungi, microorganisms found in trees, grasses,
algae and herbaceous plants and live in the
intercellular spaces of plant stems, petioles,
roots and leaves
1994: oral formulation of pilocarpine for dry mouth
(xerostomia)
1998: an autoimmune disease that damages the
salivary and lacrimal glands called Sjogren's
syndrome
2004: drug quinine was isolated from the bark
of Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex Klotsch to treat
malaria
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FOOD
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hunting and foraging what’s available in their
habitat, fishing
cultivation started 12,000 years ago
domestication of animals a thousand years after
agriculture and cultivation of animal food
cultivate desired species of crops and animals
suitable for consumption
prevention of diseases that could affect food supply
invention of different ways to cook and prepare
meals
more hunting, fishing and even more lands to be
used in agriculture.
healthy ecosystems to provide foods daily for our
consumption
Biodiversity is necessary for most of our important
crops, though most of them are wind-pollinated,
about 39 of the leading 57 global crops need birds
and insects as pollinators.
➢ AGROBIODIVERSITY
o the biodiversity resulted from planned agricultural
crops or livestock
• i.e. genetic biodiversity of varieties of
organisms
• farmers planning result to resistance to
disease, tolerance to extreme climate
conditions
• important for food security in the event of
flood, drought or infestation of pests
ENERGY
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Heat energy from fire y for survival against cold
harsh environment and for cooking and for
communication in the form of smoke in 770000 BC.
In 1000 BC, coal: northeastern China for heating
and cooking purposes
• Romans and Northern Native Americans
In 400 BC, water energy or hydro power was used
for powering machineries and for irrigation by the
Ancient Greeks and Romans.
In 347 AD, China: oil wells using extensive
bamboo pipelines with depths 800 feet for lighting
and heating
In 1000: Persian: first windmills to pump water
and grind grain
By 1300, windmills began to form the modern
pinwheel shape in Western Europe
1590s, the Dutch: most efficient version of the
windmill
• for navigation through bodies of water
• Ancient Chinese for water pumps
• Middle Eastern civilizations for grinding crops
In 1600s, coal and the British discovered that
cooking coal transforms it into hot-burning coke
In 1700s, coal began to replace other energy
sources became the primary source of energy
around the world.
In 1820s, natural gas was used as a source of light
In 1830s, the electric generator, motor and relay
were developed based off of Michael Faraday’s
discovery of electromagnetism
In 1850s, commercial oil was drilled and led to
distillation of kerosene from petroleum
In 1860s, Augustine Mouchot developed the first
solar powered system for industrial machinery
In 1892, the first utilization of geothermal heat to
power was done.
In 1942, the first nuclear fission reactor was
designed and built.
In the 19th century and 20th century, the utilization of
coal energy
• led to shaping up the industrial era of
developing countries
No direct effect on biodiversity yet
As early as 1973, the effects on the environment and
the risk of potential accidents alarmed many
environmental organizations
In 1979, a nuclear reactor accident at Three Mile
Island near Middletown, Pennsylvania.
At the end of 1980, the Exxon Valdez disaster in
Alaska became the biggest oil spill in U.S. waters
In 2000s, a number of catastrophic events transpired
i.e.
• climate change
• coal ash spill in Tennessee
• oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
• Fukushima nuclear crisis in Japan
A study conducted by Nathan Jones (2012) shows
that biodiversity has been affected by the usage of
different forms of energy, primarily the fossil fuels.
The effects include:
• Wildlife Mortality
• Habitat Loss
• Fragmentation/Edge Effect Noise and Light
Pollution
• Invasive Species Carbon Storage and
Sequestration,
• Water Resources
WATER STORAGE AND FLOOD CONTROL
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Earliest recorded civilization was situated near
bodies of rivers or lakes, which marks as the
earliest record of water consumption.
Taking on various challenges over and over again, and believing in yourself is the way to make your dreams come true. You can do it! pg. 5
“No matter how hard it gets, we’ll always say HELLO to our promise forever” No masterpiece was created by lazy artist so fckin’
move now Krisha Anne
With increasing demand for potable and drinkable
water, wells began to be used 7000 years ago in
Middle East (Israel) from discovery of groundwater
dug from sands or rocks as well collection of
rainwater.
Rivers and lakes are also used as source of irrigation
of crops
Flood ways are utilized to prevent flooding of
nearby communities and damage of crops
Aqueducts were invented and built by later
civilization such as Roman and Greece to deliver
reliable water supply
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➢ FOREST
o Mixed forest and biodiversity play an
unquestionably crucial role in water
resources.
o Forests provide natural filtration and storage
systems to provide freshwater.
o Roots and leaves of trees create conditions
that promote the infiltration of rainwater into
the soil to fill up the aquifer systems with
groundwater while percolation occurs running
surface water into rivers and lakes.
o Forests play major role in hydrological
cycle by affecting rates of transpiration and
evaporation and water storage in watersheds.
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FLOODING
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Flooding provides critical habitat for fish,
waterfowl, and wildlife, and helps maintain high
levels of plant and animal diversity.
Floodwaters also replenish agricultural soils with
nutrients and transport sediment that is necessary
to maintain downstream delta and coastal areas.
• production of new plant and animal tissue
• plants colonize new areas or take advantage
of the increased light that becomes available
when old vegetation is cleared away
• animals such as invertebrates and fish often
find new food sources
• Major floods in coastal plain areas in
southeastern US in 1994 and in the forested
mountains in Pacific Northwest in 1996
✓ create a much more complex variety
of habitats and biological diversity
Need for flood management that works with the
forces of nature
AIR AND WATER TREATMENT
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Some of the gases considered as criteria
pollutants like NOx and O3, at moderate amount can
bring a healthy ecosystem and can balance
biodiversity.
However, due to excessive concentrations of these
gases, the capacity of the environment to clean itself
and to be resilient lessen.
Decreasing nitrogen deposition enhances plant
species diversity and relative species richness in
grasslands.
Excessive nitrogen stimulates presence of
nitrogen-loving plant species but reduces the
occurrence of plant species adapted to low nitrogen
availability.
Nitrogen decreases the resilience of forests to
other environmental stresses such as drought, high
wind, frost, pests and diseases.
Concentration limit of nitrate in drinking water is
too high to protect natural ecosystems particularly
the plant species.
Widespread exceedance of nitrogen critical
concentrations will adversely affect the structure and
function of the ecosystems.
o
o
o
weakens the resilience of soil and the plants
From 1990 to 2006, there was also an extensive
vegetation damage due to ozone.
When ozone is high, it can promote early flowering,
affecting the synchronization of pollinators and
flowers.
Ozone also damages the leaves of salad crops
reducing their market value.
In 2000, ozone pollution reduced wheat yield by
14% and the tomato yield by 9%.
Negative impacts on vegetation reduces the sink
capacity for carbon dioxide and ozone, enhancing
their atmospheric concentrations and affecting the
global water cycle.
Indirect global warming effect ozone might be of
similar magnitude as the direct effect.
Soils store air pollutants temporarily and thus affects
water purification.
Stored pollutants will adversely affect soil functioning
(e.g. microbes and invertebrates)
Nitrogen leaches from forest soil at a C:N ratio below
23 in the organic layer causing algal bloom and
eventually eutrophication
implementation of regulations and the worldwide
protocols such as Montreal Protocol and Kyoto
Protocol
Cartagena Protocol has ten Pacific parties, Fiji,
Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, PNG,
Samoa, Solomon Islands, and Tonga
• to ensure the safe transport, handling and
use of living modified organisms (LMO)
resulting from modern biotechnology that
may have adverse effects on biodiversity
• adopted in January 29, 2000 and was
enforced in September 11, 2003
• linked to the Convention on Biological
Diversity, which helps to protect Pacific
communities and biodiversity from the
consequences of living modified organisms
• requires having environments in place
through proper legislative frameworks,
laboratory
facilities,
technology
and
technical capabilities
Locally, there should be a tight implementation of
environmental laws being practiced by industries
and communities alike to prevent further damage of
biodiversity from air pollution and water pollution. We
also have to ensure that whatever treatment we
employ, we do not promote just the mass pollution
transfer from one matrix of the environment to
another.
Tight implementation of environmental laws being
practiced by industries and communities to prevent
damage of biodiversity from air pollution and water
pollution
We also have to ensure that whatever treatment we
employ, we do not promote just the mass pollution
transfer from one matrix of the environment to
another.
Taking on various challenges over and over again, and believing in yourself is the way to make your dreams come true. You can do it! pg. 6