Theory
• Ortolano and Shepherd (1995)
• Dissatisfaction with the lack of serious critiques of EIA
• Various models of planning and decision-making. E.g. Lawrence (2000), Leknes (2001) and Bartlett and Kurian (1999)
• The critique of the rationalist model and implication of mainstream EIA
• The form of EIA that emerged in the 1970s and still dominates institutionalized EIA
• rational comprehensive planning theory which dominated strategic and development planning
• bringing stakeholders and communities
• Consensus-oriented models,
which draw on the work of Habermas
• Marxistinspired, analysis of EIA
• The radical end
of a spectrum of current thinking