CHAPTER 42
SELF-CONCEPT
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Wolters
Kluwer
Health
| Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins
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Wolters
Kluwer
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DIMENSIONS OF SELF-CONCEPT
• Self-knowledge: “Who am I?”
• Self-expectation: “Who or what do I want to be?”
• Self-evaluation: “How well do I like myself?”
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MASLOW’S SUBSETS OF ESTEEM
NEEDS
• Self-esteem: Strength, achievement, mastery and competence,
confidence in the face of the world, independence, freedom
• Respect needs: Status, dominance, recognition, attention,
importance, appreciation
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Significance- the way one feels
loved by important to them
COOPERSMITH’S
(1967)
FOUR BASES OF
SELF-ESTEEM
Competence- tasks that are
considered important when
performed
Virtue- attainment of moralethical standards
Power – influence their own on
others lives
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THREE MAJOR
SELFEVALUATION
FEELINGS
• Pride: based on positive self-evaluation
• Guilt: based on behaviors incongruent
with the ideal self
• Shame: associated with low global selfworth
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FORMATION OF
SELF-CONCEPT
• Infant learns physical self
different from environment.
• If basic needs are met, child
has positive feelings of self.
• Child internalizes other
people’s attitudes toward
self.
• Child or adult internalizes
standards of society.
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STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF SELF
• Self-awareness (infancy) self different from environment
• Self-recognition (18 months)
• Self-definition (3 years)
• Self-concept (6–7 years)
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FACTORS AFFECTING SELFCONCEPT
• Developmental considerations
• Culture
• Internal and external resources
• History of success and failure
• Crisis or life stressors
• Aging, illness, disability, or trauma
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• Personal identity (person
description of who they are)
• Personal strengths
ASSESSING
SELFCONCEPT
• Body image (subjective view about
their physical body) adaptive and
maladaptive response
• Self-esteem (how they feel about
themselves) real and ideal
• Role performance (socialetal role vs
role demands)
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ASSESSING
SELF-ESTEEM
• Socialization and
communication
• Significance
• Competence
• Virtue
• Power
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CONTINUUM OF SELF-CONCEPT
RESPONSES
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NURSING STRATEGIES TO IDENTIFY
PERSONAL STRENGTHS
• Encourage patients to identify their strengths
• Replace self-negation with positive thinking
• Notice and reinforce patient strengths
• Encourage patients to will for themselves
• Help patients cope with necessary dependency
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HELPING PATIENTS MAINTAIN
SENSE OF SELF
• Communicate worth with looks, speech, and judicious touch.
• Acknowledge patient status, role, and individuality.
• Speak to the patient respectfully. Address by preferred name
• Converse with the patient about their life experiences
• Offer simple explanations for procedures.
• Move the patient’s body respectfully, if necessary.
• Respect the patient’s privacy and sensibilities.
• Acknowledge and allow expression of negative feelings.
• Help the patient recognize strengths and explore alternatives.
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