Language Building Resource Essential Question: How do objects interact with noncontact forces? Scientific and Academic Vocabulary Preview key words from the lesson with students. For Spanish speakers, point out Spanish cognates. Key Word Cognate Definition Other Forms extremely extremadamente very; a lot extreme law a general rule to explain groups of observations using a word or math statement multiply multiplicar to add a number to itself a specific number of times, for example 4 x 4 = 16 multiplication orbit órbita the path an object travels around another object orbital a little slight slightly Building Language Display the following sentence and have students break it into chunks with distinct meanings: A force must have been acting on the pencil to pull it down. Have students identify the subject (a force) and point out that the general article “a” is not specific and intentionally does not indicate what kind of force. The verb phrase is one large chunk (must have been acting). Help students understand that the structure “must have + past participle” is used to describe something that the writer assumes to be true about the past. It shows that the writer is using the evidence to make a conclusion about why or how something happened. In this chunk, “been acting” uses the past participle of “to be” with “acting,” because the action was also continuous and ongoing–the force didn’t just act once, it is always acting. Remind students that when “act” is used to refer to forces, the preposition “on” follows. The next small chunk (the pencil) uses the specific article “the,” which implies the writer is referring to a specific pencil. Ask students which pencil the writer is referring to (the pencil used in the lab prior to this text). The final chunk (to pull it down) uses the “to + verb” infinitive structure, which is often used to give a reason why the main action happens. Point out that “pull down” is a separable phrasal verb, meaning that this verb + preposition pair often occurs together, but if it is used with an object, it must be separated (“pull down it” would be incorrect). Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Language Building Practice Provide students with images that depict the aftermath of some event (destruction after an earthquake, a broken vase, an aced report card, etc.). Have students create a sentence using “must have + past participle” to explain what must have happened before the image was taken. For students who need more support, provide the frame of the sentence and have students complete it with the correct verb tense. Multiple-Meaning Words Write the pairs of sentences on the board and explain, or have students guess, the differences in the meaning of the underlined words. A gravitational field surrounds Earth. The soccer field was freshly painted. • Module: Forces and Motion • Gravitational Force Page 1 of 1 THIS MATERIAL IS PROVIDED FOR INDIVIDUAL EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND MAY NOT BE FURTHER DISTRIBUTED.
