Republika ng Pilipinas Kagawaran ng Edukasyon REHIYON V (BIKOL) TANGGAPANG PANSANGAY NG MGA PAARALAN NG LUNGSOD IRIGA PERPETUAL HELP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Junior High School Department CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies focusing on the area under study. The researcher made a comprehensive review of various studies in journals, books, unpublished theses, and other materials found on the internet, and other related sources which have relevance to this research. Further, the researcher made a various study and were classified according to the following topics: factors, academic performance in Science, academic performance in other subject areas, policy recommendations, and other foreign studies that served as useful references in the analysis, and interpretation of this study. This chapter provides the description of the study, relevant findings were cited as well as their similarities, differences and inputs. This is followed by the synthesis of the state-ofthe-art then the gap bridged by the study. The theoretical and conceptual framework of the study are also presented with the corresponding paradigms. Factors Influencing the Academic Performance of the Junior High School Learners Durden and Ellis, (2021) observed that the measurement of students previous educational outcomes are the most important indicators of students future achievement, this refers that as the higher previous appearance, better the student’s academic performance in future endeavours. Allawan, (2021), used a sequential exploratory strategy of a mixed-method research design aimed to explore the factors and this also aimed to determine the extent of relationship between these factors and performance in biology. The predictor variables were tested whether these predict the performance of student in Biology. Result revealed five factors Zone 2, Elias Corporal Street, Perpetual Help, Iriga City, Camarines Sur, Region V (054) 299-1559 phnhs1976@deped.gov.ph Republika ng Pilipinas Kagawaran ng Edukasyon REHIYON V (BIKOL) TANGGAPANG PANSANGAY NG MGA PAARALAN NG LUNGSOD IRIGA PERPETUAL HELP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Junior High School Department namely: teaching approach, student-related factors, teaching strategy, teacher’s motivation, and learning resources. The respondent’ mean level of agreement of these factors have an agree qualitative description which means it is oftentimes true for them. Students’ performance in biology was also determine. Grade 11 have a very satisfactory rating while Grade 12 obtain an outstanding qualitative description. Using Spearman’s rho correlation, all factors are not significantly correlated with the students’ performance in biology. The previous and the present study focused on the factors and performance in biology, yet they differed on the locale, respondents, and instrument used. Onu, (2021), determined the effect of collaborative instructional strategy in improving learners’ academic performance in Biology. Findings revealed that students taught Biology using collaborative instructional strategy had better achievement and interest ratings, than those taught with the conventional method, female Biology students have slightly better interest and achievement that male Biology students when taught with collaborative instructional strategy and the interaction effect of gender and instructional method on achievement is significant. The study concluded that considering the ability of the collaborative instructional strategy to improve interest and achievement in Biology, it should be adopted as a method of teaching the subject in Nigerian secondary schools. Point of similarities of the present to the previous study on the effect of collaborative instructional strategy in improving learners’ academic performance in Biology, however, they differed on the locale, respondents, and statistical tools used. Lebata, and Mudau, (2020), identified the factors responsible for the poor performance. The study also identified ways in which teachers envisage to improve the performance. Data was collected from four schools through semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Data was analyzed from the perspective of the General System Theory. Zone 2, Elias Corporal Street, Perpetual Help, Iriga City, Camarines Sur, Region V (054) 299-1559 phnhs1976@deped.gov.ph Republika ng Pilipinas Kagawaran ng Edukasyon REHIYON V (BIKOL) TANGGAPANG PANSANGAY NG MGA PAARALAN NG LUNGSOD IRIGA PERPETUAL HELP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Junior High School Department The results of the study showed that performance in Biology 5090 was affected by factors such as human, physical, information, financial resources, and the transformation processes. The study also suggested ways of improving the performance. These includes: in-service training, development of resource centres and school cluster development. The similarity of previous and the present study focused on the factors responsible for the poor performance, yet, they differed on the locale, respondents, and statistical tools. Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art All the foregoing literature and studies reviewed were of great help in amplifying and pointing out salient findings in terms of acquisition of additional knowledge which were found worthwhile and valuable to the present study. This information of insights gathered from the previous writings and studies made a noteworthy difference. The gathered literatures and studies herein reviewed and analyzed have significant bearing with the present study. Studies on the factors influencing the academic performance in the Junior High School with the contributions made by, Durden and Ellis, (2019), on factors influence the academic performance; Narad, and Abdullah, (2019), on the effect of the academic performance in Biology among Junior High School learners; and Farooq, Chaudhry, Shafiq and Behanu (2018), were considered essential in the present study as they provided sufficient insights and comprehensive views on the issue which is actually the focus of the study. The aforementioned research works provided the investigator with sample data which would aid in the further analysis of the present data collected. They contributed largely in the structuring of the present study because they generate qualitative data with significant bearings to the present study. However, they differed on the subjects, locale of the study, statistical tools, and on the main focus of the research work. Zone 2, Elias Corporal Street, Perpetual Help, Iriga City, Camarines Sur, Region V (054) 299-1559 phnhs1976@deped.gov.ph Republika ng Pilipinas Kagawaran ng Edukasyon REHIYON V (BIKOL) TANGGAPANG PANSANGAY NG MGA PAARALAN NG LUNGSOD IRIGA PERPETUAL HELP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Junior High School Department Notably, all previous researchers showed that each was different from each other. Notably, there is no study yet conducted on the factors influencing the academic performance of the Junior High School learners in biology of Iriga City Division for SY 2022-2023. Gap Bridged by the Study From the review of related studies could be gleaned that not one has ventured, yet, on the factors influencing the performance of the Junior High School students in biology of Iriga City Division for SY 2021-2022. Thus, this was the gap bridged by the study. Theoretical Framework of the Study The present study is anchored on five theories which have bearing on the problem studied. These theories are: Subsumption Theory, David Paul Ausubel (1993); Scaffolding Learning Theory, Lev Vygotsky (1981); Constructivist Approach, John Dewey (1976); Theory of Transfer, Edward Lee Thorndike (1974); and Facilitative Learning Theory, Carl Rogers (1992). The theoretical paradigm of the study is presented in Figure 3. Subsumption Theory, (David Paul Ausubel, 1993). This theory is concerns with how individuals learn large amounts of meaningful material from verbal/textual presentations in a school setting (in contrast to theories developed in the context of laboratory experiments). According to Ausubel, learning is based upon the kinds of superordinate, representational, and combinatorial processes that occur during the reception of information. A primary process in learning is Subsumption in which new material is related to relevant ideas in the existing cognitive structure on a substantive, non-verbatim basis. Cognitive structures represent the residue of all learning experiences; forgetting occurs because certain details get integrated and lose their individual identity. In addition, this theory proposed the use of advance Zone 2, Elias Corporal Street, Perpetual Help, Iriga City, Camarines Sur, Region V (054) 299-1559 phnhs1976@deped.gov.ph Republika ng Pilipinas Kagawaran ng Edukasyon REHIYON V (BIKOL) TANGGAPANG PANSANGAY NG MGA PAARALAN NG LUNGSOD IRIGA PERPETUAL HELP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Junior High School Department organizers in order to help the learners to link to new learning material with existing related ideas. Scaffolding Learning Theory, (Lev Vygotsky, 1981). This theory describes social and instructional support for students’ learning new concepts, comparable to structures erected alongside newly constructed buildings. The scaffolding supports the construction (the introduction of new material) and is taken away after completion (or when the lesson is understood). He further postulates that one’s acquiring knowledge may be more successful when a scaffold assists it, that once a student masters a given task with the help of the scaffolding, he will then be able to complete the task again once the scaffolding has been removed. Based on this underlying theory, it is believed that the instructional material will provide as scaffold to support for the teaching-learning process. Constructivist Approach, (John Dewey, 1976). This theory called for education to be grounded in real experience. He wrote, "If you have doubts about how learning happens, engage in sustained inquiry: study, ponder, consider alternative possibilities and arrive at your belief grounded in evidence." Inquiry is a key part of constructivist learning. Learning had wide ranging impact on learning and teaching methods in education. This theory states that meaningful learning underlies the constructive integration of thinking, feeling, and acting, leading to human empowerment for commitment and responsibility. Meaningful learning will occur when education provides experience that requires students to connect knowledge across the three domains either cognitive, affective, or psychomotor domain. Teachers, therefore, should be able to assess the students’ present cognitive level; their strengths and weaknesses. Instruction should be individualized as much as possible and children should have the opportunities to communicate with one another, to argue and Zone 2, Elias Corporal Street, Perpetual Help, Iriga City, Camarines Sur, Region V (054) 299-1559 phnhs1976@deped.gov.ph Republika ng Pilipinas Kagawaran ng Edukasyon REHIYON V (BIKOL) TANGGAPANG PANSANGAY NG MGA PAARALAN NG LUNGSOD IRIGA PERPETUAL HELP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Junior High School Department debate issues. Learners considered teachers as facilitators of knowledge – they serve as guide, motivate and stimulate learners. Theory of Transfer, (Edward Lee Thorndike, 1974). This theory states that the amount of transfer upon the identical elements which are present in both situations are important. According to this theory, transfer depends upon the incidental elements which are present in both situations. He further emphasizes that by skillful management of the learning process, the teacher must facilitate the pupils’ effort to identify the essential elements concerned to different situations, sentences, or paragraph of which they may associate or locate some practices on similarities or differences as in the law of analogy. Zone 2, Elias Corporal Street, Perpetual Help, Iriga City, Camarines Sur, Region V (054) 299-1559 phnhs1976@deped.gov.ph
