CLASS 4 SHORT NOTES FOR THIRD TERM
THIRD TERM SCHEME OF WORK
Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Topic
Revision
Heat; Meaning, Sources and Effects
Processes of Heat Transfer
Temperature; Meaning and Scale
Temperature; Measurement and Conversion
Thermometers; Types and Uses
Mid Term Break
Weather; Meaning and Elements
Changes in Non-Living Things
Revision
Examination
Examination Correction
WEEK 2
HEAT: MEANING, SOURCES AND EFFECTS
1. Heat is a form of energy that makes things warm or hot. It is
measured in joules (J).
2. Some sources of heat are: sun, food, fire, electricity, friction,
geothermal, some chemical reactions, bending metals back and forth
and collision.
3. Some uses of heat are: cooking, drying, boiling water, providing
warmth etc.
WEEK 3
PROCESSES OF HEAT TRANSFER
There are three methods of heat transfer.
1. Conduction
This is the process of heat transfer between objects in contact. It
occurs in solids and liquids. Examples: A metal spoon in hot
chocolate and a rod put into fire.
2. Convection
This is the process by which heat is transmitted in liquids and
gases by the actual movement of the heated particles. Example
a. Boiling water in a container.
b. Feeling cool breeze from an air conditioner or a fan.
3. Radiation
This is the process of heat transfer in space or vacuum.
Example: a. Heat from the sun.
b. Feeling heat from a toaster or oven.
WEEK 4
TEMPERATURE: MEANING AND SCALE
1. Temperature is how hot or cold an object, body or place is.
2. The temperature of an object is measured in degrees.
3. The degrees can be in different temperature scales namely:
a. Degrees Celsius or Degrees Centigrade (˚C)
b. Degrees Fahrenheit (˚F).
c. Kelvin (K).
WEEK 5
TEMPERATURE: MEASUREMENT AND CONVERSION
1. The instrument for measuring temperature is called a thermometer.
2. To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply the temperature in
Celsius by 9, divide your answer by 5, then add 32.
3. To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32, multiply the
result by 5, then divide by 9.
4. To convert from 0C to Kelvin, add 273.
5. To convert from Kelvin to 0C, subtract 273.
WEEK 6
THERMOMETERS: TYPES AND USES
1. There are analog and digital thermometers. An analog
thermometer shows the temperature on a scale or dial; a digital
thermometer shows the temperature as a number.
2. Some types of thermometers are:
a. Clinical Thermometers
b. Room thermometers
c. Industrial thermometers
d. Wet and Dry bulb thermometers
e. Infra-red thermometers
WEEK 7
MID TERM BREAK
WEEK 8
WEATHER: MEANING AND ELEMENTS
1. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere of a place at a
particular time.
2. Climate is the average weather condition of a place over a long
period, usually 30 years.
Some elements of weather and the instruments used in measuring
them:
1
2
Weather Elements
Wind direction
Wind speed
Measuring Instrument
Wind vane
Anemometer
3
4
5
6
7
8
Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
Rainfall/Snow
Humidity
Sunshine
Clouds
Thermometer
Barometer
Rain gauge/Snow gauge
Hygrometer
Sunshine recorder
Ceilometer
WEEK 9
CHANGES IN NON-LIVING THINGS
Change means when something becomes different.
Types of Changes
1. Temporary, Reversible or Physical Change.
In this type of change, no new substance is formed. Examples
are
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Boiling of water
Evaporation
Freezing
Melting
Change in size and shape such as cutting paper.
2. Permanent, Irreversible or Chemical change.
In this type of change, a new substance is formed. Examples are:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Rusting
Cooking
Baking
Action of vinegar on bicarbonate of soda
Adding water to Plaster of Paris
CLASS FOUR EXTENDED NOTES FOR THIRD TERM
WEEK 1- REVISION
WEEK 2
HEAT: MEANING, SOURCES AND EFFECTS
What is Heat?
1. Heat is a form of energy that makes things warm or hot.
2. Heat is measured in joules (J).
3. Heat can change the state of matter, increase temperature and
size of things.
4. We feel hot when the Sun shines. This shows that the Sun is a
source of heat energy and gives out heat. Most of the heat on the
Earth comes from the Sun.
Other Sources of Heat
• Apart from the Sun, there are many other sources of heat. Heat can
be produced in many ways.
• Here are some activities to show possible heat sources.
Heat Sources
Friction-: Rubbing two objects
against each other can produce
heat.
Activities
Rub your hands together for some
time and then hold them to your
cheeks. Your cheeks will feel
warm, showing that heat can be
produced by friction.
Burning-: When an object
burns, it produces a flame (fire)
that gives out heat.
Burn a candle or a piece of paper
and put your hands above it. Your
hands will feel hot, showing that
burning substances can produce
heat.
Electricity: When electric
current flows through a wire,
heat is produced.
Switch on the electric bulb for
some time and place your hands
near the bulb. Your hands can
feel the heat coming out from the
bulb. You can also try it out with
a flash light.
Bending Metal
Bending a coat hanger or a wire
back and forth several times can
produce heat in the object.
Chemical reaction
After mixing solid sodium
hydroxide with water in a test
tube, the test tube will get warm.
Collision
When an iron nail is hit by a
hammer several times, the
hammer and the nail will get hot.
Uses of Heat in our Daily Life
Heat is a useful form of energy. We use heat to;
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Cook food
Dry clothes
Boil water
Produce steam to generate electricity
Dry food for reservation
Provide warmth
FURTHER READING
 First Aid in Science pages 56 to 57
WEEK 3
HEAT TRANSFER PROCESSES
1. Heat only travels from a hotter object (or place) to a cooler
object (or place)
2. Heat has several interesting ways of travelling: It travels in three
ways:
 By conduction through solids.
 By convection through liquids or gases.
 By radiation through vacuum.
CONDUCTION
1. The flow of heat energy through solids such as metals is called
conduction.
2. Heat energy uses molecules to help get around.
3. For example, when a pan is heated, the molecules at the bottom
of the pan start to vibrate energetically. They collide with their
neighbouring molecules and cause them to vibrate faster. The
passing of the heat energy from one molecule to the next
continues. In this way, heat energy travels through the pan and
then through the food in the pan.
CONVECTION
1. Heat can flow through a liquid or gas because heated parts of the
liquid gas move.
2. Warm air rising above a heater is an example of the process of
convection.
3. The flow of heat that occurs when a warm liquid or gas moves is
known as convection.
RADIATION
1. The process where heat energy travels through an empty space
or a vacuum is known as radiation.
2. An example of radiation is the transfer of heat from the Sun to
the Earth through mostly empty space. Such a transfer cannot
occur via convection or conduction, which requires the
movement of material from one place to another, or the
collisions of molecules within a material.
WEEK 4
TEMPERATURE: MEANING, SCALE AND MEASUREMENT
1. Temperature is the degree of how hot or cold something is.
2. A Thermometer measures the temperature of something,
showing how hot or cold it is.
3. There are analog and digital thermometers. An analog
thermometer shows the temperature on a scale or dial; a digital
thermometer shows the temperature as a number.
Temperature Scales
1. Temperature is measured in different scales, which includes
Fahrenheit, Celsius (or Centigrade) and Kelvin scales. The units
of the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are called degrees.
a. Fahrenheit:
Fahrenheit is a measure of temperature that is abbreviated F.
Water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F. This scale was
developed by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit in 1714. The
Fahrenheit scale is used in the USA but not in many other
countries. The degrees in Fahrenheit are smaller than those in
Celsius.
b. Celsius or Centigrade:
Celsius (also called Centigrade) is a measure of temperature
that is abbreviated C. Water freezes at 0°C and boils at
100°C. This scale was developed by Anders Celsius in 1742.
Celsius scale is used in most countries of the world like
Nigeria, Great Britain, China etc.
c. Kelvin:
Kelvin is a measure of temperature that is abbreviated K.
Many scientists use this scale because all the temperatures are
positive, making calculations simpler. This temperature scale
was designed by Lord Kelvin (William Thomson).
WEEK 5
TEMPERATURE: CONVERSION
WEEK 6
THERMOMETERS: TYPES AND USES
1. A Thermometer measures the temperature of something,
showing how hot or cold it is.
2. We use thermometers to measure the temperature of the air, our
bodies, food and many other things.
3. There are analogue and digital thermometers.
a. An analogue thermometer shows the temperature on a scale
or dial and requires skill to read. It can be mercury-in-glass or
alcohol-in-glass.
PARTS OF ANALOGUE THERMOMETERS.
i. Glass tube: - The tube that holds the glass bulb and the
mercury/alcohol.
ii. Scale: - This tells how far the mercury/alcohol rises or
goes down.
iii. Mercury/Alcohol: - The liquid inside the bulb which rises
when hot and goes down when it is cool.
iv. Glass bulb: - The bulb which contains the
mercury/alcohol
b. A digital thermometer shows the temperature as a number
and requires no skill to read.
Some other types of thermometers are:
i. Clinical Thermometers: - a small medical thermometer used for
taking a person’s temperature.
ii. Room Thermometer: - measures the indoor air temperature.
iii. Industrial Thermometers: - are used to measure the temperature
of chemicals and other substances.
iv. Wet and Dry bulb Thermometer: - measures the temperature of
the atmosphere.
v. Wall Thermometer: - can be used both indoors and outdoors.
vi. Infrared thermometers: - designed for non-contact measurement
of very high and low surface temperature
Clinical
Wet and Dry Bulb
Room
Industrial
Infrared
Wall
WEEK 7- MIDTERM BREAK
WEEK 8
WEATHER: MEANING AND ELEMENTS
1. Weather is defined as the condition of the atmosphere at a
given time. It is simply seen as the degree at which a place is hot
or cold, wet or dry, clear or cloudy and calm or stormy.
2. Climate is defined as the average weather condition of a place
over a given period, usually over 30 years.
Elements of Weather
Common elements of weather include precipitation, temperature,
humidity, cloudiness, atmospheric pressure and wind; they are what
bring about the sudden changes in weather condition.
a. Precipitation- precipitation is a form of water in the atmosphere
that falls to the earth. This falls after cloud has been formed in
the sky, forms of precipitation include rain, snow, fog, mist,
hail, sleet and drizzle.
b. Temperature- temperature measures the degree of hotness or
coldness of a place from day- to-day.
c. Humidity- humidity is simply the amount of water vapour in
the air or in the lower atmosphere.
d. Cloudiness- this is simply the state of clouds in the atmosphere
in a given time over an area. Different types of clouds mean
different weather conditions. For instance, lighter cloud
indicates little or no precipitation, while dark heavy cloud
indicates that there will be heavy rain or thunderstorms.
e. Atmospheric Pressure- Atmospheric pressure is the "weight"
of the air in the atmosphere. Changes in atmospheric pressure
are mostly caused by the rise of warm air and the descent of
cold air.
f. Wind- wind is the air in motion that moves from areas of high
air pressure to those of low air pressure, wind occurs due to
rising hot air or sinking cold air.
Weather Instruments and their Uses
These are the common weather elements and instruments used in
measuring them:
1. Precipitation- precipitation is measured with a rain gauge. A rain
gauge measures the amounts of water that falls at a particular time.
Picture of rain gauge
2. Temperature- a thermometer is used to measure temperature of
the day (max/min temperatures).
Picture of thermometer
3. Atmospheric pressure- this is measured with use of a Barometer.
Picture of a Barometer
4. Humidity- humidity is measured with the use of a hygrometer; this
instrument measures the water vapour content of the air, while a sling
psychrometer measures relative humidity.
Picture of Hygrometer
Picture of a Sling psychrometer- it is used for measuring relative
humidity
5. Wind- Wind speed and wind direction can be measured using two
different instruments. An anemometer is used to measure wind speed,
while a wind vane is used to measure wind direction.
Picture of Anemometer - for measuring wind speed
Picture of a Wind vane- for measuring wind direction
6. Cloudiness- cloud is measured with a device called Ceilometer.
Ceilometer is used to determine the height of the cloud, it is also used
for determining aerosols concentration in the atmosphere.
Picture of a ceilometer- it is used to determine the height of cloud in
the atmosphere
Other weather instruments and their uses include
7. Weather Balloon- weather balloon is used to measure the weather
conditions higher up in the atmosphere; it can go as high as 20-30 km.
A weather balloon is made of rubber and has a weight of only about
200 grams. The skin of the weather balloon is very sensitive and
delicate, so they must be touched only when wearing protective
gloves to prevent damages.
Picture of weather balloon
8. Weather Satellite- this is an instrument used for photographing
and tracking of large-scale air movements. After the air has been
tracked and photographed, a meteorologist compiles and analyse the
data with the aid of a computer.
Picture of Weather satellite
9. Lightening detector- this device is used for detecting lightning or
light rays that are produced by storms.
Picture of Lightening detector
10. Snow gauge- a snow gauge is an instrument used for measuring
the water equivalent of an amount of snowfall.
A snow gauge is used for measuring amount of snowfall
Weather Instrument Chat
Weather
Term
Temperature
Means….
Usually
given….
Exactly how
In Celsius or
hot or cold it is. Fahrenheit
Air pressure
How heavy the In millibars
air is.
(mb)
Cloud cover
How much of
In Oktas
the sky is
(eighths)
hidden by
clouds.
Wind speed
How fast the
In MPH (like
wind is
a car)
blowing.
Wind direction Where the
As a compass
wind is
point (N,
blowing from
NW, SW and
(a south-west
so on)
wind blows
FROM the
south-west)
Precipitation
Water falling
In
from the sky in Millimetres
any form
or Inches
(precipitation)
Visibility
How far ahead In Metres or
we can see, for Kilometres.
example on a
foggy day.
Measured
using….
Thermometer
Barometer
The eyes.
Anemometer
Wind vane
Rain gauge
Visibility
meter
WEEK 9
CHANGES IN NON-LIVING THINGS
Changes occur in non- living things when conditions like heat and
pressure are altered.
Some examples of changes in non- living things are:
a. Sublimation: When a solid turn to gas. Things that sublime
includes camphor, air fresheners and dry ice [carbon (IV) oxide
pellets].
b. Rusting: When metals become reddish- brown due to water
(Moisture) and air. Iron or steel can rust.
c. Burning: When a solid ignites or produces flame. Candle burns to
produce Carbon (iv) oxide, water and soot.
Types of Changes
1. Temporary, Reversible or Physical Changes
This type of change can be reversed as no new substance is formed.
Examples are
I.
Boiling of water
II.
III.
IV.
Evaporation
Freezing
Melting
2. Permanent, Irreversible or Chemical Changes
In this type of change, a new substance is formed. The change
cannot be reversed. Examples are
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Rusting
Cooking
Baking
Action of vinegar on bicarbonate of soda
Adding water to the plaster of Paris