INDUSTRY Is any activity which involves either the extraction of raw materials from the ground or the processing of these raw materials into usable things Types of industry ▣ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ There are four different types of industries Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Primary industry ▣ ▣ ▣ These are extractive industries ,raw materials are extracted Involve processes such as mining ,drilling ,farming ,fishing ,forestry etc Some primary products are sold directly to the consumer but most go to secondary industries for processing Secondary industry ▣ ▣ These are industries which process and convert the raw materials supplied by the primary industries into usable products Activities of this sector include the production of processed food ,furniture and motor vehicles Tertiary industry ▣ ▣ ▣ These are service industries which do not deal with physical ,tangible products Provides services to businesses and to people Drivers ,architects ,teachers, nurses and retail employees are all examples of occupations in the tertiary industry Quaternary industry ▣ ▣ ▣ These are industries which are involved in research and development of new technologies for other industries Their primary concern is to ensure there is efficiency in other industries Hi-tech industries The industry as a system The industry can be viewed as a system in that it has specific inputs ,processes and outputs Inputs –these are items which go into making a product e.g. capital ,raw materials and labour Processes –these are the activities which are undertaken at the factory to transform materials into usable products e.g. grading ,packaging etc Outputs –these are what come out of the factory after the production processes ▣ The industry system Employment structure ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Is how the workforce is divided up between the three main sectors ,primary ,secondary ,and tertiary These %s can be used to help describe how developed a country is The more developed a country is the more it rely on secondary and in particular tertiary industry Less developed countries are characterised by a greater %of the population in primary industry esp. farming Employment structure change over time and vary from place to place Employment structure DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ACTIVITY –EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE ▣ Draw pie charts to show employment structure for the following countries ▣ Primary Secondary Tertiary UK 2 29 69 KENYA 75 10 15 How to draw a pie chart ▣ ▣ To draw a pie chart, we need to represent each part of the data as a proportion of 360, because there are 360 degrees in a circle. For example, if 55 out of 270 vehicles are vans, we will represent this on the circle as a segment with an angle of: (55/270) x 360 = 73 degrees. Location of industry Factors which influence location ; ▣ Raw materials ▣ Labor supply ▣ Power or fuel ▣ Transport ▣ Capital ▣ Others ,gvt policies Raw materials ▣ ▣ ▣ These are the basic requirements of a manufacturing industry Before development of transportation networks most industries were located at the sight of the raw materials Ports become very important as they are the sources of imported raw materials Labour supply ▣ ▣ ▣ This is important especially for industries which thrive on a large pool of unskilled labour Such industries have to locate in areas where this labour is readily available Industries also tend to locate where labour costs are low Power and fuel ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ This is very important for the operation of machinery Most industries use coal as a source of power Therefore most industries locate at the coal source as coal is bulky to transport Morden industries now run on electricity which is easier to transmit Transport ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ This is vital in the movement of raw-materials and finished products Bulky raw materials such as coal ,iron ,timber are economic to transport using rail If the finished products are expensive to transport it is vital to locate near the market Most industries also tend to have a coastal location which facilitates the import and export of bulky goods and minimise on transport costs Transport options ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Road –this is convenient ,flexible but may have problems of traffic jams Rail –this is cheaper and is suitable for heavy cargo but restricted routes Sea –this is very cheap ,it is suitable for heavy cargo e.g. oil but it is very slow Air –this is extremely fast but is very expensive and suitable for only small valuable items Market ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ This is where the product is sold Production usual occur where there is a demand for that product Location near the market is influenced by the nature of the product .e.g. if it is bulky and expensive to transport ,location near market is usually ideal Sometimes industries tend to locate near each other and maximise on market opportunities – this is known as industrial agglomeration Capital ▣ ▣ It is essential for a variety of functions such as the purchase of machinery ,land and many other costs For day to day expenses and running of the factory Other factors ▣ ▣ Government policy ; on siting ,tax regime ,provision of infrastructure ,investment Cheap and flat land The manufacturing industry the iron and steel industry ▣ ▣ ▣ The iron and steel industry is central to manufacturing industries This is so because iron and steel have many uses and so provide raw-materials for other industries Provides the material for making the machines and tools used in all other industries Properties of steel which make them so important ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Strength and toughness Ductile –can be made into bars ,tubes and wires and rolled into plates of different thickness Easy to produce –abundant minerals in the earths crust ,cheaper than other metals such as copper /tin/zinc Alloyability –can be combined with other metals to produce steels with special quality Integrated steel works ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ an integrated steel mill combines on one site the smelting of iron in the blast furnace and , the conversion of pig iron into steel and the production of some finished steel products such steel sheets ,plates ,bars ,pipes and wires Advantages of integrated steel works ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Relative cheapness due to large –scale production No need for expensive re –heating of the metal Uses waste heat from one process By –products of some processes e.g. gases from coke making can be used in other stages e.g. heating the blast furnace Disadvantages ▣ ▣ ▣ Demands high maintenance Is not economic for small market Requires expensive capital outlay Locational factors of ZISCO ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Efficient rail and road networking passing through the area The presence of large pool of labour Availability of vast expanses of land Water supply from Cactus Poort dam on Kwekwe river Raw materials nearby i.e iron ore from Ripple Creek ,manganese and limestone at Dan and Mel mines ,all found in the same area Benefits of ZISCO ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ When fully operational ZISCO produces iron and steel products for other industries Employs many skilled and unskilled workers such as plant operators ,boiler makers as well as cleaners Exports of iron and steel also earn the country foreign currency ZISCO has supported the growth of vibrant urban settlements through investment in residential ,commercial and social facilities PROBLEMS FACED BY ZISCO ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Since 2000 ,ZISCO like other industries in Zimbabwe has faced many problems Lack of capital to modernise production processes Collapsed local markets for ZISCO`s products as firms closed down or relocated Increased competition from low-cost producers of steel Poor management and corruption leading to abuse of resources Lack of international markets such as Europe and America Holiday work What are high tech industries [2] ▣ What are foot loose industries [2] ▣ What is a transnational company [2] ▣ What is an informal industry ,give one example [2] ▣ Give the benefits of transnationals' to less economical developed countries (LEDCs) [4] ▣ Give four bad points about transnationals [4] ▣ List two physical and two human factors that influence location of industry [4] Due 3 may 2016 ▣ ▣ End ,total [20] High – technology industry ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ High –tech are industries which use the most advanced technology to make products They are described as footloose industries because of their freedom to move easily and their ability to occupy limited space A High degree of research and development is involved The manufacturing processes is highly automated and computerized products include pharmaceuticals ,medical ,optical ,computers ,televisions ,mobile phones and aircraft e.t.c High –tech companies ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Sony ,Apple,L .G,Acer ,Samsung ,Huawei ,Nokia ,G .tide etc goods are from component parts Raw-materials used are light and easy to transport Such areas include Silicon Valley in California ,the M4 corridor between London and south Wales The Cambridge science Park ❑ ❑ Industries that make high –tech products often group together on newly developed science or business parks These parks are often on the on the edge of the city where there is plenty space and the buildings are modern with a pleasant environment Attractions of the science park ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Closely linked with excellence of Cambridge university Highly qualified and skilled work force available Good leisure facilities in nearby Cambridge Pleasant housing and open space nearby Near to Stansted airport for international links Close to M11 and M 25 motorways Room on site for further expansion Links with other companies on the site Links with university departments Attractive site impress clients and creates good image The Cambridge science park in pictures The Cambridge science park TNCs or MNCs ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ TNC –Trans National Company MNC Multi National Company Multi –means many ,it has many branches Trans –across /it has branches across the world TNCs and MNCs are companies which operate in several countries They have headquarters in MEDCs (more economically developed countries )and invest in LEDCs (less economically developed countries Examples of TNCs ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Coca-cola Ford Shell Bp Nike Apple Why TNCs invest in LEDCs ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Widen markets –competition is less Cheap raw-materials Cheap labour –reduces cost of production friendly government polices Accessibility –good transport network Advantages for the LEDCs ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Provides jobs for local people It provides guaranteed income for people It improves peoples skills It brings in foreign currents ,which help the country to develop Provide money for industrial projects Help develop mineral wealth Improve energy production Improve roads ,airports and services Provides technology and know how Provide trade links Disadvantages for the LEDCs ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Most of the profits go abroad and are not reinvested in the country Local labour usually poorly paid Minerals are usually exported and not processed in the country Products often of little value to local people Companies may pull out at any time Rarely considers the needs of the country The operations of the company may cause environmental damage The motor vehicle manufacturing industry ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Most car firms operate as transnationals They realised that by locating in different parts of the world they could ; Access new local market Avoid import taxes Reduce costs by using cheap labour Create a world market Ideal site of a car assembly ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Capital Labour Transport /rail/road Power Large flat land –space is needed to store the finished vehicles Attractive country side Coastal locations since most raw-materials are imported Ford Motors ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ It is an American company It was started by Henry ford It started by manufacturing and selling cars in the local area Gradually it expanded its business across the world Its operations are now on a global scale i.e. UK ,Germany ,Belgium ,Spain middle east ,south America ,south Africa , Australia ,east Asia ,china ,Japan Industry in LEDCs Problems faced ▣ Lack of capital to invest ▣ Poor transport networks ▣ Un reliable sources of power, especially electricity ▣ Lack of skilled labour and management expertise ▣ Limited local market ▣ Unstable and corrupt governments ▣ Unfair trading by MEDCs Sectors of the economy ▣ ▣ formal sector informal sector Craft and cottage industries ▣ ▣ o ▣ Craft production is the process of manufacturing by hand with or without the aid of tools. Craft production is a part of the informal economy in many countries and they operate as cottage industries A cottage industry is a small-scale industry often operated out of a home, rather than out of a factory cottage industries play a significant role in the economies of developing countries. These economies may lack the capital and financial systems to support larger industries Tourism ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ This is the temporary movement of people from their homes for the purpose of recreation Recreation are the activities undertaken by tourist during their leisure time Leisure ;this is one`s free time ,away from formal engagements Domestic tourism :these are tourist who visit areas of interest within their own country International tourism :these are tourists who visit areas of interest outside their own country The growth of tourism ▣ ▣ Tourism is the largest and fastest –growing industry in the world today It is estimated that about 10% of people in employment work in the tourism industry World tourist arrivals and earnings from tourism Year World total tourist arrivals Earnings from tourism (US millions ) 1950 25 280 000 2 100 1960 70 000 000 6 900 1970 166 000 000 18 000 1980 268 250 000 105 200 1990 459 200 000 265 700 2000 681 000 000 478 000 2010 1 006 000 000 870 000 Factors leading to growth of international tourism ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Improvement in air travel has allowed access of areas which where previously remote and difficult to access Better marketing and organization within the tourism industry e.g. some countries have offices abroad to market their country Political stability The use of packaged tour Increasing incomes and more money available to spend Changing fashions ,it has become fashionable for Europe to take holidays abroad especially in Africa The internet which has helped people to book cheaper travel deals themselves ,rather than use travel agencies An increase in built up attractions Tourist attractions ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ ⮚ Natural beauty Culture Historical sites Infrastructure Climate International events TOURIST ATTRACTIONS ▣ • • • • • natural beauty Waterfalls Forests Mountains Wildlife Springs Culture ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Dance Music Religion Food Historical sites ▣ ▣ ▣ The Great Pyramids Great Wall of Roman Forum China Infrustructure Climate ▣ ▣ ▣ Warm Sunny Ice ~skiing International events ▣ ▣ ▣ Olympics World cup etc Impacts of tourism Objectives ▣ Identify the positive impacts of tourism ▣ Classify the impacts into economic, environmental ,social and cultural Impacts of tourism Impacts of tourism Positive impacts ECONOMIC ▣ Creation of employment ▣ Led to development of new infrastructure ▣ Has an Economic multiplier effect –the growth of tourism will led to growth of other industries ▣ Brings in foreign currency especially for LEDCs Social(people) impacts ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ Tourism has led to a cultural exchange May led to tolerance of other peoples culture May led to cultural reawakening i.e dances which local groups do may educate the locals about their culture May promote artists or sculptors who sell their carvings Environmental impacts ▣ ▣ May lead to protection and preservation of the environment .e.g national parks May lead to rehabilitation of the environment e.g putting up fences and drilling up boreholes Negative impacts Economic factors ▣ Employment is usually seasonal and therefore at certain times of the year people have to be laid off ▣ Locals are employed in low paying jobs while managerial jobs are for foreigners ▣ Profits are taken to mother countries ▣ May increase the cost of leaving in an area Social impacts ▣ ▣ ▣ May lead to spread of diseases such as AIDS May promote anti-social problems such as prostitution ,drugs and alcohol The maybe conflicts and friction between locals and the tourists Environmental impacts ▣ ▣ May led to destruction of the environment through building of hotels ,roads ,airports Too many tourist in an area disrupt the natural behaviour of animals Environmental impacts of tourism Mass –tourism ▣ ▣ ▣ Is an un controlled type of tourism which does not consider the carrying capacity of the environment It allows as many tourists into a destination Its primary objective is to make profit e.g Masai-mara in Kenya Eco-tourism ▣ ▣ ▣ ▣ It is tourism which is environmental friendly It is planned tourism which considers the carrying capacity of the area It allows enough tourist into an area without altering the attractiveness of the area This type of tourism is sustainable in the sense that the destination continues to be attractive ,even for future generations by monitoring and controlling numbers
