FITT REVIEWER BENEFITS
OF EXERCISE WHAT IS
FITNESS?
-
Fitness can be described as a condition that helps us look, feel and do our best; it Is the foundation for health
and well-being.
WHAT IS EXERCISE?
-
Planned, structured, repetitive movement of body designed to improve or maintain Physical fitness.
WHY EXERCISE?
The term hypokinetic describes many of the diseases and conditions associated with Inactivity and poor fitness and first
originated in the book Hypokinetic Disease (Kraus &Raab,1961).
Hypokinetic Diseases include:
Obesity
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis
Lower back pain
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
HEALTH BENEFITS OF EXERCISE (DOH, 2004)
Physically active people have a 33-50% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes Compared with inactive people. The
preventative effect is particularly strong for those at High risk of developing type 2 diabetes, as it can reduce their risk of
developing the Disease by up to 64%
• Physical activity programs can help reduce the risk of falling, and therefore fractures, Among older people
• Physical activity is effective in the treatment of clinical depression and can be as Successful as psychotherapy or
medication, particularly in the longer term.
• Physical activity is associated with a reduction in overall risk of cancer. In colon cancer The most active individuals
have, on average, a 40-50% lower risk than the least active. Women with higher levels of physical activity have
about a 30% lower risk of breast Cancer than the least active
• Physical activity is a major independent protective factor against coronary heart Disease in men and women.
Inactive and unfit people have almost double the risk of Dying from coronary heart disease compared with more
active and fit people. People at High risk of coronary heart disease may benefit even more from physical activity
Compared with people at lower risk. Physical activity also significantly reduces the risk of A stroke and provides
effective treatment of peripheral vascular disease
EXERCISE CATEGORY
The key differences between these two types of exercises are the duration and the Exercise intensity.
1. Aerobic/Cardiovascular
These types of exercises are low to moderate in intensity using slow twitch muscle Fibres, these primarily utilise
energy created from the aerobic energy system and Typically use large muscle groups in a rhythmical movement
for extended periods Of time. For example cycling, swimming and running Cardiovascular exercise improves the
efficiency of oxygen transfer between the Heart and lungs, this can be measured using VO2 max. VO2 max is the
maximum Capacity of an individual’ s body to transport and use oxygen during exercise. Maximal oxygen uptake
(VO2 max) is widely accepted as the single best measure Of cardiovascular fitness and maximal aerobic power.
Absolute values of VO2 max Are typically 40-60% higher in men than in women.” (Hyde & Gengenbach 2007)
Standard VO2 max tests include:
• Cooper VO2 max test (12 minute maximum run)
• The multi stage fitness test (bleep test)
• Queens college step test
• Rockport Fitness walking test
2. Anaerobic/Resistance
Resistance exercises are a form of strength training at a moderate to high intensity Using fast twitch muscle
fibres to apply effort or force to overcome a specific load. Energy for resistance training is primarily anaerobic
(without oxygen) in both the ATPPC and lactate systems. If the individual wishes to measure the development to
fast twitch muscle fibres Then 1 repetition max tests could be completed to measure the maximal force Chosen
muscles can generate in a single repetition.
There are a variety of ways in which muscles can be worked during resistance Training,
these include:
•
Isometric – are movements in which contracting muscles stay the same length Whilst applying a force
(the plank)
•
Concentric – causes muscles to shorten as they contract under tension to Apply force (upward phase of
a bicep curl)
•
Eccentric – are the opposite to concentric contractions, muscles lengthen Under tension to apply a force
(controlled lowering phase of a bicep curl)
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON THE BODY
The body will adapt to the pressures put upon it if the overload principle is used. When This is applied, the body will
develop so that it is better suited to these pressures. The type Of training undertaken will promote different
adaptations.
Long Term Benefits of Resistance Training to the Body
Increased bone density
• Increased resting metabolic rate
• Decreased body fat percentage
• Increased creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate stores
• Decreased blood pressure
• Decreased blood cholesterol markers.
• Improved core stability
• Improved strength.
• Muscular hypertrophy
• Decreased risk of injury
• Improved posture
• Increased range of movement.
• Improved power
• Increase in number and size of mitochondria.
• Improved motor unit firing and ability to recruit motor units
Long term Benefits of Cardiovascular Training to the Body
• Increased lung capacity/increase in VO2 max
• Increased blood volume and red blood cell count.
• Increased number of capillaries (capillarisation)
• Increased number of mitochondria
• Hypertrophy of cardiac tissue
• Increased cardiac output and stroke volume
• Reduction in blood pressure
• Increase in bone density
• Lower blood cholesterol markers (reduction in HDL count)
• Reduction in body fat
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON POSTURE
Poor posture is common in both children and adults, which is usually caused by muscular Imbalance. There are many
causes of poor posture within a modern lifestyle. These Include work such as desk jobs (which can cause a shortening of
the pectorals) and Driving (which can lead to a shortening of the hip flexors), these in turn can affect spinal Posture.
Through a combination of stretching and strengthening specific muscle groups postural Abnormalities can be improved.
Below are a few exercises that can be completed to Improve some spinal abnormalities, for more detail on these
abnormalities refer to the Anatomy and physiology section.
Posture- is the position in which you hold your body in relation to gravity.
Lordosis Exercise Requirements:
• Strengthen Abdominals • Strengthen Gluteals • Strengthen Hamstrings • Stretch Hip Flexors • Stretch Quadriceps •
Stretch Erector Spinae
Kyphosis Exercise Requirements:
• Strengthen Posterior Deltoid • Strengthen Trapezius • Strengthen Rhomboid
• Strengthen Infraspinatus and Teres Minor • Stretch Latissimus Dorsi • Stretch Pectorals • Stretch Anterior Deltoid
Flat Back Exercise Requirements:
Strengthen Posterior Deltoids • Strengthen Trapezius • Strengthen Rhomboids ● Strengthen Infraspinatus and Teres
Minor • Strengthen Hip Flexors • Strengthen Quadriceps • Stretch Gluteals ● Stretch Hamstrings • Stretch
Pectorals • Stretch Abdominals
FACTORS AFFECTING FITNESS & PROPER WARM-UP, COOL DOWN AND STRETCHING EXERCISE FACTORS
AFFECTING FITNESS
Diet – When exercising, the body requires sufficient quantities of substances for energy,
Growth and repair. A diet that lacks in quality can lead to fatigue, increased levels of Adipose tissue, poor bone growth
and slow results in a training program.
Activity level/type – The frequency, intensity, type and time of activities will be a large Factor as to the physiological
progressions to the human body.
Physical disabilities – There are many disabilities that can cause physical impairment, However exercise adaptations can
help correct/enhance body functioning with targeted Exercises.
Illness and fatigue – Illness will affect training directly. Depending on the illness this can Be both short and long term.
Fatigue will hamper progress. Rest is an essential part of an Exercise program.
Drugs – These can be both social and medical. These should be picked up in Pre-exercise screening. If medical drugs are
prescribed, exercise clearance may need to Be sought from the clients GP. If social drugs are taken this will affect the
body in a Variety of ways. Training should never take place if you suspect a client has taken Recreational drugs.
PURPOSE OF WARM-UP AND COOL DOWN
When designing an exercise program, it is essential that a specific warm up and cool Down are included. These are often
neglected by gym users but have an important role in Preparing and returning the body to a pre-exercise state to reduce
the risk of injury.
WARM UP - A warm up is an exercise that gradually builds in intensity at the beginning of a workout. This prepares
muscles, heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature for the Forthcoming exercises. A typical warm up may include
cardiovascular exercise with a gradual increase in intensity. This is often referred to as a pulse raiser. Mobilisation
exercises to promote Joint movement and pre-exercise stretching (static, dynamic or ballistic) may also be Included. A
warm up is prescribed to raise the body temperature to 39/40 degrees. This small Increase in temperature has many
benefits to exercise performance:
1. This heating effect will allow the muscles and tendons to become more extensible. This in turn will create more
supple muscle fibres and enhance stretching.
2. An increase in oxygen and essential nutrients to muscle tissue, which occurs due to an Increase in blood flow
through vasodilation.
3. Specific warm ups that mirror the activity about to take place will enhance neural Pathways, which speeds up
reaction time.
4. Secretion of synovial fluid helps lubricate joints.
5. Psychological preparation for physical activity/exercise. The risk of injury can be reduced by about one third and
the risk of severe injuries by as Much as a half. (Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K, et al. 2008).
TYPES OF WARM UP
Passive Warm Up – increases body temperature by some external means, for example a Bath or massage, this however
is not the most appropriate method to prepare muscles for Exercise.
General Warm Up – increases body temperature by using general rhythmical body Movements which use large muscle
groups, examples of movements include jogging, Cycling and rowing.
Exercise Specific Warm Up – increases body temperature whilst using specific muscle Groups that are going to be used
within the exercise following the warm up. For example In football a warm up would include drills and exercises (turns,
jumps and lunges) which Replicate the players movement patterns within a game.
COOL DOWN- The purpose of a cool down is to return the body to a pre-exercise state. This may involve A
cardiovascular cool down lasting 5-10 minutes in which the working intensity is gradually reduced by reducing the speed
and resistance allowing a gradual decrease in
Temperature, heart rate and blood pressure, back to resting levels. By gently working the Major muscle groups blood
pooling is reduced and the removal of waste products such As lactic acid. A good indication of when the cool down is
complete would be when the Participant’ s heart rate is reduced to just above the individuals resting heart rate figure.
Stretching after the cardiovascular cool down could also reduce the effects of DOMS Following exercise. It can help
improve flexibility, which will have a positive effect on Performance in physical activities, or decrease risk of injuries by
helping joints move Through their full range of motion more effectively.
TYPES OF STRETCHING
For Warm Up (Samson et al 2012)
Static – This from of stretching is when the client holds the stretch to the end of the Muscles movement. There is no
movement during this type of stretch. Correct posture Should be maintained during stretches, which are normally held
for 8-10 seconds.
Dynamic – These types of stretches are seen to be the best way of preparing for Exercise. They are controlled
movements that reflect the exercise about to be performed. 8-10 repetitions of each movement are normally
completed.
Ballistic – These types of stretches involve rapid bouncing movements, which lengthen The muscle to beyond its normal
range with the use of momentum. These are not suitable for exercise beginners as they can cause muscle damage and
muscle soreness. An Example of this would be bouncing to touch your toes in a standing hamstring stretch. For Cool
Down
Static (Maintenance) – cool down stretches are generally static and are held for 15-30 Seconds.
Static (Developmental) – these stretches are held for 15 second intervals and are Repeated as required, these are used
to develop the range of movement at a joint. Firstly The stretch would be held for 15 seconds maintaining correct
posture, once the tension Has reduced within the muscle the stretch will be passively increased and held for a Further
15 seconds, repeat as necessary.
TRAINING PRICIPLES AND METHODS
When designing an exercise program, a fitness professional has six main training Principles to apply as applicable to the
clients’ goals. These principles can be applied to Both health and fitness related goals. However, fitness goals are usually
more specific And focus on improving or maintaining one or more of the five components of physical Fitness. Training
The condition of being physically fit for the performance of an athletic exercise or Contest Act or science of bringing one
such a condition.
Training Principles
S – Specificity
P – Progression
O – Overload
R – Reversibility
T – Tedium
Specificity – means the special adaptation that is made to the type of demands being Imposed. This principle outlines
the need for the program to be tailored to the client’ s goals. The
Training will need to be specific to the final outcomes desired, for example if a client Wishes to improve on their 10km
run time then training should include exercises that Meet the physical requirements. Cycling for example will help
improve Vo2 max but Ideally the client should train to run that specific distance.
Progression – take the athlete onto higher level of fitness. This is important as the body Will adapt to the stresses placed
every progress you make. It will lead better results.
Overload – overload is essential when designing a program, this is the gradual increase Of stress placed upon the body
during exercise training. There are a number of variables a
Fitness professional can use to increase the working intensity. These could be:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Increasing the weight used whilst decreasing repetitions
Slowing repetitions down during the set
Adding another set to the end of the section
Decrease the rest periods used
Reversibility – Once the client has reached the intended goal they will enter the Maintenance phase of training.
This is when exercise is undertaken to maintain current Fitness levels. It will ensure that a training stimulus is
still present, therefore reducing the Risk of a decline in fitness levels. When training ceases the training effect
will also stop. It gradually reduces at Approximately one third of the rate of acquisition (Jenson and Fisher, 1972)
Tedium – enjoyable form of trainings
FITT PRINCIPLES
F
I
T
T
FREQUENCY – The number of exercise sessions in a set period i.e. 3 sessions per week
INTENSITY - The level of work performed during an activity session i.e. moderate intensity
TIME- The duration of a given session i.e. 45 minutes
TYPE- The choice of activity i.e. cardiovascular, resistance training. Or activity specific (football, rugby etc)
DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS AND SPELL RELIEF D.O.M.S.
Any activity that places an unaccustomed load on muscles may lead to a condition Referred to as delayed onset muscle
soreness (DOMS). This type of soreness is different from acute pain or soreness that develops during the Actual activity.
Typically, delayed soreness begins to develop 12-24 hours after the exercise has been Performed and may produce the
greatest discomfort between 24-72 hours after exercise. The soreness that you feel is actually muscle injury. When you
exercise a muscle that is Unaccustomed to a particular workload (beginning a new program, or changing the Intensity of
your current program), muscle damage occurs. The soreness is not caused by a build up of lactic acid. This is a common
Misconception that has been disproven by many studies. Exercises that stretch or elongate muscles, referred to as an
eccentric contraction, tend To cause more damage and soreness than exercises that shorten muscles, called
Concentric. As the body repairs itself muscle fibers become a little stronger to prepare for their next Bout of exercise,
and soreness is less common.
SPELL RELIEF ON D.O.M.S.
DOMS is often a yellow (caution) flag that overload is too great. Thus, the most effective Way to reduce DOMS is
through quality training habits.
No more than 10% increases in intensity, resistance, or duration is the best way To minimize muscle soreness.
There is no reliable evidence that traditional R.I.C.E. therapy (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) are effective tools
against DOMS.
TRAINING METHODS
1. Continuous training - Exercising without rest intervals
Two types of continuous training:
a.
b.
2.
3.
Slow but long distance
High intensity
Interval training - Alternating between strenuous exercise & rest.
Circuit training - Fusion of cardio and resistance exercises Is basically a big cardio session with resistance
exercises thrown in. Or it is Resistance session, but where you would normally rest between your sets, you will
Be stimulating your cardiovascular system (doing some form of cardio exercise for A short time)
4. Weight training - Muscle training is the ability of the muscle to do maximum work within the Shortest amount of
time. Muscle endurance is the ability of the muscle to do Moderate work over an extended period of time.
Weight Training trains and Develops the muscle for power. Spot reduction is not possible; however, adding Lean
muscle raises the Basal metabolic Rate and therefore bums more total body Fat.
5. Plyometrics - Plyometrics employed to develop power and explosive responsiveness, uses the Stretch-shorten
cycle (SSC). The whole idea is to develop the most amount of Force in the shortest possible time. When a muscle
is flexed or shortened, it’ s Under tension and will react with a more powerful and explosive contraction due
Stored elastic energy.
6. High Intensity Interval training - Is a type of that involves a series of low- to high-intensity workouts
Interspersed with rest or relief periods, the high-intensity periods are typically at or Close to anaerobic exercise,
while the recovery periods involve activity of lower Intensity
7. Core Training - Focuses on three areas: core mobility, core stability, and core strength. Each of These plays an
important role in the health, support, and function of your body, so Achieving a balance between them is vital.
The starting point of this process lies in Learning how to activate, strengthen, and control the muscles of your
pelvic floor.
8.Yoga - Beyond the scope of this manual. The following information is intended to inform The prospective trainer of
the special requirements of this type of client. Yoga Instructors are specifically trained for years in the subject.
Benefits
Relaxation, Increased flexibility, Increased Respiration, Increased Circulation , Self-Awareness
9.TABATA - Designed to afford the body an efficient workout with maximum benefits in a Short amount of time, the
tabata training method uses high intensity interval Training to provide a full workout, building strength and
improving cardio Condition. Allows you to shed fat while maintaining current fitness levels and building More
muscles.
TOUR 21
ASIA MAP COUNTRY
SOUTHEAST ASIA
Vietnam
Laos
Countries: 48
Capital: Hanoi
Capital: Vientiane
Largest Country: China
Currency: Vietnamese Dong (VND)
Currency: Kip (LAK)
Smallest Country: Maldives
Language: Vietnamese
Language: Lao
Biggest Island: Borneo
Religions: Buddhism, Taoism, and
Confucianism (No Official religion)
Religion: Buddhism, Tai folk religion,
Longest River: Yangtze River
Highest Mountain: Mt. Everest
Carrier: Vietnam Airlines (VN)
Christianity, and other religions
Carrier: Lao Airlines (QV)
Cambodia
Thailand
Myanmar
Capital: Phnom Penh
Capital: Bangkok
Capital: NayPyi Taw
Currency: Riel (KHR)
Currency: Baht (THB)
Currency: Myanmar Kyat (MMK)
Language: Khmer
Language: Thai
Language: Burmese
Religion: Theravada Buddhism
Religion: Theravada Buddhism
Religion: Theravada Buddhism
Carrier: Cambodia Angkor Air (K6)
Carrier: Thai Airways (TG)
Carrier: Myanmar National Airlines
(UB)
Malaysia
Singapore
Indonesia
Capital: Kuala Lumpur
Capital: Singapore
Capital: Jakarta
Currency: Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)
Currency: Singapore Dollar (SGD)
Currency: Indonesia Rupiah (IDR)
Language: Malay
Language: Mandarin, Malay, Tamil, and
English
Language: Bahasa Indonesia
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Malaysian Airline (MH)
Religion: Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism
Religion: Islam
Carrier: Garuda Indonesia (GA)
Carrier: Singapore Airlines (SQ)
Brunei Darussalam
East Timor
Philippines
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
Capital: Dili
Capital: Manila
Currency: Brunei Dollar (BND)
Currency: United States Dollar
Currency: Philippine Peso (PHP)
Language: Standard Malay
Language: Portuguese and Tetun
Religion: Sunni Islam
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Filipino, English and
Taglish
Carrier: Royal Brunei Airlines (BI)
Religion: Christianity (Roman
Catholic, Protestant) and Islam
Carrier: Philippine Airlines (PAL)
East Asia
Taiwan
Japan
Countries: 6 Countries
Capital: Taipei
Capital: Tokyo
Largest Country: China
Currency: Taiwan New Dollar (NTD)
Currency: Yen (JYP)
Biggest Island: Japan
Religions: Buddhism, Taoism
Christianity, and Islam
Language: Japanese
Longest River: Yangtze River
Highest Mountain: Mt. Jade Mountain
(Yushan)
Carrier: China Airlines (CI)
Religion: Buddhism and Shintoism
Carrier: Japan Airlines (JL)
Language: Taiwanese Mandarin
Hong Kong
Macau
South Korea
Capital: Victoria
Capital: Macao
Capital: Seoul
Currency: HK Dollar (HKD)
Currency: Macanese Pataca (MOP)
Currency: Won (KRW)
Language: Chinese and English
Language: Cantonese
Language: Korean
Religion: Christianity, Buddhism,
Confucianism, and Islam
Religion: Buddhism, Roman
Religion: Christianity, Buddhism,
Catholicism, Protestantism, and others Confucianism, and Islam
Carrier: Cathay Pacific Airways Limited
or Cathay Pacific (CX)
Carrier: Air Macau (NX)
Carrier: Korean Air (KE), Asiana
Airlines (OZ)
China
Mongolia
North Korea
Capital: Beijing
Capital: Ulaanbaatar or Ulan Bator
Capital: Pyongyang
Currency: Renminbi (RMB)
Currency: Mongolian Tughrik (MNT)
Currency: Won (KPW)
Language: Mandarin Chinese
Language: Mongolian
Language: Korean
Religion: Buddhism, Taoism,
Catholicism, Islam, and Protestantism
Religion: Buddhism and Shamanism
Religion: Christianity, Buddhism, and
Confucianism
Carrier: Mongolian Airlines (OM)
Carrier: Air China (CA)
Carrier: Air Koryo (JS)
Maldives
India
Nepal
Capital: Male
Capital: New Delhi
Capital: Kathmandu
Currency: Maldivian Rufiyaa (MVR)
Currency: India Rupee (INR)
Currency: Nepalese Rupee (NPR)
Religion: Islam
Religion: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam,
Jainism, Christianity
Religion: Hinduism and Buddhism
Major Language: Dhivehi
Major Language: Hindi and English
Carrier: Maldivian (Q2)
Major Language: Nepali
Carrier: Nepal Airlines (RA)
Carrier: Air India (AI)
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Capital: Thimpu
Capital: Dhaka
Capital: Colombo
Capital: Islamabad
Currency: Ngultrum (BTN)
Currency: Bangladesh Taka
(BDT)
Currency: Sri Lankan Rupee
(LKR)
Currency: Pakistan Rupee (PKR)
Religion: Buddhism
Religion: Islam
Major Language: Hindi and
English
Religion: Hinduism,
Buddhism, and Islam
Carrier: Druk Air (KB)
Major Language: Bengal
Carrier: Biman Bangladesh
Airline (BG)
Religion: Hinduism,
Buddhism, Christianity, and
Islam
Major Language: Sinhalese
and Tamil
Major Language: Urdu and
English
Carrier: Pakistan International
Airlines (PK)
Carrier: Sri Lankan Airlines
(UL)
Afghanistan
Capital: Kabul
Currency: Afghani
Religion: Islam
Major Language: Dari and
Pashto
Carrier: Ariana Afghan
Airlines (FG)
What is Geography?
Geography came from the Greek words “geo,” meaning “earth” and “graphy” that means “to write.” In contemporary
geography, it is a science more than writing. Literally, it means “description of the Earth” (Hobbs, 2007). According to
the Royal Geographical Society, geography is defined as “the study of Earth’s landscape, people, places and
environment.”
Elements of Geography
World in Spatial Terms – Geography studies the relationships between people, places, and environments by mapping
information about them into a spatial context.
Places and Regions – The identities and lives of individuals and people are rooted in particular places and in those
human constructs called regions.
Physical Systems – Physical processes shape Earth’s surface and interact with plant and animal life to create, sustain,
and modify ecosystems.
Human Systems – People are central to geography. Human activities, settlements, and structures help shape Earth’s
surface, and humans compete for control of Earth’s surface.
Environment and Society – The physical environment is influenced by the ways in which human societies value and use
Earth’s physical features and processes.
Uses of Geography – Knowledge of geography enables people to develop an understanding of the relationships
between people, places, and environments over time -that is of Earth’s as it was, is, and as it might be.
Roles of Geography in Tourism
The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) states that “tourism comprises the activities of persons
traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,
business, and other purposes.” The definition revealed the geographical characteristics of tourism as. It covers people
and its activities, places, destinations, and environment.
TOUR 60
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Philippine Tourism
REGIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is subdivided into seventeen (17) regions – eight (8) in Luzon, three (3) in the Visayas, and six (6) in
Mindanao.
List of regions
Region I – Ilocos Region
Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, and Pangasinan. The regional center is the City of San Fernando.
Region II – Cagayan Valley
Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, and Quirino. The regional center is the City of Tuguegarao.
Region III – Central Luzon
Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales, as well as 2 highly urbanized cities. The regional
center is the City of San Fernando.
Region IV‑A – CALABARZON
Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, and Rizal, as well as 1 highly urbanized city. The regional center is the City of Calamba.
MIMAROPA Region
Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Palawan, and Romblon, as well as 1 highly urbanized city. The
regional center is the City of Calapan. Region V – Bicol Region
Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate, and Sorsogon. The regional center is the City of Legazpi.
Region VI – Western Visayas
Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo, and Negros Occidental, as well as 2 highly urbanized cities. The regional center is
the City of Iloilo.
Region VII – Central Visayas
Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, and Siquijor, as well as 3 highly urbanized cities. The regional center is the City of Cebu.
Region VIII – Eastern Visayas
Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, and Southern Leyte, as well as 1 highly urbanized city. The
regional center is the City of Tacloban.
Region IX – Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, and Zamboanga Sibugay, as well as 1 highly urbanized city (Zamboanga City)
and the component city of Isabela. The regional center is the City of Pagadian.
Region X – Northern Mindanao
Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, and Misamis Oriental, as well as 2 highly urbanized cities. The
regional center is the City of Cagayan de Oro.
Region XI – Davao Region
Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental, and Davao Oriental, as well as 1 highly urbanized city. The regional
center is the City of Davao.
Region XII – SOCCSKSARGEN
Cotabato, Sarangani, South Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat, as well as 1 highly urbanized city (General Santos) and the
independent component city of Cotabato. The regional center is the City of Koronadal.
Region XIII – Caraga
Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Norte, and Surigao del Sur, as well as 1 highly urbanized
city. The regional center is the City of Butuan.
NCR – National Capital Region
Caloocan City, Las Piñas City, Makati City, Malabon City, Mandaluyong City, Manila City
Marikina City, Muntinlupa City, Navotas City, Parañaque City, Pasay City, Pasig City, Quezon City
San Juan City, Taguig City, Valenzuela City
CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region
Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Mountain Province, as well as 1 highly urbanized city. The regional center is
the City of Baguio.
BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, and Tawi‑Tawi. The regional center is the City of Cotabato.
GEOGRAPHY
❖The Philippines is an archipelago of more than 7100 islands covering nearly 300,000 square kilometers.
❖WHAT IS THE LARGEST ISLAND AMONG THE THREE BIG ISLAND? LUZON
POPULATION
HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE IN THE PHILIPPINES AS OF 2023? 117,337,363
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
WHAT IS THE TROPICAL CLIMATE OF THE COUNTRY? WET AND DRY SEASON
CULTURE AND CUSTOMS
5 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT FILIPINO CULTURE.
RESPECTFUL, HOSPITABLE, RELIGIOUS, HARDWORKING, HELPING EACH OTHER
WHAT IS THE Fashion and traditional clothing? BARONG TAGALOG, BARO’T SAYA
HISTORIC AND FAMOUS SPOT
1. Calle Crisologo, Vigan
6. Magellan’s Cross
2. Banaue Terraces
7. Mayon Volcano
3. Our Lady of Lourdes grotto
8. Corregidor Island
4. Bamboo organ, Las Piñas
9. Manila bay (Dolomite beach) 5. Baluarte de san diego
10. MacArthur park
FESTIVALS
1. Feast of the Black Nazarene 2. Ati atihan Festival 3. Paru paro Festival
4. Maskara Festival
5. Panagbenga Festival WHAT IS TOURISM?
Tourism is the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than
one year for leisure, business, and other purposes. (UNWTO)
Domestic tourism – visits by residents of a country within their own country. This concept explains that regardless of the
visitor’s nationality, so long as he/she is already considered as a resident who travels within the country, then he/she is
considered as a domestic visitor.
FACTS AND GENERAL INFORMATION
Country Name: Republic of the Philippines
Official Language: Filipino and English
Capital: Manila
Flag:The national flag consists of a white equilateral triangle at the hoist, with a blue stripe extending from its upper side
and a red stripe extending from its lower side. Inside each angle of the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star, and in its
center is a yellow sun with eight rays. Highest Point:Mount Apo
Geographic Divisions: 80 % of Filipinos belong to the Roman Catholic faith, where many practices and beliefs are rooted.
About 15 % is Muslim, and these people can be found basically in Mindanao. The rest of the population is made up
mostly of smaller Christian denominations and Buddhists.
Head of State: Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (2022-present)
National Anthem: Lupang Hinirang
RELIGION
Most of the population (about 81%) belong to the Roman Catholic Church. Other Christian churches represent about
11.6% of the population and include such denominations as Seventh-Day Adventist, United Methodist, United Church
of Christ, Assemblies of God, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, and Philippine Baptist (associated with
Southern Baptist).
Muslims represent about 5% of the population and are commonly called Moros by non-Muslims. They are
concentrated in Mindanao and the Sulus.
Buddhists make up less than 1% of the population.
AGRICULTURE
Main products are:
Banana, Cassava, Coconut, Corn, Pineapple, Rice, Sugar cane, Coffee
AGRICULTURE (MARINE )
Main products are:
Milkfish, Tawilis, Shrimp, Tuna, Mother of pearl
MINING
Main products are:
Chromite, Copper, Gold, Nickel
CHAPTER 2: TOURISM NETWORK AND SUPPLY COMPONENT
DIRECT PROVIDERS These businesses provide services, activities and products that are consumed and/or purchased
directly by travelers.
SUPPORT SERVICES
It includes specialized services such as tour organizers, travel and trade publications, hotel management firms, and
travel and research firms.
DEVELOPMENTAL ORGANIZATION
These organizations deal with tourism development, which tend to be more complex and broader in scope than the
production of daily travel services.
The decision and results of tourism development are more long-term in nature than the first two categories, which deal
more with operations.
INDIRECT COMPONENTS CONSIST OF
The only other parties that contributed and help the industry through means of assistance
Supports the direct services as mention in
Examples of these are Manufacturing Companies Food Corporationsµ and Printing Companies
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY SUPPLY COMPONENT
Natural resources · includes elements in an area for the use and enjoyment of visitors such as climate, landforms,
terrain, flora, fauna, bodies of water, beaches, natural beauty, and water supply for drinking sanitation and similar uses
Infrastructure · consists of all underground and surface developmental construction such as water supply systems,
sewage disposal systems, gas lines, electrical and communications systems, drainage systems, and other constructed
facilities such as highways, airports, railroads roads, drives, parking lots, parks, night lighting, marinas and dock facilities,
bus and train station facilities and similar tourist service installations
Superstructure· The above ground facility services such as airport, buildings, passenger, traffic, terminals, hotels, motels,
resorts, restaurants, shopping center , places of entertainment, museums, stores and similar structures.
Transportation and transportation equipment· includes items such as ships, airplanes, trains, buses, limousines, taxis,
automobiles, cog railways, aerial tramway, and similar passenger transportation facilities.
Hospitality resources · include the cultural wealth of an area which makes possible the successful hosting of tourists.
Examples are the welcoming spirit of tourist business employees, attitudes of the residents towards visitors, courtesy,
friendliness, sincere interest, willingness to serve and to get better acquainted with visitors, and other manifestations of
warmth and friendliness. It also includes the cultural resources of an area such as fine arts, literature, history music.
TOUR 65
THE MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY (CHAPTER 1)
WHAT IS TOURISM?
●Tourism means the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally
live and work, as well as their activities during their stay at these destinations.
●Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for less
than a year for leisure, business and other purposes. (UNWTO)
TYPES OF TOURISM
According to time period:
Short term – type of tourism wherein a traveler stays at destination for a maximum of 3 days.
Long term – type of tourism wherein a traveler stays at the destination for at least 7 days.
According to ways of organization:
Organized – type of tourism wherein a travel is organized by a travel agency
Individual – type of tourism wherein a travel is organized by the travelers on their own.
According to place of destination:
International – type of tourism which takes place outside the traveler’s resident country.
Domestic – type of tourism which takes place within the boundary of the traveler’s resident country.
According to direction of tourist flows:
Incoming (Inbound) Tourism – means visits to a country by visitors who are not residents of that country.
Outgoing (Outbound) Tourism – means visits by residents of a country outside that country.
ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL
Distance – we must consider the distance between travelling within a person’s home community Vs. Travelling away
from home. A “Trip” is defined as each time a person goes to a place at least 100 miles away from home and returns.
Length of stay at a Destination – Tourists are temporary visitors who make at least one overnight stay at the destination
while excursionists are those that who do not stay overnight.
Residence of Traveler – For business and research purposes, it is important to know where people live.
PURPOSES OF TRAVEL
Visiting friends and relatives , Conventions, seminars, and meetings, Business , Outdoor recreation, Entertainment ,
Personal
WHAT IS HOSPITALITY?
Hospitality – a term implies whereby a guest who is away from home is welcomed by a host where basic necessities are
provided such as food, beverages and lodging. The term is derived from the Latin word ‘hospitaire’, which means ‘to
receive a guest’.
An industry comprises business entity of food, beverages, lodging or a combination of these businesses to travelers
during their stay in a destination.
COMPONENTS OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
Lodging Operations – such as hotels, resorts, motels, etc
Transportation Services – such as taxi, train, cruise ship, etc.
Food & Beverage Operations – such as restaurants, bars, etc.
Retail Stores – such as souvenir shops, etc.
Activities – such as recreations, festivals, etc.
THE NATURE OF A TOUR
Domestic Tourism – refers to travel taken exclusively within the national boundaries of the traveler’s country. People
find it easy to do so because there are no language or currency barriers.
International Tourism – involves the movement of people across international boundaries. It is more difficult to travel
outside one’s own country because the country visited has requirements such as passports, visas and other conditions to
be met by tourists.
Package Tour or Inclusive Tour – is an arrangement in which transport and accommodation is bought by the tourist at
an all-inclusive price.
Tour Operator – organizes the package tour purchases transport and hotel accommodation in advance, usually obtaining
this in a lower price because he/she is buying it in bulk.
Independent Tour – is one in which the tourist buys these facilities separately, either making reservations in advance
through a travel agent.
Tourists purchasing package tours may do so on the basis of either individual or group travel.
Independent Inclusive Tour (IIT) – one in which the tourist travels to his destination individually.
Group Inclusive Tour (GIT) – one in which the tourist travels with the company of other tourists.
TOURIST PRODUCT
It is consists of what the tourists buys. It is a combination of what the tourist does at a destination and what services he
used during his stay.
Examples are: Souvenirs, Shirts, Food, Facilities and Amenities, ETC
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURIS PRODUCTS
It is a service – It is an intangible item and cannot be inspected by prospective purchasers.
It is psychological in its attraction – It is more than a collection of services such as an aircraft seat and a hotel room.
It tends to vary in standard and quality over time – Unlike the production of a television set, a package tour cannot be
consistently of equal standard.
TOURIST DESTINATION
Is a geographical unit which the tourist visits and where he stays. It may be a village, a town, a city, a district, a region, an
island a country or a continent.
3A’S THAT DETERMINE THE SUCCESS OF A TOURIST DESTINATION
Attractions
Site attraction – one in which the destination itself has appeal.
Event attraction – one in which tourists are drawn to the destination solely because of what is taking place there.
Natural attraction – includes mountains, beaches, and climatic features such as sunshine and pure air.
Man-made attraction – includes buildings of historical or architectural interest such as Fort Santiago, theme parks such
as Disneyland.
Amenities – includes accommodation, food, local transport, communications, and entertainment at the site.
Accessibility – having regular and convenience of transport in terms of time or distance to the destination from the
originating country at a reasonable price.
TOURIST SERVICES
The travel and stay of tourists give rise to a wide range of services in the course of a holiday
3 groups of tourist services:
Passenger Transport – provides the means to reach the destination.
Accommodation, Food and Beverage, and Entertainment – hotels are of vital concern to a large proportion of tourists.
Food & Beverage operations cut across all sectors of travel industry since eating is a necessity. Entertainment is the
primary reason why people travel.
Provided by travel agent and by the tour operator. – travel agent is the distributor of the product while the tour
operator is the manufacturer of the product.
Other tourist services include currency, documentation, information, sightseeing, and shopping
CHAPTER 2
COMMON MOTIVATIONS FOR TRAVELING
Escape, Relaxation, Relief of tension, Sun lust, Physical, Health, Family togetherness, Interpersonal relations, Roots
or ethnic, Convincing oneself of one’s achievements; , Showing one’s importance to others, Status and prestige, Selfdiscovery, Cultural, Education, Professional/business, Wanderlust, Interest in foreign areas, Maintaining social
contacts
BASIC TRAVEL MOTIVATORS
PHYSICAL MOTIVATORS – includes those related to physical rest, sports participation, beach recreation, relaxing
entertainment and other motivations directly connected with health.
CULTURAL MOTIVATORS – desire to know about other countries; their music, arts, folklore, dances, paintings and
religion.
INTERPERSONAL MOTIVATORS – desire to meet other people, visit friends or relatives and escape from daily routine.
STATUS AND PRESTIGE – concern ego needs and personal development. Included in this group are trips related to
business, conventions, study, and pursuit of hobbies and education. Travel would enhance one’s recognition and good
reputation.
MASLOW’S THEORY OF MOTIVATION AND TRAVEL MOTIVATIONS
Physiological Needs – hunger , thirst, rest and activity.
Safety Needs – safety and security, freedom from fear and anxiety
Love and Belongingness – love, affection, giving and receiving, social needs,
Esteem Needs – appreciation and respect that you will get form others and from yourself.
Self-Actualization – personal self-fulfilment.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELERS BASED ON THE PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
Business Travelers – the men and women who are traveling for business or job purposes. This might result in
international travel, or it might remain in the United States depending on the job and the type of business.
Examples of Business Travelers:
✓Regular Business Travelers ✓Business Travelers attending meetings, conventions and congress. ✓Incentive travelers
Pleasure or Personal Travelers – travelers who travel for the purpose of pleasure or vacation also known as the nonbusiness travelers.
Can be classified into three categories: ✓Elderly ✓Group ✓Single / couple
Family Travelers – it divided into three categories.
✓Junior Families – with parents aged 20-34 having pre school and / or grade school children only
✓Midrange Families – with parents aged 35 – 44 with grade school and / or high school children only
✓Mature families – with parents aged 45 and above with children who are of high school and above
CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELERS BASED ON PERSONALITY
Psychocentric Travelers – they are the type of travelers who are considered repeaters, non – adventurous and introvert.
Allocentric Travelers – they are the type of travelers who are considered the wanderers, adventurous and extrovert.
DIFFERENT TRAVEL CONSTRAINS
Lack of Money - It is the major travel constraints. Less money means less travel. The wealthy members of society are the
ones who travel most. People with more disposable income will be able to travel more than those just earn enough to
live on
Lack of Time - Lack of availability time is another inhibiting factor to tourist travel. The desire to travel and the financial
ability to travel are insufficient if one does not have the time to travel. A senior company executive may have plenty of
money to spend but very little time available. A combination of time and money must be present for travel and tourism
to take place.
Lack of Safety and Security - Lack of security in public places, hotels and travel centers cause people to prefer to remain
in the security of their neighborhood and home. Areas may acquire the reputation of being dangerous and thus become
less desirable travel destinations as what has happened in the Philippines where there have been a sharp increase in the
number of thefts, robberies, shootings and assaults among the local people.
Physical Disability - Physical disability in the form of bad health or physical handicap may keep people at home. The
elderly who are more susceptible to illnesses such as heart trouble, hypertension, arthritis and bronchitis travel less.
After the age of 70, very few travel because for most of them, long trips are tiring, changes in food are upsetting and a
strange bed may cause sleeplessness.
Family Commitments - Family commitments inhibit travel. Parents with young children find it inconvenient and
expensive to go on holiday. During the childrearing period, family obligations increase significantly for women and to a
similar but lesser degree, for men. Travel is curtailed and more time is spent at home.
Lack of Interest in Travel - This is mainly due to a preference to simply stay at home. This condition may be due to a
variety of factors such as dislike of travel, shyness in meeting people, dislike of changing routine and many more
Fears - Some people do not want to travel because of fears of travel. Fear of lying is quite common and accounts for
many people who insist on driving to a vacation area instead of boarding a plane. Fear of the unknown keeps many
people from leaving their own countries or even their own city. Many travelers are afraid to go to countries where they
cannot understand the language. Some potential travelers are afraid of the unfamiliar decisions they will have to make
in a strange place such as how much to tip and how to get around a strange city.
CHAPTER 3
TRANSPORTATION IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
● In the recent decade, the event tourism has emerged as an important sector of tourism strategies and leisure behavior
globally.
● Transport through its role of movement of goods and people, decisively influences the other branches of the world
economy, including international tourism.
Therefore, the development on transportation is linked to the development of tourism, if international tourism grows,
international transportation also grows.
● Transportation is perhaps the single most important element affecting the tourism industry. Without a way to get to
or travel within a destination, fewer tourists will find a way to visit. This means that hotels, restaurants, museums, and
the local economy will be affected by the lack of tourists.
TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL EVOLUTION
PRE-INDUSTRIAL TRAVEL SYSTEM ERA
This was the period before the widespread industrialization in Europe and North America. It was before the
development of railways in the two continents. There was little travel. Only few people had the money and the reason
to travel.
EARLY-INDUSTRIAL TRAVEL SYSTEM ERA
During the era, road improvements such as railways, canals, and steamship services were brought about due to rapid
industrialization and advances in transportation technology. Travel increased because more people who had money
traveled.
MATURE-RAILWAY SYSTEM ERA
This era was characterized by railways which expanded their operations by running hotels and providing other travelrelated services. Travel agencies and tour companies were formed. Thomas Cook was, an innovator in this field during
this era, began his company’s activities in the United Kingdom in 1840.
EXPRESS-TRAVEL SYSTEM ERA
During this era, express service increased. Trains and other forms of transportation did not stop at every station or
terminal but only at the major ones. This increased the speed of travel and encouraged more travel than before.
AUTOMOBILE-BASED TRAVEL SYSTEM ERA
This influence of the privately owned automobile was enhanced in North America and Europe from the 1920s. Car
ownership boomed in North America. Motorways, interstate highways, and other trunk highways were developed in the
latter half of this era which was from 1920 to 1974.
MODERN TOURISM TRAVEL SYSTEM ERA
The period from 1945 to 1974 is known as the modern-tourism travel system era. Car ownership continued to grow at
fast rate, mainly at the expense of longdistance rail travel. The “mass tourism” philosophy and marketing approaches
were prevalent during the 1950s and 1960s.
POST-MOBILITY ADJUSTMENT ERA
This era began in 1973 to1974 as a result of the oil embargo generated by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) and the resulting increase in fuel prices.
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION SELECTION
TRAVEL BY TRAIN
Tourism became organized in later years of the 19th century and the travel organizers emerged. The first and most
famous of these was Thomas Cook, his first excursion train trip was between Leicester and Loughborough in 1841 with
570 passengers at a round-trip fare of one shilling.
The negative factors of rail travelers are slowness in reaching the destination, inflexible departure times, and lack of
quality, in food services.
TRAVEL BY SHIP – Travel by ship preceded travel by train but it was not until the middle of the 19th century that travel by
ocean liners began to become prominent. At present, water transport has two major roles in travel and tourism ferrying
and cruising
TRAVEL BY CRUISE SHIP
Short-duration cruises are more popular because they require less vacation time and are less expensive.
A cruise ship is both a floating hotel and resort because the guests are housed, fed, and entertained.
TRAVEL BY AUTOMOBILE
The real inventor of automobile was Carl Benz of Mannheim, Germany.
The introduction of the automobile brought about the decline of the train’s popularity in most developed countries.
The advent of the automobile spread the benefits of tourism more widely and enabled people to travel individually or in
private smaller groups.
TRAVEL BY BUS MOTOR/ MOTOR COACH
Bus travel is the most flexible and economical form of transportation.
The main reason for selecting bus travel over other modes of travel are convenience and economy. Few people choose
the bus for business travel. Bus riders tend to be older and have less income.
TRAVEL BY AIR
World War II also led to increased interest in travel. Air travel had become more comfortable, safer, faster and cheaper
in comparison with other forms of transport. The introduction of the Boeing 707 jets in 1958, the age of air travel for the
masses arrived, hastening declined of sea travel.
CHAPTER 4 
TYPES OF ACCOMMODATIONS
Hotel – defined as an establishment which offers overnight accommodation, meals and other services. They are mainly
aimed at travelers or tourists, although locals may also use them. Hotels provide private rooms, and almost always have
en-suite bathrooms. Hotels can be a 10-room boarding house or a building that has a thousand or more rooms.
Motel or Motor Hotel – A motel is very much like a hotel — it fact, motels were originally “motor hotels.” The first
official motel was built in 1925, designed to be an easy, cheap stop on a long car trip. While hotels are often in the
middle of cities, motels are usually on a city’s outskirts, providing space to park and a quick walk from car to room. The
popularity of motels increased through the twentieth century, along ith the development of the modern highway
system.
Resort Hotel – is a full-service lodging facility, intended primarily for vacationers and usually located in places
frequented for relaxation or recreation, such as beaches, seashores, scenic or historic areas, ski parks, spas. We can say
that a Resort is a self-contained establishment, providing for most of a vacationer’s needs while remaining on the
premises (lodging, food, drink, sports, entertainment, shopping, etc.). The ownership can vary between timeshare,
fractionally owned or operated by a single company. Some resorts can operate on a seasonal basis instead of all yearround.
Bed and breakfast (B&B) – are a small lodging establishment that provides overnight private room to the guest and
breakfast in the morning. B&B run by private family owner and who also lives in the property. There are options from
low budget to luxury budget. B&B are cheaper than hotels and can be an alternative to the traditional living in a hotel.
Some B&B rooms offer individually furnished rooms, air conditioner and free Wi-Fi access and free parking.
Pension Hotel – provides rooms with no or few amenities. They usually have private bathrooms with showers. A pension
hotel usually has a window air conditioning unit, but the hallways and other areas of the hotel are usually cooled only by
fans.
Condominium Hotels – Condominium hotels (or “condo hotels” as they are commonly called) are back in the news
again. It seems like every high-end or luxury hotel development is at least considering using the condo hotel approach.
The renewed interest is fueled by recovery of residential real estate markets, high construction costs for high end hotel
rooms, and the recent change in SEC Rule 506(c) that has completely changed the “securities” dynamics on condo
hotels.
HOTEL STAR RATING
ONE-STAR HOTEL is simply a place to rest your head for the night. Generally owned by a sole proprietor, these hotels
offer modest rooms with nothing more than a bed and bathroom.
TWO-STAR HOTEL is a hotel that provides the bare essentials with some comfort quality. Standard (**) At a 2 Star Hotel,
in addition to the comfort and hygiene essentials, the amenities for the guest are of a significantly higher quality and
appeal than to that of a 1 Star Hotel.
THREE-STAR HOTEL is a hotel that provides average amenities, higher quality service, physical attributes and design
A FOUR-STAR HOTEL is a hotel that provides above average, deluxe service and experience for the guest. First Class
(****) A 4 Star hotel has a larger range of facilities available, and the design is high quality. All service standards are
aimed towards pleasing the guest
A FIVE-STAR property provides flawless guest services in a state-of-the-art facility. As a five-star property, such as
premium dining options and personalized services to its guests. With no detail being overlooked, these hotels commonly
even provides high-end, luxury toiletries for guests
Some of the first-class amenities that separate a SIX-STAR from a five-star hotel include private in-room chefs and
butlers, on-call chauffeurs and private pools. These posh perks that come with a six-star hotel, of course also come with
a hefty price tag; rooms in many of these hotel’s average about $1,000 per night.
SEVEN-STAR HOTELS are hotels with the highest level of luxury available in the world.
Accommodation Reservation
A reservation is defined as ‘blocking or booking a particular type of room for a guest for a certain period of time’. It is
easy for hotels to accept reservations in order to achieve high occupancy and to maximize revenue from rooms.
Reservations in the hotel industry are defined as blocking a particular type of guest room (e.g., a wheelchair accessible
room). A hotel room can be a single room, a double room, a deluxe room, an executive room, a suite, etc., for a definite
period of time (e.g. A guest’s number of days in a particular hotel, i.e., the number of nights they stayed.
Many large hotels have computerized reservation system. However despite these system, overbooking is still occurs.