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FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZET A
OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC
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1'1Year No.1
ADDIS ABABA - 21 sl August,
1995
CONTENTS
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REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
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Proclamation No. 1/1995
Proclamation of the Constitution of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Page 1
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PROCLAMA nON NO. 1/1995
A PROCLAMATION TO PRONOUNCE THE COMING
INTO EFFECT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
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WHEREAS, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of
Ethiopia have, through their elected Representatives, ratified
the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia, on the 8th day of December, 1994; it is hereby
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proclaimed as follows:
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1. Short Title
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This Proclamation may be cited as the' 'Constitution of
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the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
2. ih1 00'",,,..-1: O"..t- I\f, it"ooCPI\Proclamation No. 1/1995".
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ih., 2. Coming into Effect of the Constitution
00'","":" h~"''''' I~ .,., Iiifit1 ,.9"'1.9"C' 00-1\-000-1\The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of
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Ethiopia has come into full force and effect as of the 21 sl
day of August, 1995.
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This Proclamation shall enter into force as of the 21sl day
of August, 1995.
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Done at Addis Ababa, this 21 st day of August, 1995.
NEGASO GIDADA (DR.)
.
PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
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Federal Negarit a.p.G.Box 80,001
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"Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 2111August 1995 - Page 2
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PREAMBLE
We, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia:
,,~ fkTf"kl -oth.C"~f -oth.~"'P~ f th1fP~ ,OV1&-~1kTf"kl m-h1' Ul\t M,. f "iaT'i lAm- Strongly committed, in full and free exercise of our right to
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self-detennination, to building a political community founf
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ded on the rule of law and capable of ensuring a lasting peace,
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guaranteeing a democratic order, and advancing our
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economic and social development;
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Firmly convincedthat the fulfilment of this objective requires
full respect of individual and people'_sfundamental freedoms
V1&-~1
Further con vinced that by continuing to live with our rich ,and
proud cultural legacies in territories we have long inhabited,
have, through continuous interaction on various levels and
forms of life,. built up common interests and have also
contributed to the emergence of a common outlook;
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lIth.~(a-o OD"'~;J-C£ OD.f1+~ -ho&-=fm- f f1;to and rights, ~olive together the basis of equality' and without
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l\ODAl1h:"1\A1 oftA1 Fully cognizant that our common destiny can best be served
by rectifing historically unjust reltionships and by further
promoting our shared interests;
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' Convinced that to live as one economic community is
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necessary in order to create sustainable and mutually supportive conditions for ensuring respect for our rights and
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freedoms and for the collective promotion of our interests;
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Determined to consolidate, as a lasting legacy, the peace and
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the prospect of a democratic order which our struggles and
sacrifices have brought about;
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Have therefore adopted, on 8 December 1994 this Cons'hff.UO",. A1A"'i:r:".. '1\"7 titutionthrough representativeswe have duly elected for this
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CHAPTER ONE
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GENERAL PROVISIONS
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Article 1
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1. The Ethiopian flag shall consist of green at the top, yellow
in the middle and red at the bottom, and shall have a
national emblem at the centre. The three colours shall be
set horizontally in equal dimension.
2. The national emblem on the flag shall reflect the hope of
the Nations, Nationalities, Peoples as well as religious
communities of Ethiopia to live together in equality and
unity.
3. Members of the Federation may have their respective
flags and emblems and shall determine the details thereof
through their respective legislatures.
National Anthem of Ethiopia
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Article 3
Article 4
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The territorial jurisdiction of Ethiopia shall comprise the
territory of the members of the Federation and its boundaries
shall be as determined by international agreements.
The Ethiopian Flag
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This Constitution establishes a Federal and Democratic State
structure. Accordingly, the Ethiopian state.shall be known as
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Article 2
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Nomenclature of the State
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No. I 21 st August 1995 - Page 3
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The national anthem of Ethiopia, to be determined by law,
shall reflect the ideals of the Constitution, the commitment of
the Peoples of Ethiopia to live together in a democratic ord~r
and of their common destiny.
Article 5
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Languages
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2. Amharic shall be the working language of the Federal
Government.
3. Members of the Federation may by law determine their
respective working languages.
Article 6
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1. All Ethiopian languages shall enjoy equal state recognition.
Nationality
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1. Any person of either sex shall be an Ethiopian national
where both or either parent is Ethiopian.
2. Foreign nationals may acquire Ethiopian nationality.
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3. Particulars relating to nationality shall be determined by
law.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta -No.1 21 st August 1995 -
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Article 7
Gender Reference
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Provisions of this Constitution set out in the masculine gender
shall also apply to the feminine gender.
CHAPTER TWO
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FUNDAMENTALPIDNCWLESOFTHE
CONSTITUTION
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1. All sovereign power resides in the Nations, Nationalities
and Peoples of Ethiopia.
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2. This Constitution is an expression of their sovereignty.
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3. Their sovereignty shall be expressed through their represenOOl/.ooC{{l.TW-i'roiIr-;FTCD-'i" O"''I';J- OOl/.!1.C.,.:" YolJP
tatives elected in accordance with this Constituion and
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through their direct democratic participation.
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Supremacy of the Constitution
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1. The Constitution is the supreme law ofthe land. Any law,
customary practice or a decision of an organ of state or a
public official which contravenes this Constitution shall
be of no effect.
2. All citizens, organs of state, political organizations, other
associations as well as their officials have the duty to
ensure observance of the Constitution and to obey it.
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3. It is prohibited to assume state power in any manner other
than that provided under the Constitution.
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4. All intenational agreements ratified by Ethiopia are an
integral part of the law of the land.
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Article 10
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Human and Democratic Rights
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1. Human rights and freedoms, emanating from the nature of
mankind, are inviolable and inalienable.
2. Human and democratic rights of citizens and peoples shall
be respected.
Article 11
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Separation of State and Religion
1. State and religion are separate.
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2. There shall be no state religion.
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The state shall not interfere in religious matters and
religion shall not interfere in state affairs.
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Article 12
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Conduct and Accountability of Government
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No.1 21't August 1995 - Page 5
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1. The conduct of affairs of government shall be transparent.
2. Any public official or an elected representative is accountable for any failure in official duties.
3. In case of loss of confidence, the people may recall an
elected representative. The particulars of recall shall be
determined by law.
CHAPTER THREE
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FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
Article 13
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Scope of Application and Interpretation
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1. All Federal and State legislative, executive and judicial
organs at all levels shall have the responsibility and duty
to respect and enforce the provisions of this Chapter.
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2. The fundamental rights and freedoms specified in this
Chapter shall be interpreted in a manner conforming to
the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, International Covenants on Human Rights and
international instruments adopted by Ethiopia.
OD111: ~"'~101J/\- ::
PART ONE
HUMAN RIGHTS
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Article 14
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Rights to life, the Security of .Person and Liberty
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Every person has the inviolable and inalienable right to life,
the security of person and liberty.
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Right to Life
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Every person has the right to life. No person may be deprived
of his life except as a punishment for a serious criminal
offence determined by law.
Article 16
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The Right of the Security of Person
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Every one has the right to protection against bodily harm.
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Article 17
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Right to Liberty
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1. No one shall be deprived of his or her liberty except on
such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as
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are established by law.
2. No person may be subjected to arbitrary arrest, and no
person may be detained without a charge or conviction
against him.
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Everyone has the right to protection against cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
2. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. Trafficking in
human beings for whatever purpose is prohibited.
3. Noone shall be required to perform forced or compulsQI)'
labour.
4. For the purpose of sub-Article 3 of this Article the phrase
"forced or compulsory labour" shall not include:
(a) Any work or service normally required of a person
who is under detention in consequence of a lawful
order, or of a person during conditional release from
such detention;
(b) In the case of conscientious objectors, any service
exacted in lieu of compulsory military service;
(c) Any service exacted in cases of emergency or calamity
threatening the life or well-being of the community;
(d) Any economic and social development activity voluntarily performed by a community within its locality.
Article 19
1. Persons arrested have the right to be informed promptly,
in a language they understand, of the reasons for their
arrest and of any charge against them.
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2. Persons, arrested have the right to remain silent. Upon
arrest, they have the right to be informed promptly, in a
language they understand, that any statement they make
may be used as evidence against them in court.
3. Persons arrested have the right to be brought before a
court within 48 hours of their arrest. Such time shall not
include the time reasonably required for the journey from
the place of arrest to the court. On appearing before a
court, they have the right to be given prompt and specific
explanaltion of the reasons for their arrest due to the
alleged crime committed.
4. All persons have an inalienable right to petition the court
to order their physical release where the arresting police
officer or the law enforcer fails to bring them before a
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pecing the arrested person's right to a speedy trial.
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5. Persons arrested shall not be compelled to make confessions or admissions which could be used in evidence
against them. Any evidence obtained under coercion shall
not be admissible.
6. Persons arrested have the right to be released on bail. In
exceptional circumstances prescribed by law, the court
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conditional release of the arrested person.
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Article 20
Rights of Persons Accused
Accused persons have the right to a public trial by an
ordinary court of law within a reasonable time after
having been charged. The court may hear cases in a
closed session only with a view to protecting the right to
privacy of the parties concerned, public morals and
national security.
Accused persons have the right to be informed with
sufficient particulars of the charge brought against them
and to be given the charge in writing.
During proceedings accused persons have the right to be
presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law
and not to be compelled to testify against themselves.
Accused persons have the right to full access to any
evidence presented against them, to examine witnesses
testifying against them, to adduce or to have evidence
produced in their own defence, and to obtain the
attendance of and examination of witnesses on their
behalf before the court.
Accused persons have the right to be represented by legal
counsel of their choice, and, if they do not have sufficient
means to pay for it and miscarriage of justice would
result, to be provided with legal representation at state
expense.
All persons have the right of appeal to the competent court
against an order or a judgement of the court which first
heard the case.
They have the right to request for the assistance of an
interpreter at state expense where the court proceedings
are conducted in a language they do not understand.
Article 21
The Rights of Persons Held in Custody and Convicted
.
Prisoners
1. All persons held in custody and persons imprisoned upon
conviction and sentencing have the right to treatments
respecting their human dignity.
2. All persons shall have the opportunity to communicate
with, and to be visited by, their spouses or partners, close.
relatives, friends, religious councillors, medical doctors
and their legal counsel.
Article 22
Non-retroactivity of Criminal Law
1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on
account of any act or omission which did not constitute a
criminal offence at the time when it was committed. Nor
shall a heavier penalty be imposed on any person than the
one that was applicable at the time when the criminal
offence was committed.
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21 August 1995 - Page 8
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-Article 1 of this
Article, a law promulgated subsequent to the commission
of the offence shall apply if it is advantageous to the
accused or convicted person.
Article 23
Prohibition of Double Jeopardy
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Right to Honour and Reputation
1. Everyone has the right to respect for his human dignity,
reputation and honour.
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No person shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an
offence for which he has already been finally convicted or
acquitted in accordance with the criminal law and procedure.
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2. Everyone has the right to the free development of his
personality in a manner compatible with the rights of
other citizens.
3. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a
person.
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Article 25
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Right to Equality
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respect, the law shall guarantee to all persons equal and
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effective protection without discrimination on grounds of
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language, religion, political or other opinion, property, birth
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or other status.
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1. Everyone has the right to privacy. This right shall include
the right not to be subjected to searches of his home,
person or property, or the seizure of any property under /
his personal possession.
2. Everyone has the right to the inviolability of his notes and
correspondence including postal letters, and communications made by means of telephone, telecommunications and electronic devices.
3. Public officials shall respect and protect these rights. No
restrictions may be placed on the enjoyment of such
rights except in compelling circumstances and in accordance with specific laws whose purposes shall be the
safeguarding of national security or public peace, the
prevention of crimes or the protection of helath, public
morality or the rights and freedoms of others.
Article 27
,
Freedom of Religion, Belief and Opinion
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and religion. This right shall include the freedom to hold
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No.1 21 st August 1995 - Page 9
freedom, either individually or in community with others,
and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief
in worship, observance, practice and teaching.
2. Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-Article 2 of
Article 90, believers may establish institutions of
religious education and administration in order to
propagate and organize their religion.
3. No one shall be subject to coercion or other means which
would restrict or prevent his freedom to hold a belief of
his choice.
4. Parents and legal guardians have the right to bring up their
children ensuring their religious and moral education in
conformity with their own convictions.
5. Freedom to express or manifest one's religion or belief
may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed
by law and are necessary to protect public safety, peace,
health, education, public morality or the fundamental
rights and freedoms of others, and to ensure the independence of the state from religion.
Article 28
Crimes Against Humanity
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1. Criminal liability of persons who commit crimes against
humanity, so defined by international agreements ratified
by Ethiopia and by other laws of Ethiopia, such as
genocide, summary executions, forcible disappearances
or torture shall not be barred by statute of limitation. Such
offences may not be commuted by amnesty or pardon of
the legislature or any other state organ.
2. In the case of persons convicted of any crime stated in subArticle 1 of this Article and sentenced with the death
penalty, the Head of State may, without prejudice to the
provisions hereinabove, commute the punishment to life
imprisonment.
PART TWO
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DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS
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Article 29
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Right of Thought, Opinion and Expression
ji.
OI/1'1lD-9" ltlD- 1t\OI/19" flJA:P 111~"" fooltt\lD-1 hoo
1. Everyone has the right to hold opinions without int\t}h..,. t\00111 ~ri\A II
teference.
~. "71'1 lD-9" ItlD- 1 t\"719" fIJA:P 111~..,. 0 It{l-1 f 00'" t\R'
2. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression without
~,~..,. ht\lD- II ~tJ ~,~..,. 001C lD-itT9" Ir~ h01C lD-6f.h
CD
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any interference. This right shall include freedom to seek,
receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds,
regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print,
in the form of art, or through any media of his choice.
3. Freedom of the press and other mass media and freedom
of artistic creativity is guaranteed. Freedom of the press
shall specifically include the following elements:
(a) Prohibition of any form of censorship.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21st August 1995 -
Page 10
(b) Access to information of public interest.
4. In the interest of the free flow of information, ideas and
opinions which are essential to the functioning of a
democratic order, the press shall, as an institution, enjoy
legal protection to ensure its operational independence
and its capacity to entertain diverse opinions.
5. Any media financed by or under the control of the State
shall be operated in a manner ensuring its capacity to
entertain diversity in the expression of opinion.
6. These rights can be limited only through laws which are
guided by the principle that freedom of expression and
information cannot be limited on account of the content
or effect of the point of view expressed. Legal limitations
can be laid down in order to protect the well-being of the
/\oPmO:" f\.I1A c"h;J1£1Y-nr OHLU oPl1.y."f I\f, !\.Y-~11youth, and the honour and reputation of individuals. Any
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propaganda for war as well as the public expression of
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opinion intended to injure human dignity shall be
'to 0I/"}~lD-9" ,L;J hl\f, O'''m'''(}.-r oPl1.y."f hm:J>".9" l1Y:
prohibited by law.
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7. Any citizen who violates any legal limitations on the
exercise of these rights may be held liable under the law.
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The Right of Assembly, Demonstration and Petition
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Article 30
1. Everyone has the right to assemble and to demonstrate
together with others peaceably and unarmed, and to
petition. Appropriate regulations may be made in the
interest of public convenience relating to the location of
open-air meetings and 'the route of movement of demonstrators or, for the protection of democratic rights, public
morality and peace during such a meeting or demonstration.
2. ,This right does not exempt from liability under laws
enacted to protect the well-being of the youth or the
honour and reputation of individulas, and laws
prohibiting any propaganda for war and any public
expression of opinions intended to injure human dignity.
Article 31
all;
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Freedom of Association
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Every person has the right to freedom of association for any
cause or purpose. Organizations formed, in violation of
appropriate laws, or to illegally subvert the constitutional
order, or which promote such activities are prohibited.
Article 32
Freedom of Movement
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1. Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in Ethiopia
has, within the national territory, the right to liberty of
movement and freedom to choose his residence, as well
as the freedom to leave the country at any time he wishes
to.
2. Any Ethiopian national has the right to return to his
country .
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 11
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Article 33
Rights of Nationality
1. No Ethiopian national shall be deprived of his or her
Ethiopian nationality against his or her will. Marriage of
an Ethiopian national of either sex to a foreign national
shall not annul his or her Ethiopian nationality.
ffl. .., ~.'t ODi1"'~
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"7') ~ tD-9"" 1\..'tf"* 1'e/1\. .'tf"* 1'e.'t hL.+~/hL.+ ~
tD-~ 1\..'tf"*''e
tJ."'~-f:,)/tJ...,~.'t'P,) A.1L~ mf;,'"
A.'t1L~ hf;,~A9""/h.'t~A'" :: 1\..'tf"*''e/1\..'tf"k
1'e.'t tL;J h~I\ V1C tL;J ;JC f"7.L1\ODtD-/f,...'tL1\ODtD2. Every Ethiopian national has the right to the enjoyment of
;Ji1;F 1\..'tf"*''e tL"'~-f:,)/tJ...,~.'t'P,) hlia+C,.. :1
all rights, protection and benefits derived from Ethiopian
"7')~tD-9"" 1\..'tf"*''e tL;J f1\..'tf"*' tJ...,~.'t Oib..,
nationality as prescribed by law.
f"7.1ia11tD-') ODi1.'t . 1'O:P'i" 1':"9"" f"7"'1.'t ODi1.'t
.
3. Any national has the right to change his Ethiopian
h/\tD- II
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O"7f;,:I"l') OD')11: O"7.mlf) ib.., 'h'i" 0"7.1.~1'" P'CIi.'t
OD(al.'t f 1\..'tf"* 1 tJ...,~..,. 1\tD-~ 01 C (a9'~ A.(aT
f;,~I\A::
4. Ethiopian nationality may be conferred upon foreigners in
accordance with law enacted and procedures established
consistent with international agreements ratified by
Ethiopia.
Article 34
Marital, Personal and Family Rights
--
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nati onali ty .
Oib.., h+m(a~tD- f ;J11;F iJ1:"7. f1.lfl- m')p.~'i" (\.,.~
onc . 011th.C . 011th.l(a11 mf;,'" O'f;,"7'i.'t
"f;,1.l"''lTtDf"7"''l.'t'i''
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M1-A ODl1.'t hl\TtD-
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fODODial.'t ODl1-r
. 0;J11;FtD- nOD')'i" O~:f 1.tL
.:1 O~:f'"
1.tL fA~~,)
1. Men and women, without any distinction as to race,
nation, nationality or religion, who have attained
marrigeable age as defined by law, have the right to marry
and found a family. They have equal rights while entering
into, during marriage and at the time of divorce. Laws
shall be enacted to ensure the protection of rights and
interests of children at the time of divorce.
ODl1-r'i"
2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full
1':",.. 'h')JLhOC f"7.11.C~ 1:');J1.sP~ f;,1.~1;J/\- :1
consent of the intending spouses.
I-~ ;J11;F 0+ ;Jfl9'~ ~''i'' ~/\- L:I" 1: I\f;, 11;F f;,OD(al:1'A:I
f+t..1'~
OD(al:1''e OD~7i ~tD- :1 3. The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society
r- 0. + (a11 f..,l1l+(al1
and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
h..,l1l+(al1'i" hOD')"'P'-r 1'0:1" f"7"'1-r ODl1.'t hl\tD-::
§. Oib.., O+I\f;, O"7.nlHltD- OD(al.'t O'f?i'i-r
. O'libA
4. In accordance with provisions to be specified by law, a
fib.., P'CIi"'~
law giving recognition to marriage concluded under
I\f;, 1'ODiaC1'tD- I\"7.L?~
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systems of religious or customary laws may be enacted.
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f;,U ib1 OD,)"'P'.'t f..,A 'h'i" fo.+(al1
5. This Constitution shall not preclude the adjudication of
ib..,') O+ODl\h+
disputes relating to personal and family laws in accorO+h&.ta~9'~ L:I"1: O'f;,"7'i"'~
mf;,9"" O'libfte"f Cho)"f
OD(al.'t OD.';1.'t') hf;,hl\hA9"" :11fC"U~ OCh..,f;,m(a'i"A:I
dance with reljgious or customary laws, with the consent
of the parties to the dispute. Particulars shall be deter.
mined by law.
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hm')p.~ ;JC 'hh-A ODl1-r hl\TtD- :1
(\.,.~ 00:1'~~.'t'i" OA~~-r OOD:1'f:1'TtD- f1.l(a'lTtD-')
f :1'~h :"Cia h"'9"".'t tD-ia1' 0"7ia1'l-r f;,U :"Cia 'h')JL:1'l
9""I\TtD- O+Q;)."7~ f 1:;J~ 'hC9""~9'~ +m:l""7. fODIf')
ODl1.'t hl\TtD-:: OltU Oh-A f"7.m(a~-r 'hC"'~9'"f lil\"7
Article 35
Rights of Women
1. Women shall; in the enjoyment of rights and protections
provided for by this Constitution, have equal right with
men.
2. Women have equal rights with men in marriage as
prescribed by this Constitution.
3. The historical legacy of inequality and discrimination
suffered by women in Ethiopia taken into account,
women, in order to remedy this legacy, are entitled to
07'I\-I:ta'e . 0"7..,0&.1f.'i" 01\.fI'i"7.1'e ODiafl"f 'h')JLV-9""
affirmative
measures. The purpose of such measures shall
OOD')"'P'.'t 'h'i" O..,A '''*IfU~ tD-ia1' (\.,."f hm')p."f ;JC
be to provide special attention to women so as to enable
O'hh-A ~-r +m.';.';~'i" ".l}:1't.. 'h')JLIf). 1\"71:l'" 'h')JL~A
them compete and participate on the basis of equality
A~ .'th-l-r I\ODiam-r ~tD- :1
with men in political, social and economic life as well as
(\.,.~ hO):( 'libA +1\iJ'i fODI\"':" ODl1:1'TtD-') OD')
in public and private institutions.
"'P'.'t "7iahOC hl\O-r :1 c\"'~1 f"7.Q;).ck). mf;,9""
4. The State shall enforce the right of women to eliminate the
Ohtal\TtD- mf;,9"" OhiJ9""C'hTtD- I\f;, ~-r
f"7.1iah-r/\influences of harmful customs. Laws, customs and
Cho)~ . mo)~'i" A"7P.~ f+hl\h/\- 'i"TtD- :1
practices that oppress or cause bodily or mental harm to
women are prohibited.
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Women have the right to full consultation in the
formulation of national development policies, the designing and execution of projects, and particularly in the
case of projects affecting the interests of women.
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7. Women have the right to acquire, administer, control, use
foom4>9"e; fO?it.,."t\lj: 0011T h"T~ :: O.,.t\f. OOI..T'}
and transfer property. In particular, they have equal rights
noom4>9" f nO?it.,."t\lj: : flO?it.,..&;f.Ce; floo~llJmC
with men with respect to use, transfer, administration and
:: h,}~v-9"
~'lf.' hlD'}P."f ;JC },h'A 0011T h"~~
control of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment in
~Cil,} nOlJ..OOt\hTnhh-A"T foo;rfT 0011T h"T~::
the inheritance of property.
,."f f.}>'fC f f P' II' hf.:1T f fh h-A hlj:!e; m-~;r'}
8. Women shall have a right to equality in employment,
::
fO?it.,."t\lj: MrA 0011:" h"T~
promotion, pay, and the transfer of pension entitlements.
,."f nhC'111e;e; fllDlLf.: 9"h'}!T. fOlJ..f.CitflT~'} 1-.&;T
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9. To prevent harm arising from pregnancy and childbirth
and in order to safeguard their health, women have the
right of access to family planning education, information
and capacity.
h,} 4>?\ (/17:
Article 36
~
f ,fi'le;:" 0011T
Ii'
Rights of Children
1. Every child has the right:
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0) n,fif.lDT footfC :
t\) it9"e; Itol"T fO?o11T:
ill) lD"ft~'} lDf.9" n,fi°l fO?ltf.'1 0011T !"T~'}
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fh.,fI-'}9" h'}h11i]o. fO?'1lT
(0)
1-AI..,:'}
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(a) To life;
(b) To a name and nationality;
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6.
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flOIJ..lD(a"~ OO(a~T hOO-I\;J C f OIJ..
(a'I' fh C'111 e; tt:P f,:')
21st August 1995 -
(a) Women have the right to maternity leave with full
pay. The duration of maternity leave shall be
determined bylaw taking into account the nature of
the work, the health of the mother and the wellbeing of the child and family.
(b) Maternity leave may, in accordance with the
provisions of law, include prenata11eave with full
pay.
P'&. v-);;r f f"":t'} m. ,}"T f
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(c) To know and be cared for by his or her parents or
legal guardians;
(d) Not to be subject to exploitative practices, neither to
be required nor permitted to perform work which
may be hazardous or harmful to his or her education,
health or well-being;
(e) To be free of corporal punishment or cruel and
inhumane treatment in schools and other institutions
responsible for the care of children.
2. In all actions concerning children undertaken by public
and private welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the primary
consideration shall be the best interests of the child.
3. Juvenile offenders admitted to corrective or rehabilitative
institutions, and juveniles who become wards of the State
or who are placed in public or private orphanages, shall be
kept separately from adults.
4. Children born out of wedlock shall have the same rights as
children born of wedlock.
5. The State shall accord special protection to orphans and
shall encourage the establishment of institutions which
ensure and promote their adoption and advance their
welfare, and education.
1Jr
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,.,..
Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 13
Article 37
h")"'1t c9~
ti::"ih f07..,1':" 00-0:"
i.
I.
Right of Access to Justice
",")r;:tD-r iltD- O~C.(' I\.lDiI") f"7..1'1tD-") ~~
I\ti:c.('
aT lD~r I\/\.I\ Oih.., f.c;:-S~:" FAtI'f") I\+ilmtD- hitA
f07:t-l-o'i tD-It1 lD~r ti:c.(' f07..,1':" 00-0:" hl\tD- :1
OtLU h")"'1t ")o-h h")"'1t Ii f+OOl\h+tD-") tD-"1 lD~r
ti:c.(' I
v) ",")r;:tD-r ",...oc fh'1I\rf:") f;1to lD~r f..,A
...:t-r OOOlDhA .
1\) ",")r;:tD-")r 0-.('") lD~r +oo,,"~ ...:,,'1" 11\:ftD-")
il9»'f f"7..lDh A ..,I\iI-o ID~r fo-.('") h'1 A
foomf:t-'i f07..,,.:,, 00-0:" hl\tD- II
1. Everyone has the right to bring a justiciable matter to, and
to obtain a decision or judgement by, a court of law or any
other competent body with judicial power.
2. The decision or judgement referred to under sub-Article 1
of this Article may also be sought by:
(a) Any association representing the Collective or
individual interest of its members; or
(b) Any group or person who is a member of, or
represents a group with similar interests.
Article 38
The Right to Vote and to be Elected
foorlT'i
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O-oth.lil-o . OJ':J-. mt")* . OV~'r:" . 07"I\-I:it lD~r
O/\.I\hOOl\ith:" lD~r O/\.I\ h*rl\~ f+ooill+ A~~:"
"~~l"'O:" f"7..h+ft-:" oo-o-fT hft-:" I
v)
O+...:J- ~'i O~,~:,. oooltl'f:ftD- +lDitf"T
:-s~:,. 0;"11-0 .,...c;~ hh+.c;~c foo"+ti: .
h"7it
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n""'l
A ~ fh'1A~:" ooh~C:" f"7..1":1.1\"7")~tD-r iltD- 0ti:I\1rf:
h'1A foo.,") oo-orf: f+hOl 011"") hl\O:"::
OtLU h")"'1t ")o-h h")"'1t I O+OOl\hrf::" .('C:E-"'T tD-h...
1. Every Ethiopian national, without any discrimination
based on colour, race, nation, nationality, sex, language,
religion, political or other opinion or other status, has the
following rights:
(a) To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly
and through freely chosen representatives;
(b) On the attainment of -18 years of age, to vote in
accordance with law;
(c) To vote and to be elected at periodic elections to any
office at any level of government; elections shall be
by universal and equal suffrage and shall beheld by
secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the
will of the electors.
2. The right of everyone to be a member of his own will in a
political organization, labour union, trade organization,
or employers' or professional association shall be respected i{he or she meets the special and general requirements
stipalated by such organization.
3. Elections to positions of responsibility within any of the
I\:)I\~~:" f1:J-9»Tf"7.it¥~ rC~9'T
~''i 1-..'l"htoll.lce
organizations referred to under sub-Article 2 of this
O.,~ 00")1.(' ~~"'''7ft- ::
Article shall be conducted in a free and democratic
§. ftLU h")"'1t ")o-h h")+1t I ~'i r .('");11.9'Tfih1l-o")
manner.
T:t-r il4- '11\ 0-1:J- f"7. ~bo ~h h"~ .(' lh Oih" '1ce 4. The provisions of sub-Articles 2 and 3 of this Article shall
.('C:E-"'T I\~ +~"'''7. ~"'ift- ::
apply to civic organizations which significantly affect the
public interest.
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Article 39
Rights of Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples
Ii. "7")r;:tD-r f h. :"f"A-1 -0th.C . -oth.lil-o . ih"-o f to""")
".('A Oto"" foomil") ~hhOD1")mA 11\tD-oo-orf: 0"7'i
:ftD-r ooAbol1\ 1~-o f+mO.,. ~tD-II
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")*tD- fOO'i1C . fOD"'ti: . *")*tD-") f"7"~'" 7..'i '1ihl\-")
fOD"'I\1t . M~OC'i f"7h4-4-:" ~")Jlo-r :J-~bo") foo")
h'1h-O 011-0:" hl\tD- I:
",")r;:tD-r fh.:"f"kl -oth.C . -oth.lil-o . ih1l-o to""")
f"7"'+.c;"C "...ft- 00"":" hl\tD- :: ~u OIl :" -oth.~ .
-oth.lilo- . ih1l0- Oil~lO:" ODAh, r.('c to""") f"7.1h
+.c;.('CO:" oo")"'F:J-ce +!1:"7:" f"7**r
7..")Jlo-r
OhAA'i 04..1-..toA hh+.c;"C"T tD-hT "7.tJ'ice tD-hA'i
f",..,1':" 011-0:"")lm:J'AI\A :1
1. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has an
unconditional right to self-determination, including the
right to secession.
2. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the
right to speak, to write and to develop its own language;
to express, to develop and to promote its culture; and to
preserve its history.
3. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the
right to a full measure of self-government which includes
the right to establish institutions of government in the
territory that it inhabits and to equitable representation in
state and Federal governments.
ji ~thl\ Hi <1'1Iilf"it% ~.,...
21 st August 1995 -
1~
Hi
2'
f11th.C: 'flth.l(}P"f t ih1fP"f ft-it1 iJ1:A flt-it fOOlD(11 4. The right to self-determination,including secession, of every
Nation, Nationality and People shall come into effect:
hith 0011mA 0011:" h".,I,. Itf, ftllJ.tD-t\tD-;
U) f0011mA l' /tJ: fl11th.C t fl11th.l(}{t lDf,9" flih1f{t
(a) When a demand for secession has been approved by a
f ihO' "'tD-'1J. 9"hC 0.:" flo-t\:" Y'it+i1 f 1:9"6 1:;Jfj:
two-thirds majority of the members of the Legislative
Council of the Nation, Nationality or People concer+"'I1f,~:" 01/"'11: iLl;J1T ;
ned;
t\) f t..lot-fto 001..,,,.,:" f11th.C t f11th.l(}{t lDf,9"
f ih1f{t 9"hC 0.:" tD-It);fl1.l(}tD- flY'it:" ~oo:,. 1.tI.
(b) When the Federal Government has organized a
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Federal Negarit Gazeta -
No.1
Page 14
referendum which must take place within three years
from the time it received the concerned council's
decision for secession;
(c) When the demand for secession is supported by a
majority vote in the referendum;
(d) When the Federal Government will have transferred its
powers to the Council of the Nation, Nationality or
People who has voted to secede; and
(e) When the division of assets is effected in a manner
prescribed by law.
5. A "Nation, Nationality or People" for the purpsoe of this
Constitution, is a group of people who have or share a large
measure of a common culture or similar customs, mutual
intelligibility of language, belief in a common or related
identities, a common psychological make-up, and who
inhabit an identifiable,predominantly contiguous territory.
Article 40
"'1'" 1\ '!j
f1'fll:" 0011:"
The Right to Property
~
6' 0I/1i1tD-9"fh.:,.r-k/ ".;J fO'A 111l:"I1t\0.:" oolf.,.joolfc;.
f,hflCt\;J-Ajf,hflCIt;J-A :: f,tJ 0011:" f ih1f111 '1'''''9''
t\oomfl"" flt\.1t o-);;J- flih.., hitI1A+lD(}~ 1:lit 111l:"
foo/1fe; fl111l:" foom"'9" lDf,9" ft\.f\o"f1 tl.1"f 0011-f"f
1. Every Ethiopian citizen has the right to the ownership of
private property. Unless prescribed otherwise by law on
account of public interest, this right shall include the right to
acquire,to use and, in a manner compatible with the rights of
other citizens, to dispose of such property by sale or bequest
or to transfer it otherwise.
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00111: Mit+Itt\CJ: 0011-f"f1 /11:";J-A ::
2. "Private property", for the purpsoe of this Article, shall
mean any tangible or intangibleproduct which has value and
e:. t\tLtJ "'1"'1\ ~1t0i/ "f..,A 111l:"" OI/t\:" orni1tD-9"
is produced by the labour, creativity, enterprise or capital of
h.:,.r-k/If tI.;J lDf,9" ih;J1f (}tD-~:"flih.., f+(}tlJTtDan individual citizen, associations which enjoy juridical
h. :"r-k /If OI/..,flt-:" lDf,9" "'..,1111fl"'ItTtD- o-);;J-sP"f
personality under the law, or in appropriate circumstances,
flih.., fl+t\f fl;Jt- f1'fll:"I1t\0.:" h1JtIf.,. f+L.,.Y.ltTtDby communities specifically empowered by law to own
OI/..,fll(}P"f fl1-Afl;J-TtD- t flooCJ:mC "ff\o;J-TtD- lDf,9""
property in common.
fli11;;J-ItTtD- / tC..~:"+QJ,I1~ flf~e; f+QJ,I16£"~:" ml1f,
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3. The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of
all natural resources, is exclusively vested in the State and in
the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common
property of the
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not
be subject to sale or to other means of exchange.
111l:" ~tD- ::
4. Ethiopian peasants have right to obtain land without payment
fh.:,.r-A'/
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and the protection against eviction from their possession.
/t\oo~"'A 0011;J-TtD- f+hfll ~tD-:: "'L1.ROD-1fl+oot\h+
The implementation of this provision shall be specified by
1fC1fC ih.., f,lDtlJA ::
law.
?;. fh.:,.r-k/ Hltif"f t\"'fI1"li9" If~ t\hCi'f ftllJ.m"'OD-fl:" 0010:"
5. Ethiopian pastoralists have the right to free land for grazing
t foom"'?'"'1 hOOt..;J-TtD- /t\oo~..c;"'A
fl~' M"'1:"
and cultivation as well as the right not to be displaced from
0011:" "'ItTtD- :: 1fC1fC "'tC.."ROD-flih.., f,lD(}e;A ::
their own lands. The implementation shall be specified by
}. fool..:" 11t\0.:"~:" fh.:,.r-k/ 11th.c:"f t 11th.l(}PTc;
law.
ih1fP"f oolf.,. h 11.+mfl.,. Iftj 001..,,,.,:" t\..,A I1t\U11-f"f
6 . Without prejudice to the right of Ethiopian Nations,
flih..,
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0011;J-:ftD-1
Nationalities, and Peoples to the ownership of land,
government shall ensure the right of private investors to the
use of land on the basis of payment arrangements established by law. Particulars shall be determined by law.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 -
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7. Every Ethiopian shall have the full right to the immovable
property he builds and to the permanent improvements he
brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This
right shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and,
where the right of use expires, to remove his property,
transfer his title, or claim compensation for it. Particulars
shall be determined by law.
8. Without prejudice to the right to private property, the
government may expropriate private property for public
purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation
commensurate to the value of the property.
Article 41
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Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
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2. Every Ethiopian has the right to choose his or her means of
livelihood, occupation and profession.
3. Every Ethiopian national has the right to equal access to
publicly funded social services.
4. The State has the obligation to allocate ever increasing
resources to provide to the public health, education and
other social services.
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Y.~c"f:i~"f
The State shall undertake all measures necessary to
increase opportunities for citizens to find gainful employment.
8.
Ethiopian farmers and pastoralists have the right to
receive fair prices for their products, that would lead to
improvement in their conditions of life and to enable
them to obtain an equitable share of the national wealth
commensurate with their contribution. This objective
shall guide the State in the formulation of economic ,
social and development policies.
.
!t. ou1"lr':" fl1,'hAc," f;h~h ~C{\"f1 fou1hl1h1le; t\r'~'1'
01le; t\il7~CT OUiltj~4-.T hil1-tp/JP flP/Y:l."l
~"k ~T
ht\OT ::
U)
7.
/JY:"TOJ« hfll.4.
tp"'/..;JC 1-ouflJflJ:'; flr~ 1-10. tp;J t\erCT OJ«{f]..y.Y:TOJ«
flP/"l'Y'1' ou1lT h"~~OJ« :: OU1"lr"'" fi\.1'1lfOlJ. t flP/..,O
1- A er 0 T 1.U 0 H. U l}"1P/
II' «£e; fA IP/ T 7' t\. fl 9' 1~1 0 OIJ.
Ii'
Every Ethiopian has the right to engage freely in
economic activity and to pursue a livelihood of his choice
anywhere within the national territory.
::
qu"f1 fmflJA
'to
1.
5. The State shall, within available means, allocate resources
to provide rehabilitation and assistance to the physically
ou1"lr"'"
fhl1A he; fh/Jerr: ,...&;1-q."f1 I hl.;J«£f11e;
and mentally disabled, the aged, and to children who are
ft\m,,'f:
OJy,er ft\hl}.&;1.
f~~
,'h'le;T1
t\1P/cJ:cJ:erc;
left
without parents or guardian.
t\OUC'&;T fU1{;-I: fi\.1'1lfOlJ. h~er O~~~OJ« ~ljf h1h
6. The State shall pursue policies which aim to expand job
'0110. f.V~C;JA ::
opportuniti~s for the unemployed and the poor and shall
OU1"lr"'"
t\r'~
h(J1"fe; t\"f"'lq."f
r'~
t\OU~lIlC
accordingly undertake programmes and public works
fOlJ.f il "f A T t\. fl Y, h 1-" A : h 1 Jt v-er 0 OIJ.fl1'l~0J«
projects.
fr'11' "C~ OJ«il'1' fr'11' /JY:A t\OU~lIlC fr'~
Tr:"l~
Y,ouY:I1A
~.
Page 15
OU1lT
Ibftn"f
'1'~IP/T0J«1
;JC fou Y.~~C
OU1lT1
9. The State has the responsibility to protect and preserve
historical and cultural legacies, and to contribute to the
promotion of the arts and sports.
Article 42
Rights of Labour
1. (a) Factory and service workers, farmers, farm labourers,
other rural workers and government employees
whose work compatibility allows for it and who are
below a certain level of responsibility, have the right
to form associations to improve their conditions of
employment and economic well-being. This right
includes the right to form trade unions and other
associations to bargain collectively with employers
or other organizations that affect their interests.
'/?'!:,!, tI..~.t.t:\ ~:Jt,}
1\)
WW.it
t.'}<f>1.' (II) l',t'OOl\h1:""
Federal Negarit Gazeta -
1'''7f1''7''''
uP)
t,}<1>"" ",o'it
t.",<1>"" ~ uPfll.''''
'h{J}<:"<; ,1'11-'''''',
(}y,H' 1'11'/,."';;: "'I..,fl/,.""
lIY,"''',fI. N'm<l>fI'''''
OO-fl""<;, I'.:I/.. Y:ef.:e
itl\"7.I1't~'n""
F'Cl}""
t1D-fH"1'
(c)
Ii'
e'
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1I.1"f n'fI,h./'.'P. A"'I''''l'lIDlI.t'lj:
fI.,.I\Y,"" t.IlA
uP 1\h": /'l\..fl.9'1'<;
TC::f.h-l'."f
"'I..,fll.fI'fI
1'''7.
~:{J}<",'h",.ltflm. l'uPml':"
uP.fl.} t."r{J}<::
I't.,.}r-A'y",
lID'IH. 1'''7..l''ilh'flo;. uP""} t.I\Il:f{J}< ::
'h",'PiI,4'(J. 'Pl.,- ,}""'I1'1L1'f",
'h~'1''''<;
l~" 1-1'.."f "'1".'1-""" Y,1f<;'A ::
/J."..,.. fI9"''j- ",1..U<;' iIIS"7
11,
who
enjoy
the rights
work.
2.
Workers have the right to reasonable limitation of
working hours, to rest, to leisure, to periodic leaves with
pay, to remuneration for public holidays as well as
healthy and safe work envirpnment.
3.
Without
Article I
tation of
formation
collective
prejudice to the rights recognized under subof this Article, laws enacted for the implemensuch rights shall establish procedures for the
of trade unions and for the regulation of the
bargaining process.
The Right to Development
I.
The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation,
Nationality and People in Ethiopia in particular have the
right to improved living standards and to sustainable
development.
2.
Nationals have the right to participate in national
development and, in particular, to be consulted with
respect to policies and projects affecting their community.
3.
All international agreements and relations concluded,
established or conducted by the State shall protect and
ensure Ethiopia's right to sustainable development.
4.
The basic aim of development activities shall be to
enhance the capacity of citizens for developement and to
meet their basic needs.
I'If~fl""",
"y, IIlIIl
1''''I.11J~:{J}< it.,...,..H'."f.,..
},.~'1''''
I'Ao'H
t,
employees
Article 43
1'''7,1'*C<r
uPfll.;t''P.
t,H'1.' ..j i!
ft,l1tlf1, ,(',u",H' uP.n.'"
~,
Government
(d) Women workers have the right to equal pay for equal
iII\"7.**
y,Y.~"1;JI\'::
If~ nh.,"'r-A-,I'
,l'ho
1'h..H'A'.1"
;"'11f1"f flt.iIl."'''Y,''''
'fI,h,C.'.}', : .nd1.l.fI{J".}', : 'h'ml".1" n.t-<;mA
n.e
V-);;t'
J':{D"} 1''''1 ,'i i\' A lj 1'''7,1'*c'r
'h.I":'I'''' 1''''I°rr..,. uP-fl,"'r{J}<
I"hnn",
',w' ::
lID'}OIF"}
lI'MII" t"t'l':' Y.I.~'
,,.,,
1''''I..I''J!.e:J~:{J}< "rn:H.""',
Page 16
provided under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this subArticle shall be determined by law.
t,H'1.' 0;1'
I'A"'/'} uP-fl""
{i'
21" August 1995 -
this sub-Article have the right to express grievances,
including the right to strike.
oo-fH
1~'lr.t-7f''''''' flt.°lllfl'
l'.t'OJfI~ I'F'I;' fll}.} f)l.et:'''' J 1'00
'11<;:;' 'I.II. : flI'1.lL{J}< hh'~,I' :1(: l'''7.flm' I'~l.lj:..,. <I><:'"f:
m,,<;"7<;
fll}".} 'hV;'v-""
.\'.ooOJ'II l'''7.h6.AIl~:w'I';''''II'n
t.,,:f{J}<::
t,Y.:J I''''IN'.eitl'F'/'.
t,t)IH1,I''''I''11''''
uP'fI""
},~llU'} OD'fI-I"1' '/'°1'11r'P. l\"7f.:l."1I'''7.wm'
;"'11' flltU
No.1
(b) Categories of persons referred to in paragraph (a) of
het:I\."f
(II) },c,' (I\) uPfll."" 'hm':"<; Ill'f..}
{no,it
t.","'''''
uP.fI-I'."f l\uPiIl"'''''I'°,/."ftr''''
flID","1F"'" lP/,..t-7f'"f
fl,).°1 y,mfl<;I\' ::
{I.-I";1" lPlr't-?';';'j- /\-t,oollllY,
hlj:Y
F'lr .t,oollllY,
~{J}<::
1'''7°rr.}
uP'fI;F':w"
I"hnfl'"
d1)
1:'
I'lvlr"';;:
{,Q.""{~ TI..;J'r{J}<",
F' /.. "'I''''''''',
t.IVt:{J}< ,:
~,
~<h(1.it, '~1 iiH:'w% 'HI",
?IL"I ''''re?i
nlf~ t.l1lJfl. fuP<:'e uP,n.",
:,: {J}<::
Article 44
"
lID","IF"}
Environmental Rights
fI"'I..I"I1'tP,:':ciJ. Teollr'l°"f
.,..h",,1''''' N'6.
,,-,,,,,. (,IY,"" ~,c.'t,:':rD' f.t'~I)tFf{J)<
I. All persons have the right to a clean and healthy
fl9'"f v-I\' floo",
environment.
"IF"'" {H: },CP,;J' my, 1\.<\ t.11Ilfl. uPII'Pmc", m..,..e
OJy,.,..
.t'(/IJ("lIl:'; I',n
I'nt/.fl
lb" t."7/"1iJ!' "711117i 2. All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods
{''''''rr:,. uP'fl'} t.,,:f{J}<::
have been adversely affected as a result of State programmes have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with
""~/..l':' tdr'}
adequate State assistance.
l'uP'}"I!":"
t,m."'",c
CHAPTER FOUR
t,}<f>1.'
F'C'H'
1't...''''I''A'!
'ID","II";t.
.ij 1:
STATE STRUCTURE
llD",°IP"'"
b...I!../,.I\'P.
J.'..'l°h/..fl.,I''P.
;J'e"o,/:} ;"'P. ~lD' ::
Article 45
/.T'fll\..h
F'C'H
Form of' Government
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia shall have a
parliamentarian form of government.
1~ 11, ~~t.t\
~;Jt-r
;JIL"1 <II'!'!:?i
~,hl\. Hi '1'1 Ii!I.!t1, ~'9'"
August 1995 Federal Negaiit Gazeta - No. I 21"
Article 46
States of the Federation
h14'K' '?il
f /.,.YvI..A
\1Af\o"f
.,w-
Ii'
f/.,.Yvt.(\'
{/D1"1P"t'
Il\1Af\o"f
f-tCP4'l
~, \1Af\o"f f"'l. CP4'~t' 1l;"1t11 M4..tC
.tJ'1:
Page 17
I
{/D{/DIII t' ., wliS'> 11
"
1:11: I" "'11.,t' 'he;
1. The Federal Democratic Republic shaH comprise of
States.
2. States shaH be delimited on the basis of the settlement
patterns, language, identity and consent of the people
concerned.
Article 47
h14'K' "i~
f /.,.Yv/rA {/D1"1r.-t' Milt'
Member States ofthe Federal Democratic Republic
1. Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia are the following:
tTlIc\.\1
Milt'
/.,.YvtA'C Yv'f"\1/rIt,'C
Ii' fh.H'k,
1) The State of Tigray
e;:fwf"'l.h-t".t'
2) The State of Mar
"
ii' H"1/rS'> hAA
3) The State of Amhara
~. fh4.C hAA
4)
The State of Oromia
[, fh07/r \1AA
5) The State of Somalia
g' fM.':"'l.' \1AA
6) The State of BenshanguUGumuz
~. ffl-"'1lt. \1AA
}. f0.17i1...A/
1I \1AA
7) The State of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and
Peoples
I lI,h.l(\(\"fe;
;"1I(\"f \1AA
f1.o-11l1,h.~"f
'1.'
8)
The
State of the Gambela Peoples
t. f ;1?"o.II ;"11 (\"f \1AA
9) The State of the Harari People
f
tltU
;"1111
\1AA
U'
jI. 1ltt.1I h14>K' 10-11 h14>K' ii f-t{/D/\h1:t' \1AI\-"f w-lI'I'
2. Nations, Nationalities and Peoples within the States
;"1I(1"f IlO71;;:w-?"
enumerated in'sub-Article 1 of this article have the right
f-t\1-t1:t'
1I,h.~"f I 11"':l(\(\"f '
to establish, at any time, their own States.
ff{,.lt:fw-1
\1AA
f071:1:?"
{/D1It'
M:fw"
'UL
;"1111 f/rfl-1 hAA
3.
The
right of any Nation, Nationality or People to form its
[.
f"'11;;:w-?" lI,h.C I 'll,h.l(\l1
'
;
own state is exercisable under the following procedures:
f{/D{/DlIlt' (/D11t' P"l.. 'IS'>f"'l.w-/\w, 1l1l,h.l(\0(a) When the demand for statehood has been approved
0) f'iJAA (/D{/D1Ilt' 'I' ,<l:w- 1l11,h.~
by a two-thirds majority of the members of the
V'lI-t;;:
1:?"II
t'
11;"110?"\1C
0.
t'
11
OJS'>?"
"'/\
Council of the Nation, Nationality or People concer,<l:w11
K'""If:
-t4' 11M t' 07"111: Itl;1'1 'l'e; 'I'
ned, and the demand is presented in writing to the
;
"hAI\- ?"hC o.t' It4'C11
State Council;
/\) 'I"<l:w- f4'lll/\t'
fhAA
?"hC o.t' 'I"<l:w(b) When the Council that received the demand has
ll1.l (\ w- Ilh 11: '}(/Dt' 1.tL w-1I'I' /\m f 4'worganized a referendum within one year to be held in
it);
the Nation, Nationality or People that made the
11,h.C' 11,h.l(\11
OJS'>?" ;"1111 ;"11 11 w.
demand;
It, f./r 1:
'
(c) When the demand for statehood is supported by a
tit) hAA f{/D{/DlIlt' 'I' ,<l:w- 1l11,h.~ I 1l11,h.ll'lomajority vote in the referendum;
OJS'>?";"110- ;"1111 w-it); Ilhllll""l 1:?"II 1t1.'11f:;
(/D) fhAI\- ?"\1C o.t' P"AIfJ.,.1 /\mf4'W- 11,h.C I
(d) When the State Council will have transferred its
;
powers to the Nation,Nationality or People that
'O,h.l(\11 OJS'>?";"1I11It,lIlhll
made the demand; and
w)
0;"1111 w-it); f"'l..tmlwh"lll hAA '1',<1:
(e) When the new State created by the referendum
O7:"l11 it,lI.tA'1W- 04''I';t- fh.H'k,
/.,.Yv/rll'C
without any need for application, directly becomes a
.,wYv.,.,\1/rIt,'C tTlIc\.h
hilA 1t11'1
"
member of the Federal Democratic Republic of
g' fh.H'k,
kYv/r"'C Yv'f"\1I..It''C tT'Ilc\.h Mllt''hb-A
Ethiopia.
{/D11t'e; P"A1fJ1 hll:fw"
4. Member States of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia shall have equal rights and powers.
h14'K' "it
Article 48
fhM/\A /\w-tO"f
State Border Changes
ii'
~.
II~
fhAf\o"f1 OJ(\1 Il"'l.{/D/\ht' '1',<1: f-t.,it 'h11.11'''
f"'l.{/D/\h
lI?,,?,,"t'
S'>.t'l."'1A
Il"'l.{/D/\h;t-:fw- \1AI\-"f
"
;t-:fw- \1AI\-"f {/D1ID7D7t' \1A:F I\- f /"'f../" 11.,. ?"\1C 0. t'
,I
f;"1I1I1 h(\4..tCe; If:II1t' {/D(\lt' IlO71:l"1 S'>OJlIe;A
11,. ho-/\t'
{/Di\lt'
f4'lll
0tt.1I h14'K' 10-11 h14'K' ii
11.,. ?"\1c o.t'
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1.tL w-1I'I' Ilkf../"
f (/D(;I;\,l7i
w-it);
S'>(\ 'l'0;t-
A
"
1. All State border disputes shall be settled by agreement of
the concerned States. Where the concerned States fail to
reach agreement, the l,Iouse of the Federation shall decide
such disputes on the basis of settlement patterns and the
wishes of the peoples concerned.
2. The House of Federation shall, within a period of two
years, render a final decision on a dispute submitted to it
pursuant to sub-Article I of this Art:;:;1e.
Ii
'IX'
4..Y.t.A
~;lt'1'
;lIL"1 '111'C:?i
h'}4'7\
eM
Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21" August 1995 - Page 18
~,h(L I?; 1>1 :uni!'~ 'H".
Article 49
"i!1
Capital City
h+<"1
I. Addis Ababa shall be the capital city of the Federal State,
f~Y..IAt. oo'}"1l1T eM hT"'1 h"tll hOIl ~ID- :1
fM.lI Mil hT"'1 M1"H'.e
t-,,"'} Ot-,," f"'1l1T.I\~C
f.<: l.'PA :: 11C1I~ 0:t."1 f.(/J(t<;A ::
oo-lr P'Ann
fi'
g.
(,
fh.ltll
~,
f,'
hOll h+<"1 hllT.I\~C
Ttn~"1:
h~Y..t-lr
oP'}
"IP"} f.tr<;A ::
fh.ltll hOIl "'P~9':f
OILU
oo'}"IP'T OT~"111D"
"'1
oo{\l.T O~Y..t-lr f"'1I'O T(/Jqr-:f 9"hc Il.T f.(/JMh'::
; fh",A"li1"T h:"C(1'} (/Jf.9" fTIt-r~
fM':"'1..! nAA
tHIT htn:J'<f>9",}<; fooi't(tlrT'}
.,..I\r-:f OToohhT
t
},'}.ltIJ-9" h.ltll h~1l 0"~"'1..! hAA ooVA f"'l.1~
2. The residents of Addis Ababa shall have a full measure of
self-government. Particulars shall be determined by law.
3. The Administration of Addis Ababa shall be responsible
to the Federal Govemement.
4.
Residents of Addis Ababa shall in accordance with the
provisions of this Constitution, be represented in the
House of Peoples' Representatives.
5.
The special interest of the State of Oromia in Addis
Ababa, regarding the provision of social services or the
utilization of natural resources and other similar matters,
as well as joint administrative matters arising from the
location of Addis Ababa within the State of Oromia, shall
be respected. Particulars shall be determined by law.
000"'"
f"'1.."{\' IJ-h"I:'} f"'1..!lITi'ti\~
hi\T.I\~t-'f
",..I\f-:f'} OTOOhhT !hlD- A¥- '1':"9" J'.tnO:"h;t-A ::
11e11~ 0"'''1 f.(/J(t<;A ::
CHAPTER
THE STRUCTURE
9"lJt-'t- h9"lIT
fP'A~'}h(/J:J'4'c~<;h't-'t-A
h'}4'7\
M P'A~'}
fi'
fh.TN,!
t,.Y..t-I\'f Y..'f"ht-I'I.!'f
~T-I1f1..h O~Y..t-A
oo,}"1P'T<; OhAiI":f fT'P4'l. ~ID- ::
~T t f "'''I
g. f ~Y..t-fl' oo,}"1I"T<;hAiI":f f "'''I hID-(;!;\.
hllt.K"'1,"T<;f.l\~~T P'A~'} M:f1D-::
(.
P'A~,}
ii'
OhAiI":f
OF POWERS
1. The Federal democratic Republic of Ethiopia comprises
the Federal Government and the State members.
2.
The Federal Governent and the States
legislative, executive and judicial powers.
3.
The House of Peoples' Representatives
is the highest
authority of the Federal Government.
The House is
responsible to the People. The State Council is the highest
organ of State authority. It is responsible to the People of
the State.
oo,}"1I"T h't-T:;: fl"Ant'}
hqA f~Y..t-lr
f~f"l,"fI'
oo'}"1P'T f"'1I-I1 T(/Jqr-:f 9"nC Il.T ~(IJ<::Ttn~"1:9"
hqA
hV1~1: "'11-11 ~ID- :: fhAA h't-T;;' fl"Ant'}
fnAlr 9"hC Il.T ~ID-; Ttn~~1:9" fI(/Jhfl.1D-hAA "'11-11 4.
~(IJ<::
hAI\":f:
OhAA~T<; nAiI":f Mt..I\1. "'lID- 0"'l.!1~
11'
h:f1D- fhllT.I\~C
~ch<::f f.'P4't-lr :: "'11ft' 011:"1':;:
fMT.I\f.C
~ch :f 04'-r;t- f.i'tT't- "'}~ h1l:"T:;:
5.
~Ch<::f 04: I"A~,} f.l\ntA ::
(;. fnAA 9"nC Il.T OnAl\- I"Ant') lie II"'" .,..I\r-:f fh
oo,}"1I"T
A fl. f"'''1 hlD-'''- hqA 'lID- :: r.wn
"'1
oo(tl.T O"'1~l."1 fhAfI',} ;,,', oo,}"1I"T !".?7fA I
: !?\'1II\A ::
!K~:J'A
'[;. fhAA oollT.I\~C
fnAh' h't-T:;: f"'''1 MltK"'1.. hqA
~(IJ<::
'k' fhAA f.l\~~T I"Ant'} f't-C~ Il.f-:f -I1:F 'lID- ::
oo'}"1I"T<; fhAh":f P'Ant'} ntLU "'1 oP'}
t,. f~f"l,"fI'
:: h~Y..I,"lr
oo'}"1I"T
fT{\tnlD"IP'T
"'(/JlIS:A
AND DIVISION
Article 50
of
the Organs of State
Structure
~
hql\T h(/J:J'4'C
FIVE
shall
have
State government shall be established at State and other.
administrative levels that they find necessary. Adequate
power shall be granted to the lowest units of government
to enable the People to participate directly in the
administration of such units.
The State Council has the power oflegislation on matters
falling under State jurisdiction.
Consistent with the
provisions of this Constitution, the Council has power to
draft, adopt and amend the state constitution.
6. The State administration
executive power.
constitutes
the highest organ of
7. State judicial power is vested in its courts.
8. Federal and State powers are defined by this Constitution.
The States shall respect the powers of the Federal
Government. The Federal Government shall likewise
respect the powers of the States.
oohOC hfl.nT :' hhAiI":f f1'(ttnlDP'A~'}
O~f"l,"fI' oo,}"1I"T oPhOC hhOT ::
9. The Federal Government may, when necessary, delegate
f~Y..lrA
oo,}"1P'T OILtJ "'1 oo'}"1I"T h,}4'7\ ~~
to the States powers and functions granted to it by Article
\H.{\tn""'I"A~,}
~<; '''''1Il~:f ~,}.I\i\t.l\1.~1: hhAiI":f
51 of this Constitution.
(llD-hN; fI..(t-r f.:fl\A ::
1Jt
lit ~10~-/:\ .,;J&T ;JnlfJ <h1'CIi .,,,,(\ Hi <1>,Iitfft
'i'''''
Federal Negarit Gazeta -
st
No.1 21 August 1995 - Page 19
Article 51
Powers
and
Functions
of the Federal Government
001..,,,.,:"
f ~Y..IrA
1. It shall protect and defend the Constitution.
2.
It shall fonnulate and implement the country's policies,
;
f.hl\hl\A
::
001..,,,.,-1:1
f.m11:J>A
ih1
strategies and plans in respect of overall economic, social
frJ1~-I:1 hm:J>I\f.fhJl'iOlJ. t fOlJ"'rOIr«£'i" f AOIJ:"
and development matters.
;rlLiL t it:"Iri::(S
iJ~Y: !CDIf)A ; !itL1\OIJA :1
3. It shall establish and implement national standards and
fmS t f:"~tJC:" t fllihA'i" :f'~I'1«£ ~Cit t fllf.1it'i"
basic policy criteria for public health, education, science
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and technology as well as for the protection and
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::
preservation of cultural and historical legacies.
4. It shall fonnulate and execute the country's financial,
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monetary and foreign investment policies and strategies.
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!CDIf)A ; !itL1\OIJA :1
5. It shall enact laws for the utilization and conservation of
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land and other natural resources, histortical sites and
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:1
'I'0:J>1
objects.
frJ1C'i" fih1l11 foohl\h!'i" f~tJ1~:" h1-'l0-9" f~Y..
6.
It shall establish and administer national defence and
; f.ooIrA:1
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public security forces as well as a federal police force.
; 11"11 !:t-OIJA ; f.0
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7. It shall administer the National Bank, print and borrow
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money, mint coins, regulate foreign exchange and money
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iti\OIJ.O~~O:" o-~:f' ih..,'i"
in circulation; it shall determine by law the conditions and
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tenns under which States can borrow money from..
internal sources.
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;
!RY::J>A
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8.
It
shall fonnulate and implement foreign policy; it shall
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negotiate and ratify international agreements.
fhfC:
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9.
It
shall be responsible for the development, administration
h. 7i1 h1A..,f\o.y.T h1~tlo-~
o-i\:" CDf.~ ho-i\:" Ol\f.
and regulation of air, rail, waterways and sea transport
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and major roads linking two or more States, as well as for
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postal and telecommunication services.
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10. It shall levy taxes and collect duties on revenue sources
;
f~1..IrA
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: !it"'~Y:IrA
reserved to the Federal Government; it shall draw up,
001.., ".,:,. O~:,. ! l:J>A ; !RY::J>A ; ! it.,.~ Y:irA :1
approve and administer the Federal Government's budget.
0-/\:" CDf.~ ho-i\:" Ol\f. frf). hAf\oT1 fOlJ.!it"'"it~
11. It shall detennine and administer the utilization of the
CDf.'}" f.'10C "'7i;J~ frf). CD1t1T'i"rJf.~T1 hm:J>~~
waters or rivers and lakes linking two or more States or
f.CDit'i"A ! !it"'~Y:IrA :1
crossing the boundaries of the national territorial jurisdicOhAf\oT ool1hA fOlJ.~l"'1 f1..,Y: "'1j.~:"'i" fCD-6f.h
tion.
1°1Y:1 f.OOIrA ! f.~lf)mIrA
II
12.
It
shall regulate inter-State and foreign commerce.
O~Yo'"A 001..,,,.,:" 11"11 f.,.**tJD<o h1Y: CDf.~ 13. It shall administer and expand all federally funded
hh1f.' hAA Ol\f. fOlJ.7itt:)' fh1A..,f\o:" .,.*iJOT1
institutions that provide services to two or more States.
: !it4.4.A ::
!it"'~f.""A
14. It shall deploy, at the request of a state administration,
Federal defence forces to arrest a deteriorating security
hhAA h~~
Ol\f. flr~ fR1':f' oo~tt:lit iLl ;J'I'~
situation within the requesting State when its authorities
OhAi\' ooit.,.~y:C '}'!~ oo(}l:" frJ1~-I:1 foohl\h!
are unable to control it.
;}f.A .f(}OIJIrA :1
15. It shall enact, in order to give practical effect to political
OfLtJ ih1 001..,,,.,:" f.,.l;J1m-:"1
f;ri\-t11 0011.y.T
rights provided for in this Constituion, all necessary laws
/\OIJit~.R~ hitLI\'l frf). f;ri\-t11 Y:C~.y.T1 h1-'l0-~
governing political parties and elections.
~C6l>J.1 OOlJ.ooi\h:" ih1T !CDIf)A :1
16. It has the power to declare and to lift national state of
OrJ1~'1: Ohm:J>I\f.~
lr~ O"'CD(}). frJ1~-I: htt:f\oT
emergency and states of emergencies limited to certain
fhit:f".\f.
'lit htp~ !CD-~A ! h'P~1 !~llA :1
parts of the country.
fn..,.,.", 'I'!~ f.CDit'i"A :1
17. It shall detemine matters relating to nationality.
18. It shall determine and administer all matters relating to
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immigration, the granting of passports, entry into and exit
from
the coutnry, refugees and asylum.
f.CDit'i"A : f.OOIrA :1
19.
It
shall
patent inventions and protect copyrights.
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20. It shall establish unifonn standards of measurement and
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calendar.
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21. It shall enact laws regulating the possession and bearing of
anns.
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:1
.
Article 52
Powers and Functions of States
1. All powers not given expressly to the Federal Government
alone, or concurrently to the Federal Government and the
States are reserved to the States.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21'I August 1995 - Page 20
2. Consistent with sub-Article 1 of this Article, States shall
have the following powers and functions:
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fh t\t\-:f P' t\ tfJ"}Cj +.., 11C f"7. h + It-"""} 1 m.cJ>t\ 1\t\ ;
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9'"b t-tt. (" ,.
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(b) To enact and execute the State constitution and other
laws;
(c)
To formulate and execute economic, social and
development policies, strategies and plans of the
State;
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fh t\ It-"} 00'" +J;.("C IVt-+7f:f h... +J;1.CCj f P' to-).;J-sP:f 0 +00 it h + a..., 1 mtfJt\ ; ,"'L:tD7 t\ ;
ftl\9'"Cj K'I';J-I"'m-o.cJ>t\
(a) To establish a State administration that best advances
self-government, a democratic order based on the
rule of law; to protect and defend the Federal
Constitution;
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f ~1..t-1t- oo"}..,P''''' o-it"" 9'"h C fl.-f:f f,'i~;J- t\ ; ~ ~It U9'"
f ih1l-o +mt}r-:f 9'"hC fl."" ~Cj f ~1..~ 7i"} 9'"hC fl."" Cj:fm- II
(d) To administer land and other natural resources in
accordance with Federal laws;
(e) To levy and collect taxes and duties on revenue
sources reserved to the States and to draw up and
administer the State budget;
(t) To enact and enforce laws on the State civil service
and their condition of work; in the implementation of
this responsibility it shall ensure that educational;
training and experience requirements for any job,
title or position approximate national standards;
(g) To establish and administer a state police force, and
to maintain public order and peace within the State;
CHAPTER SIX
THE FEDERAL HOUSES
Article 53
The Federal Houses
There shall be two Federal Houses: The House of Peoples'
Representatives and the House of the Federation.
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fa. 11-0 +m t}r-:f 9'"hC fl.""
Part One
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fa. 11-0 +mt} r-:f 9'"h C fl."" h 111\""
The House of Peoples' Representatives
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Article 54
Members of the House of Peoples' Representatives
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Lt\;J:f1f' t\ +-0 t\- f;J-oo ~11:fm- he; l} -0th.1.ftp:f ~ c;
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.
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II 1IC1I~
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Oa..., f,1. ~1;Jt\ II
1. Members of the House of Peoples' Representatives shall
be elected by the People for a term of five years on the
basis of universal suffrage and by direct, free and fair
elections held by secret ballot.
2. Members of the House shall be elected from'candidates in
each electoral district by a plurality of the votes cast.
Provisions shall be made by law for special representation
for minority Nationalities and Peoples.
3. Members of the House, on the basis of population and
special representation of minority Nationalities and
Peoples, shall not exceed 550; of these, minority
Nationalities and Peoples shall have at least 20 seats.
Particulars shall be determined by law.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 21
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(b) The will of the people; and
(c) Their Conscience.
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5. No member of the House may be prosecuted on account of
any vote he casts or opinion he expresses in the House, nor
shall any administrative action be taken against any
member on such grounds.
6. No member of the House may be arrested or prosecuted
without the permission of the House except in the case of
flagrante delicto
7. A member of the House may, in accordance with law, lose
his mandate of representation upon loss of confidence by
the electorate.
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Article 55
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Members of the House are representatives of the
Ethiopian People as a whole. They are governed by:
(a) The Constitution;
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f:riJ CD'f,r "it.,. If"" rh'} ,,,,, "~h(}itr:: "it.,.~1.t.'e
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4.
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Powers and Functions of the House of Peoples'
Representatives
1. The House of Peoples' Representatives spall have the
power of legislation in all matters assigned by this
Constitution to Federal jurisdiction.
OOlJ.h.,.,,''''' ~~f'T ,,~ lICllC ~.., ICDlfJA ;
2. Consistent with the provision of sub-Article 1 of this
V) foo/o""Cf' f.,.L1'C' Vi1"" ; 'h'}Jtv-lJO f:'} oc "'i'f;J~
Article, the House of Peoples' Representatives shall enact
specific laws on the following matters:
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(a) Utilization of land and other natural resources, of
rivers and lakes crossing the boundaries of the
national territorial jurisdiction or linking two or more
States;
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(b) Inter-State commerce and foreign trade;
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(c) Air, rail, water and sea transport, major roads linking
two or more States, postal and telecommunication
serVIces;
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;
; f ;rit7C""'}
(d) Enforcement of the political rights established by the
Constitution and electoral laws and procedures;
(e) Nationality, immigration, passport, exit from and
entry into the country, the rights of refugees and of
asylum;
; CD1.
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(f) Uniform standards of measurement and calendar;
(g) Patents and copyrights;
(h) The possession and bearing of arms.
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3. It shall enact a labour code.
4. It shall enact a commercial code.
5.
It shall enact a penal code. The States may, however,
enact penal laws on matters that are not specifically
covered by Federal penal legislation.
6. It shall enact civil laws which the House of the Federation
deems necessary to establish and sustain one economic
community.
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Federal NegaritGazeta-No.1
21" August 1995-Page22
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7. It shall detennine the organization of national defence,
public security, and a national police force. If the conduct
f1.tJ1~H"
fl"l\.it :'>f..A "U.:O::"1
f..mit'lA"
11P'6of these forces infringes upon human rights and the
"L~~"7:f1D1.11: f"'l.;t"~ ODavl.;t"'£ ftL-)':f1 Ml~'£
nation's security, it shall carry out investigations and take
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f"'l.H1< ~f"':f
1\.111\-1:
necessary measures.
j
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8. In confonnity with Article 93 of the Constitution it shall
:to 11"1+;t:le
l1"'ODI\I1"'1D-ODc'Il:" fM=f'>.f.. 1.tL '-'I')':
declare a state of emergency; it shall consider and resolve
j
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on a decree of a state of emergency declared by the
"'P)': "'ODAh"" f..mit'l A "
executive.
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9. On the basis of a draft law submitted to it by the Council of
ODc'll.:" fp1C~:" "'P)': IID-~A
"I f"7"1I16-'£ I fA"7:"
Ministers it shall proclaim a state of war.
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10.
It shall approve general policies and strategies of
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economic,
social and development, and fiscal and
11"111
1"1\.1\.1 1~1:""A
monetary policy of the country. It shall. enact laws on
1.C1; flD-"1" MIf~1'1
AID-ID-'I'1 11"'001\11'" 1IC1IC
matters relating to the local currency, the administration
ih"l ImffJA
"
of the National Bank, and foreign exchange.
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II. It shall levy taxes and duties on revenue sources reserved
f 4..1.6-A OD1"1P':" 11:(
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to the Federal Government, it shall ratify the Federal
1~1:'+A
budget.
"
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12. It shall ratify international agreements concluded by the
it9"9"~""':f 1~1:'+A
"
Executive.
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13. It shall approve the appointment
of Federal judges,
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members of the Council of Minsiters, commissioners,
the
Auditor General, and of other officials whose appointment is required by law to be approved by it.
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14. It shall establish a Human Rights Commission
determine by law its powers and functions.
15. It shall establish the institution of the Ombudsman,
and
select and appoint its members. It shall deermine by law
the powers and functions of the institution.
16. It shall, on its own initiative, request a joint session of the
House of the Federation
and of the House of Peoples'
Representatives
to take appropriate
measures when State
authorities are unable to arrest violations of human rights
within their jurisdiction.
It shall, on the basis of the joint
decision of the House, give directives to the concerned
State authorities.
17. It has the power to call and to question the Prime Minister
and other Federal officials and to investigate
the Executive's conduct and discharge of its responsibilities.
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18. It shall, at the request of one-third of its members, discuss
any matter pertaining to the powers of the executive.
It
has, in such cases, the power to take decisions
or
measures it deems necessary.
19. It shall elect the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the
House. It shall establish standing and ad hoc committees
as it deems necessary to accomplish
its work.
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and
'Article 56
Political
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mf..9"
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I
Power
A political party, or a coalition of political parties that has the
greatest number of seats in the House of Peoples' Representatives shall form the Executive and lead it.
1A" 3'1: IJ.&-IA
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 2111August 1995 - Page 23
Ii ~"'c\.!?;"" !iifft ".,..
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Article 57
lll\ ih.., M~-'C1.""
Adoption of Laws
9'"tlC 0.-1: oPtiC' f.,.1l0l/070T ih.., I\V1~-I: T~fl-'C'JT I\A,c-7
f,"'Cf1A ; T~fl-'C'J-I: O~Ft. ~9'"llT +'iT m-ll-r f,Lc-7A II
T ~fl-'C'J-I: O~F t. ~9'"llT +'iT m-ll-r '1ALloP ih1- OFt.
Laws deliberated upon and passed by the House shall be
submitted to the Nation's President for signature. The
President shall sign a law submitted to him within fifteen
days. If the President does not sign the law within fifteen days
it shall take effect without his signature.
I\f, f,m-I\A
II
Article 58
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li'
h9'"tJc 0.-1: ~f1I\T h..,0I/7i Ol\f, h"'1J.
f,tf t.A
§.
(.
Meetings of the House, Duration of its Term
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ft"lf "llh ft~ lPl\lt ~m- ; OoP'1hl\-9'" 9'"tJC 0.-1: O"7.wll~m1.tI. f~'J'(- wC bltt:T f,lillfA
II
f ih1li1 ",w'1f-'f
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l}oP:t'T ~m- ; f F t. HoP). hOl/i1:J>-I:h~ 'J.(- wC OLT
9'"C6l>A .,. '1th.Jl.. f,m 'I' + :J>A II
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II
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§- 9'"tJC 0.-1: lll\ ~lPt.~'i
lll\ ih"l ~wlIJm- th.1.T 1.'Jf1'f1
1. The presence of more than half of the members of the
House constitutes a quorum.
2. The annual session of the House shall begin on Monday of
the final week of the Ethiopian month of Meskerem and
end on the 30th day of the Ethiopian month of Sene. The
House may adjourn for one month of recess during its
annual session.
3. The House of Peoples' Representatives shall be elected for
a term of five years. Elections for a new House shall be
concluded one month prior to the expiry of the House's
term.
4. The Speaker of the House may call a meeting of the House
when it is in recess. The Speaker of the House is also
obliged to call a meeeting of the House at the request of
more than one-half of the members.
5. Meetings of the House shall be public. The House may,
however, hold a closed meeting at the request of the
Executive or members of the House if such a request is
supported by a decision of more than one-half of the
members of the House.
li-
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Article 60
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Unless otherwise provided in the Constitution, all
decisions of the House shall be by a majority vote of the
members present and voting.
HoP). hOl/I\<k OLT ~Jtll
9'"C6l>A1\0I/'1th..(- 09'"tJC 0.-1: L:J>.(- 9'"tJ C 0.-1:
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1.
2. The House shall adopt rules and procedures regarding the
organization of its work and of its legislative process.
oj:
1l1\9'"tJc 0.-1: oPO.,.1
~1
Decisions and Rules of Procedure of the House
II
~1+?i
li'
Article 59
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",w'1f-'f 9'"tJc o.T Ft.m-1 f,"f.9'"t.A
II
Dissolution of the House
1. With the consent of the House, the Prime Minister may
cause the dissolution of the House before the expiry of its
term in order to hold new elections.
2.
The President may invite political parties to form a
coalition government within one week, if the Council of
Ministers of a previous coalition is dissolved because of
the loss of its majority in the House. The House shall be
dissolved and new elections shall be held if the political
parties cannot agree to the continuation of the previous
coalition or to form a new majority coalition.
3. If the House is dissolved pursuant to sub-Article 1 or 2 of
this Article, new elections shall be held within six months
of its dissolution.
4. The new House shall convene within thirty days of the
conclusion of the elections.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21 st August 1995 - Page 24
'HI".
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f r t\-t tt .("C~.f~ II)'J"II" f" t\:,. +tM:" f oo'}"lP':"
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::
5. Following the dissolution of the House, the previous
governing party or coalition of parties shall continue as a
caretaker government. Beyond conducting the day to day
affairs of government and organizing new elections, it
may not enact new proclamations, regulations or decrees,
nor may it repeal or amend any existing law.
PART TWO
hlf:A u-t\:"
THE HOUSE OF THE FEDERATION
f ~1ot..1i'} 'J"hc 0.:"
Article 61
h '}.,.'" j;b
f ~Y..t..1i'} ~hC
Members of the House of the Federation
0.:" ht}"\:"
1. The House of the Federation is composed of representatives of Nations, Nationalities and Peoples.
Ii' f ~1ot..1i'} 'J"hc 0.:" 0~1ot-lt- oo'}olP':" ht}A hAt\<>~ 2. Each Nation, Nationality and People shall be represented
ffll/.1'y..:,. -0th.C'~ .. -Oth.l{tf1~ .. Ch11f1~ ffll/. A h-1':f CDin the House of the Federation by at least one member.
hl1"\:" f"7.OJhlt-O:" ~hc 0.:" ~CD-::
Each Nation or Nationality shall be represented by one
~. ~!,}J;,}~ -Oth.C" -Oth.l{t-O" Ch1'-0 o.!'}il h'}.(" +OJttf,
additional representative for each one million of its
f,til1'A
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f-Oth.C OJf,'J" l1th.l{toh'}.("
population.
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fill\:' ; fhAA 'J"hC o..y,'f 0 II' t't:f CD-OJf,'J" 0.,.1';1' OCh1111
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h t}A h,} Jt
OJhA !Y.C;Jlt-
::
3. Members of the House of the Federation shall be elected
by the State Councils. The State Councils may themselves elect representatives to the House of the
Federation, or they may hold elections to have the
representatives elected by the people directly.
t, '} "'?t' ~~
Article 62
f&..Yot..'li.,.
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Ii.
Powers and Functions of the House of the Federation
-f'°It}C
1. The House has the power to interpret the Constitution.
~hC
0.": Ch1 oo'}olP'i:,}
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~. fCh1 oo'}olP':" 1'J;v.:f hfll~ 1,t}'t'} !1.t-~A ::
f' f-Oth.C'1': -Oth.l{tf1~ : Ch11f1~f t-il,} iJY.:A Ot-il fooOJ{t'}
hilh oo1'}mA ool1'-"'} O-f'oot\h+ 0tPJ.~(}-1'!1:S""f "\f,
OCh1 OO'}OIP'i: oo{tl-'" f,OJilCjA ::
2' OCh1OO'}OIP'i: f+Y."-l1CD- fCh11f1"fhh-A.,:"Cj OChllf1"f
OO&..<p.,..r:"\f, f+oo{tl-"
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seceSSIOn.
4. It shall promote the equality of the Peoples of Ethiopia
enshrined in the Constitution and promote and consolidate their unity based on their mutual consent.
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6. It shall strive to find solutions to disputes or misunderstandings that may arise between States.
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f,OJilCjA ::
7. It shall determine the division of revenues derived from
joint Federal and State tax sources and the subsidies that
the Federal Government may provide to the States.
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8. It shall determine civil matters which require the
enactment of laws by the House of Peoples' Representatives.
t,.r,;J "\f, ffl}t\ h,} Y,lf" f &..Y..t-I\:'
oo'}olp':" filA:" h'}Jt-"1 _filA ::
9. It shall order Federal intervention if any State, in violation
of this Constitution, endangers the constitutional order.
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3. It shall, in accordance with the Constitution, decide on
issues relating to the rights of Nations, Nationalities and
Peoples to self-determination, including the right to
5. It shall exercise the powers concurrently entrusted to it
and to the House of Peoples' Representatives.
fC'::"ch-nth.C -,.J;v'"f'} f,ll! A ::
ii'
2. It shall organize the Council of Constitutional Inquiry.
f'J"he
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10. It shall establish permanent and ad hoc committees.
11. It shall elect the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the
House, and it shall adopt rules of procedure and internal
administration.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta -
:Sf
Immunity of Members of the House of the Federation
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Page 25
Article 63
f ~Y..t.. 7i'} 9"h c o..}- i\ 11I\.}- oPlI.}-
o.i:
No. I 21" August 1995 -
I.
No member of the House of the Federation may be
prosecuted on account of any vote he casts or opinion he
expresses in the House, nor shall any administrative
action be taken against any member on such grounds.
2.
No member of the House of the Federation may be
arrested or prosecuted without the permission of the
House except in the case of flagrante delicto.
Y:9"iJ
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Article 64
)','}~1, XO
Decisions and Rules of Procedure
m-l));SJ':fli f P'~ P'Cq..,. f.'}{l:-''',
I. The presence at a meeting of two-thirds of the members of
the House of the Federation constitutes a quorum. All
decisions of the House require the approval of a majority
of members present and voting.
- r"
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9"hc
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illl
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Budget
The House of the Federation shall submit its budget for
approval to the House of Peoples' Representatives.
...,,,
-'''lDilf'':f
9"hC 0.''''
Article 66
Powers of the Speaker of the House
~?;
i\,}~1\
1. The Speaker of the House of the Federation shall preside
over the meetings of the House.
0.": i\&. ""Ill}. P'Afl}'}
{i. f~Y..t..'ii~" 9"hC 0.'1- i\&. "-Ill}. f9"hc
o.'l:'} illl(aIlSJ':f
f.oP I,.A ::
OaPlDhA
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Members of the House may vote only when they are
present in person in the House.
Article 65
~~
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2. He shall, on behalf of the House, direct all its administrative affairs.
3.
He shall enforce all disciplinary actions the House takes
on its members.
Article 67
Sessions and Term of Mandate
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1.
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Ov-Il'f:9" 9°tlC o..y.i- i\IlA aPlf'} flPff.;FA illloPlf~
(am- Oi\'}.\': 'In
fih1fll
shall hold at least two
2. The term of mandate of the House of the Federation shall
be five years.
Article 68
)', '} ~ 1\ :J;':j;
lPf'}~lD-9"
The House of the Federation
sessions annually.
TlDilf":f
f ~Y..t.. 7i~ 9"hC 0.'''' i\IlA Il.lf,} i\f.:fA9"
9"hC
::
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Prohibition of Simultaneous Membership in the
Two Houses
No one may be a member of the House of Peoples'
Representatives and Qf the House of the Federation simultaneously.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta-
cr /J (,.r;: (aIl:"
No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 26
CHAPTER SEVEN
THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC
ill\ &Till\. b- T ~Il.';,}:"
h ') + 1\ :J:U
Article 69
The President
The President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
4..1..("I\Cf1..lfOh(,.l1.fCf&Till\.h CiJ(a is the Head of State.
ill\ T ~Il.';,}i:
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Article 70
Nomination and Appointment of the President
The House of Peoples' Representatives shall nominate the
candidate for President.
The nominee shall be elected President if ajoint session of
the House of Peoples' Representatives and the House of
the Federation approves his candidacy by a two-thirds
majority vote.
A member of either House shall vacate his seat if elected
President.
The term of office of the President shall be six years. No
person shall be elected President for more than two terms.
Upon his election in accordance with sub-Article 2 of this
Article, the President, before commencing his responsibility, shall, at a time the joint session of the Houses
determines, present himself before it and shall make a'
declaration of loyalty to the Constitution and the Peoples
of Ethiopia in the following words:
"I , when on this date commence my responsibility as
President of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia, pledge to carry out faithfully the high responsibility entrusted to me. "
Article 71
Powers and Functions of the President
He shall open the joint session of the House of Peoples'
Representatives and the House of the Federation at the
commencement of their annual sessions.
He shall proclaim in the Negarit Gazeta laws and
international agreements approved by the' House of
Peoples' Representatives in accordance with the Constitution.
He shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister,
appoint ambassadors and other envoys to represent the
country abroad.
He shall receive the credentials of foreign ambassadors
and special envoys.
He shall award medals, prizes and gifts in accordance with
conditions and procedures established by law.
He shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister and
in accordance with law, grant high military titles:
He shall, in accordance with conditions and procedures
established by law, grant pardon.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta -
No. I 21st August 1995 -
Page 27
CHAPTER EIGHT
THE EXECUTIVE
Article 72
h,}4>'" I:e
The Powers olthe Executive
ilt\ hil~.~OIJ.~-1- P'AtfJ'}
l. The highest executive powers of the Federal Government
are vested in the Prime Minister and in the Council of
fh.TV-A'f
t..Y..~A
00'}"1P"'"
hCj:+~ fhil~.~OIJ.. ~-1Ministers.
2. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are
P'AtfJ'}
f+{}mCD- t\m:"I\,e.
OIJ..~ilT-re; t\0IJ..~ilTC'1responsible to the House of Peoples' Representatives. In
?"hc 0..1- ~CD-::
the exercise of State functions, members of the Council of
m:"I\,e. OIJ_~ilT-re; fOlJ.~ilTC'1?"hc
0.'''' t\ih1111
Ministers are co]]ectively responsible for all decisions
.,'mI1V':}".. ?"hc 0.'''' 'hn~9''f
e;:t~CD-:: fOlJ_~ilTC'1they make as a body.
?"hc
II,'}' hl11\'}- 1100'}'"1P'T
.t-"II1~TCDO,'J~
3. Unless otherwise provided in this Constitution the term of
t\ OIJ..{}m.''''CD-lt); f,'J I,. ~I\~, ~T ht\ I1TCD- ::
office of the Prime Minister is for the duration of the
OILV ih" 00'}'"1p'.1- OO{}lT ott.I\ ht;J,:\'} I1A+m{}~
mandate of the House of Peoples' Representatives.
Oil.t-4>C f m:"I\,e. 0IJ.~il.1'-r f P' I,.UOO,} f ih1f-t1 +mI1V''f
?"hc 0.:" f P' I,. HOO'} ~CD-::
Article 73
Appointment olthe Prime Minister
l. The Prime Minister sha]] be elected from among members
h,}4>'" (f~
of the House of Peoples' Representatives.
f m :"I\,e. OIJ.~il''''-r h {}ff?"
2. Power of Government sha]] be assumed by the political
partry or a coalition of political parties that constitutes a
m:"I\,e.
OIJ.~ilT-r
hih1"O
.t-ml1V-'f
?"hc
o.T
hl11\T
fi'
majority in the House of Peoples' Representatives.
ool1hA ,e.OOlflJA ::
Article 74
~. Oih11-t1 .t-ml1V-'f ?"hc 0.'''' h-t11\6liJ,004>006liJ,f17CDPowers and Functions ol the Prime Minister
frt\1;1'1 .l':C~T m,e.?" f1'f--1- fTt\1;11 f:C~-f'f
foo'}
l. The Prime Minister is the Chief Executive, the Chairman
P'AtfJ,}
,e.lhI1A/.elhl1t\::
ofthe Council of Ministers, and the Commander-in-Chief
"1P'T
of the national armed forces.
2. The Prime Minister sha]] submit for approval to the House
h'}4>1\ 1:0
of Peoples' Representatives nominees for ministerial
fm:"I\,e. OIJ..~il'}--r P'AtfJ'}e; +"II1C
posts from among members of the two Houses or from
among persons who are not members of either House and
; fOlJ..~ilTC''f
fi' m:"I\,e. OIJ..~ilT-r fU1~i: C6{} ooil+~f:C
possess the required qualifications.
?"hc 0.-1. {}-t1ltO,e;f{nc :},e./r'f m:"I\,e. ht,:rr ~CD-::
3. He sha]] fo]]ow up and ensure the implementation of laws,
~. m:"I\,e. OIJ.~ilT-r fOlJ.~il-1-C'1-?"hc 0.'''' hl1/r'fi hu-t\i:
policies, directives and other decisions adopted by the
?"hc n.-r,:y. hl11\T m,e.?" t\P'~CD- 'O,PT I11\TCD-tt./r'f
House of Peoples' Representatives.
'"1t\{}f1'f ool1hA t\ih1J'O +ml1V-'f ?"hc n.T OhaJ:~T
4. He leads the Council of Ministers, coordinates its
h:"Cf1 i'f.OO.+TCD-'}fil'ltf:.<J>A ::
activities and acts as its representative.
;
f' f ih1J'O ,,'ml1V-'f ?"hC n.T fmtfJTCD- ih1'f Tt\.""9''f;
5. He exercises overa]] supervision over the implementation
oooo~f9''fe;
CD-lt);9''f "'''II1~'e ootre;TCD-'} ,e.h;J-+"A;
of policies, regulations, directives and decisions adopted
fl,'J'"1tfJA ::
by the Council of Ministers.
!!. fOlJ..~ilTC''f ?"hc o...,.'} ,e.OO~A : fil+I1-t1~A:
6. He exercises overa]] supervision over the implementation
,e.mhl\A::
of the country's foreign policy.
;
~,}f1'f
;
7.
He selects and submits for approval to the House of
~. fOlJ..~ilTC''f ?"hc 0.-1- fmtfJTCD-'} Tt\.""9''f
Peoples' Representatives nominations for posts of Comoooo~f9''fe;
CD-lt);9''f +~.~OIJ..~T ,e.h;J-+I\A ::
missioners, the President and Vice-President of the
~. fU1~i:,} fCD-6f!'Tt\."" OOl\,e.~T filL1\OIJA ::
Federal Supreme Court and the Auditor General.
~. i'0IJ..1i~C''f'} t f0lJ6hl\'e m:"I\,e. Cj:Cf:n.T 'Tt..tL~'}Te;
8. He supervises the conduct and efficiency of the Federal
?"hTA 'Tt..tL~'}T'} he;"'Pe; "Jt+C'} ooc{U Oih1f-t1
administration and takes such corrective measures as are
+ml1V-'f ?"hC n.T i'f.OO.+TCD-'}
fil'ltf,.':J>A ::
necessary .
:!. fooil+~f:-r'}
P'~ hL~'It?"e; -t1:J>T,e."'tfJm~A ; hil
9. He appoints high civilian officials of the Federal
~.I\1. ftr~ fhC?"T hC?"~9''f'} ,e.mil~A ::
Government other than those referred to in sub-Articles 2
iI' OtLV h'}4>1\ '}o-il h'}4>1\ ~ he; ~ h+HlH-rT CD-6f!'ftr~
and 3 of this Article.
hc;:+~ fOO'}'"1P'T f iiA (f.oo-f'f') ,e.{}tfJA::
10. In accordance with law enacted or decision adopted by
the House of Peoples' Representatives, he recommends
I'
f ih'll-t1 +ml1V-'f ?"hc n.T OOlJ..fmtfJCD-ih'"1 m,e.?"
OOlJ..{}mCDCD-lt);oorvlT ~?('c;'f'}e; 1iAOIJ-f'f') t\'Tt..tL
to the President nominees for the award of medals, prizes
~,}i: h:"Cf1 ffltfJA::
and gifts.
Ili. ilt\ U1~i: u-);;J- t OOO'}'"1P'T ilt\+he;m~ +'"1I1~Te; II.He sha]] submit to the House of Peoples' Representatives
periodic reports on work accomplished by the Executive
ilt\m~LT 6:",,'f t\ih1f-t1 +ml1v-'f ?"hc n.T Ofm:"i:
as we]] as on its plans and proposals.
~TCT
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21 st August 1995 - Page 28
12. He shall discharge all responsibilities entrusted to him by
this Constitution and other laws.
13. He shall obey and enforce the Constitution.
Article 75
Deputy Prime Minister
1. The Deputy Prime Minister shall:
(a) Carry out responsibilities which shall be specifically
entrusted to him by the Prime Minister;
(b) Act on behalf of the Prime Minister in his absence.
2. The Deputy Prime Minister shall be responsible to the
Prime Minister.
Article 76
The Council of Ministers
1. The Council of Ministers comprises the Prime Minister,
the Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers and other members
.
as may be determined by law.
2. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Prime
Minister.
3. In all its decisions, the Council of Ministers is responsible
to the House of Peoples' Representatives.
Article 77
.
Powers and Functions of the Council of Ministers
9"hc o..} 'hn~ ~~ I:
1. The Council of Ministers ensures the implementation of
laws and decisions adopted by the House of Peoples'
Representatives.
1',14>?' ~'b
2.
It
shall decide on the organizational structure of ministries
"., A flJl Cj .,..., I) C
f 01/.~it"" C':f 9"h co..}
and other organs of government responsible to it; it shall
coordinate their activities and provide leadership.
fOl/,~it..,.(~'''''-9"hC 0...,- Oih11'0 'f-mitv':f 9"hC 0."" fmlll'
3. It shall draw up the annual Federal budget and, when
ih1:fCj f.f-llm- m-ltMP';}'- 0".,11' 00"'C101/:f~1
!l;J
approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives, it
°1f1JA: £1P00~!9':f1 ,e.llflJA II
shall implement it.
fOl/,~it.I;r.':flCj 04>1';J' t\OI/,~it''''r.':f 9"hC 0."" "'m~
4. It shall ensure the proper execution of financial and
fIn, I\.t\..:f fool °1""'''- 1',it"'''-l ttf.l~~""
monetary policies of the country; it shall administer the
,e.mitCjA:
National Bank, decide on the printing of money and
"., &.~~~'} J'it"'I)<O/I'A : ,e.oot-A II
minting of coins, borrow money from domestic and
J t\ih11<O
f~foll't\'l
001°1""'''' f}oo;J.'£ O~..,. !tf;J~A
external sources, and regulate foreign exchange matters.
'l'mitV'';}'- 9"hC 0...,- .f4>CI1A : fl.?y,..:,.9" "''''I)t-'£~i:l
5. It shall protect patents and copyrights.
.fl;J°lf1JA
I:
6. It shall formulate and implement economic, social and
:
f11tf.OCj f~,e.Cjlit
7't\.fl.l
"''''1111''£~'''' !l;J..,flJA
development policies and strategies.
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7. It shall provide uniform standards of measurement and
(D-it1'Cj h~til!'
,e.O.V.II'A : f~tifb
9"lt'~Cj
f11U<O
calendar.
8.
It
shall formulate the country's foreign policy and exercise
A~~1'l
,e..y.flJm&-A ::
overall supervision over its implementation.
f t,mlI'C; fh. ~ 1'011 oo.fl.y,:f'l !itm1i.9' b\ ::
9.
It
shall ensure the observance of law and order.
Cj
f ttJl '.OI/,,{",£ : fOl/,., (]&-'£Cj fA 01/"" 7- t\. fl.9':f "n it"" t->I;
10. It has the power to declare a state of emergency; in doing
:{9':fl
,e.H':~A : !itt,7\01/A
::
so, it shall, within the time limit prescribed by the
1',lY: m1' foot\h.!
Y.l~9'-:;-lCj f1.IL 4>ooC !lDflJA II
Constitution, submit the proclamation declaring a state of
flJ1~'l:'} f~til!' °n'~"~'''' 7't\.fl. !mflJA : !itt,7\01/A
I:
emergency for approval' by the House of Peoples'
iholCj ".,c'Hoohfl~,'} .fl.:JolflJA I:
Representati ves.
f1',it~~~,f, '..11. tt'P~
.f~~A
: OlltJ ih1 001"'''''''''
11. It shall submit draft laws to the House of Peoples'
Representatives on any matter falling within its com(H'Y. ~'11(D- f'UL a'lll ~it1' : f ;J'lD~f.~l fttit:fi).,e.1.IL
petence,
including draft laws on a declaration of war.
1','P~ t\ih'U'O 'l'mitV."}" 9"hC 0.'''' tt:"cn !it?Y,::J>A ::
12. It shall carry out other responsibilities that may be
f{nc~'} 1-P,V'-:;-1 l.Lb9Ur.' OOl/Cj:f~9" 1-P,f-:f ",e. fihol
entrusted to it by the House of Peoples' Representatives
l<t:" t\l'h11'0 .f-lDitv.:f- 9"hC 0.'''' !4>CI)A ::
and the Prime Minister.
f ih11'0 .f-mitv':f
9"hC o.."-Cj m:"",e. t1IJ.~it""?- fOl/,ll
13. It shall enact regulations pursuant to powers vested in it
1Il,,},I\.t\..:f
"''''I)r.''''''' .fhCj~CjA II
by the House of Peoples' Representatives.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta -
9"/)t-lf. Hm~
ilt\ If.C~ o..,.:f hlD:P4>Ce;P'AllJ1
STRUCTURE
r'
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f /...Y..t-lt.. 001.., P"'" h r.:1-;;: f .&;
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foo"f..oo~f f.~;r If.Cf: 0.'''' OU1~1: 000-1\- lDf.9" Oh~A
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1. An independent judiciary is established by this Constitution.
2. Supreme Federal judicial authority is vested in the Federal
Supreme Court. The House of Peoples' Representatives
may, by two-thirds majority vote, establish nationwide.
or in some parts of the country only, the Federal High
Court and First-Instance Courts it deems necessary.
Unless decided in this manner, the jurisdictions of the
Federal High Court and of the First-Instance Courts are
hereby delegated to the State courts.
3. States shall establish State Supreme, High and FirstInstance Courts. Particulars shall be determined by law.
4. Special or ad hoc courts which take judicial powers aWaY
. from the regular courts or institutions legally empowered
Oth'"
foo,&;'Y.), P'AllJ1 tH'''mlD- 1-*9" lD-6J.hfflll.!f,C'" :
OihCJlfr"f. "111 f'&;~"')' P'Cq..,. fDllf.h1-A A ~ If.C.('
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5.
::
f ih11'0"'OJI1r-:f 9"hC o...,.c,' fhAA 9"hC o..,.:f Oh14>1\
c!}9.10.il h14>1\ ?; oo,,~.). f'lf.DIl'l..,.e; fl1ihA r,:c.('
0..y'1'1 t\..f*<#:OO-OJf.9" hlD-:"e; t\."m. f.:rl\t\, :: f.tJ ih1
001CJ1P''''' hoo1\f,<#: n~..)' 0001..,P''''' hlD-:,.e; h"'~1-lDfL"'~I1~~lD- nO-r f'lf.DIl'l"':fe; fl1ihA r,:c.(' o..,.:f OtttJ
ih" 001CJ1P")' oo,,~.).
CHAPTER NINE
AND POWERS OF THE COURTS
Article 78
Independence of the Judiciary
h14>1\ ~=I;
ilt\ .,., f'&;~""" hilA
ji.
~.
No.1 21 st August 1995 - Page 29
~,(D-:"e; hCJ1~1-lD- f.f./~;rl\-
to exercise judicial functions and which do not fol1ow
legally prescribed procedures shall not be established.
Pursuant to sub-Article 5 of Article 34 the House of
Peoples' Representatives and State Councils can establish or give official recognition to religious and
customary courts. Religious and customary courts that
had state recognition and functioned prior to the adoption
of the Constitution shall be organized on the basis of
recognition accorded to them by this Constitution.
::
Article 79
Judicial Powers
)',14>?t' iN!
1. Judicial powers, both at Federal and State levels, are
vested in the courts.
O/ e..'~A9" I'" OhAA f'&;~""" P'AllJ1 fr,:c.(' 0..y'1' 2. Courts of any level shall be free from any interference of
influence of any governmental body, government official
'O:I~ ., lD- ::
or from any other source.
Of'''';;:lD-9''
.e.~;r fDll:'~
f'&;~"'''' hilA
hDll1;;:lD-9"
3. Judges shall exercise their functions in full independence
f001CJ1P")' hilA:
hDll1;;:lD-9" 1lt\P'AllJ1
I'~ hDll1
and shall be directed solely by the law.
;;: lD-9" t\. 1\ rJ-1\ /) .,., ., lD- ::
'I
4. No judge shall be removed from his duties before he
.&;1,-'1' f'&;~"'''' i.CJ1Ilt,;I~lD-1 Ooo-t\. .,.,.,.). !he;lD-e;t\. ::
reaches the retirement age determined by law except
hihCJl Oil,"4>C 0t\.1\ U,),;J' hf.oo-r9"
::
under the following conditions:
DIl1;;:lD-9"'&;;;: h'ltJ n;J.:f fH.oot\h1:')'
l/-)..+sP:f I1AIY.,
(a) When the Judicial Administration Council decides to
Oili'4>C Oih.., h1-OJ""lD- f m.~;J' /)f,'DI!. hoo .('~
O~.).
remove him for violation of disciplinary rules or on
h ~,:P.P,. lD,6J!' h'&;~ ., .), P' '~lD- hf.""1 9"=
grounds of gross incompetence or inefficiency; or
0)
f.&;1,-':f hilrJ-'&;f.C 1'11f}. 0.&;1,-'1' fJlfLTt\.1
thCJl
(b) When the Judicial Administration Council decides
00,p~'1' 1f~'1' ~,?t'o.1.A lDf.9" 1,AtJ fl'"
that a judge can no longer carry out his responf P"~
sibilities on account of illness; and
1't\";J'e; :"Alff,:e; h1f1;J-A 11t\" fLlDil1 : lDf.9"
(c)
When
the House of Peoples' Representatives or the
t\)
ntJoo9" 9"h1.f')'
",CJ11l-r1 Or"10,lD- l/-).;t" DIlht;
concerned State Council approves by a majority vote
OJ1 hf.:fA9"
'Ot\" fLOJil1 : he;
the decisions of the Judicial Administration Counci J.
th) f',.Ilf}.lD- lD-lt). Oih'lI'O rJ-mI1V'1' 9"hC 0."" OJ~9"
5. The retirement of judges may not be extended beyond the
OhAA 9"hC n,.Y:'}', hCJ1D1l7iOl\f. ,('9"iJ fL?t.(':" ::
retirement age determined by law.
::
fDll1;;:lD-9"'&;;;: fm-~;J' 00lD-fil>}..ttl. h~'~H9"9"
6. The Federal Supreme Court shall draw up and submit to
f/ e..'~A m:"I\f.
f':C.~' 0.'''' f/ eo'~t\'1
001..,P")'
the House of Peoples' Representatives for approval the
.}, hilA fOlJ,f il.J-'&;f:C 0""1 O:f."" t\ih1fl1 1-lDl1r-:f
f'&;~"
budget ofthe Federal courts, and upon approval. adminis9"hC o..}, h:"C(1 .filOJile;A : fL~,4>'('9" 0:f.'1:1 .fili''&;
ter the budget.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21 st August 1995 - Page 30
Ii,"',
fhAA
f~~~"'" "I1I\-T 01:"'" Of hAt\- 9"'hC o.-fT
"OD"11 A :: f Ch1l-fl "'lDl1f"T 9"'hC 0.'''' f t..Y..t./\.'}
fhCJ:.,.~e; fOD1:OD(,.f f.~~ r,:c.(' o.-fT f~~~"'" rAil)'}
f.COlD- I\III/.IP~"'" fhAA m:""" CJ:C.(' o.-fTe; fhAA
hCJ:"'~ CJ:C~-o.-fT fO:l"'" 0IJ1111?f''(all)A ::
"'}+7\ it
fCJ:C.('0.-f T Il)9"'I,. ~..,..e;rAil)'}
7.
Budgets of State courts shall be determined by the
respective State Council. The House of Peoples'
Representatives shall allocate compensatory budgets for
States whose Supreme and High courts concurrently
exercise the jurisdictions of the Federal High Court and
Federal First-Instance Courts.
Article 80
Concurrent Jurisdiction of Courts
{iF ft..Y..t.A m:""" CJ:C~-0.'''' Ot..Y..t.A ~~f"T
fO""e;
""
rAil)'}
"C:~tpA ::
fODa;a.~7i
I. The Federal Supreme Court shall have the highest and
final judicial power over Federal matters.
2. State Supreme Courts shall have the highest and final
f~~~''''
"C:
ft..Y..I,.A fhr,:.,.~ CJ:C~-0.-)- f~~~"'" rAil)'} "C:~tpA::
judicial power over State matters. They shall also exercise
the jurisdiction of the Federal High Court.
r" OILt} "'}+7\ '}o-ll "'}+7\ fi 'he; !l f"'m+(alD- 0. C:C9"'J
OD
(a~:J-ce
f
(J'~
f
Ch"'1
rJ) f t..Y..t.t\- m:"
r,:c~' o.'r
3. Notwithstanding the Provisions of sub-Articles I and 2 of
""
llU.,."'" 11\0''''')
0IJe;:ftD-'}9"' fODa;a.~7t" tD-"'~
this Article;
~tpA
::
(a) The Federal Supreme Court has a power of cassation
1\0IJ~9"' O(aOC TI\":" fOlJf"'" rAil)'}
"C:
over any final court decision containing a basic error
1'C1'~ OCh"'1"lD(ae;A ::
r,:c~- 0."'" OD(a~:J"ce f(J'~ f Ch..,
1\) fhAA
of
law. Particulars shall be determined by law.
m:"""
(b) The State Supreme Court has power of cassation
llU-"')- 11\0:"'} OhAA 1-~f"T f"'(am fODQ;\,~7t"
over any final court decision on State matters which
lD-"'~ 1\0IJ~9"' O(aOC TI\""'" fOlJf"'" rAil)'}
~tp
A
::
contains a basic error of law. Particulars shall be
1'C11~ nCh'" "lD(ae; A ::
"'j
determined by law.
g"
fhAA
hr,:.,.~ r,:c.v." n.')" OhA/\' hOlJ.C:~tD- f~~~"'"
rAil)'} n.,.a;a.OIJ(, ft..f..I,.A fOD:lOD(,1 ,,~~ lj:C~- 0."'" 4. State High Courts shall, in addition to State jurisdiction,
exercise the jurisdiction of the Federal First-Instance
f~~~')' rAil)'} "C:~tpA ::
Court.
?;" fhAA hr,:.,.~ CJ:c.v.' 0.-)' Ot..Y..t.A fOD1:OD(,1 ,,~~
5. Decisions rendered by a State High Court exercising the
CJ:C~-0.-)' f~~~"'" rAn,.,. OD(a~"'"OOlJ.(amlD-lD-"'~
""
jurisdiction of the Federal First-Instance Court are
fOlJ.+COlD- ""'1Il~ OhAA m:""" CJ:C~-0."'" ":J-IA ::
appealable to the State Supreme Court.
CJ:C.v.'0.-). Ot..Y..t.A f~~~"'" rAil)'"
];" fhAA m:"""
6. Decisions rendered by a State Supreme Court on Federal
OOlJ,(amlD- lD-"'~
fOlJ.+COlD- ""'1Il~ 0t..Y..t./\.
""
matters are appealable to the Federal Supreme Court.
c,:cy.- 0."'" ":r 1 A ::
m:"""
f~~~''''
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p'AIl)'}
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fOD£t\.~7t"
"'}+7\ -itli
lll\~~:Y- "11:11:9"'
Article 81
Appointment of Judges
I. The President and Vice-President of the Federal Supreme
Court shall, upon recommendation by the Prime Minister,
be appointed by the House of People's Representatives.
2. Regarding other Federal judges, the Prime Minister shall
m:""" c,:c~' 0."'" ~~T'} O"'ODl\h.,.
submit to the House of Peoples' Representatives for
"ll'''~f,C
1-11'\ f+~(l-I\""''} 'h'"9'T
appointment candidates selected by the Federal Judicial
m.}>"" III/.t ll""'~ 1\Ch1"0 '''lD 11f" T 9"'hCo."'" ,,:,. Cf1
Administration Council.
I"fiOlJA ::
3.
The
State Council shall, upon recommendation by the
r" fhAA m:""" CJ:C~-0.-). Tt..ll~'}..,..e; 9"'h""'A Tt..tL~'}"'"
Chief Executive of the State, appoint the President and
OhAt\- C~(a ODll"'~_f...c ":"t.O.~"'" OhAt\- 9"'hC 0."'"
Vice-President of the State Supreme Court.
,,"{I"OIJ t\- ::
4. State Supreme and High Court judges shall, upon
g" fhAA m:""" CJ:C~'o.:,.e; fhAA hr,:.,.~ lj:C~' 0."'"
recommendation by the State Judicial Administration
~~T OhAt\- f~~T "ll"'~"C 1-11'\ ":"t.o.~"'" OhAt\Council,
be appointed by the State Council. The State
9"'hC 0."'" ,,"fi0lJt\- :: fhAt\- f~~T "ll"'~"C ~Il~
Judicial Administration Council, before submitting
f~~T'} if.OD"'"l\9"'hC o.-f: hOlJ:"~(I- OL"'" f t..Y..t.I\'
nominations to the State Council, has the responsibility to
11\lD-'}"ll""lf"'"
f~~T "ll"'~"C ~Il'\ 0~'"9':t:
""
solicit and obtain the views of the Federal Judicial
ODmf.}>e; "ll""frf:'}
;JC 00lJ1111
hI,."" "ll""f"'"
Administration
Council on the nominees and to forward
I\hAt\- 9"'hC 0."'" fOlJ:"~-fl ~"L~"'" "1\0"'" :: f t..Y..t. 1\'
those views along with its recommendations. If the
f~~T "ll"'~f.C ~Il'\ "ll''''frf:,}
OY"ll"'"lDC1.tf. lD-ll'l'
Federal Judicial Administration Council does not submit
11"+~0 fhAt\- 9"'hc 0."'" if.ODrf:'}I"'~':PA ::
its views within three months, the State Council may
grant the appointments.
{i"
f t..Y..t.A m:"""
tL~'}"'" Ot..Y..t.A
OCh1l-fl"'lDl1f"T
!l" t\.I\-T f t..Y..t.A
Ot..Y..t.A f~~T
CJ:c.v.'0.'''' T t..tL~'}..,..e; 9"'h""'A T t..
OD,}"'1r"'" m:""" OIJ.tll""'C":"t.o.~"'"
9"'hc 0.:,. ,,"fi0lJt\- ::
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21 st August 1995 - Page 31
OhAl\- fJ;7r
9"hC o..} ~'(i07l\- II
f"lft Tt\.'}C; fllw-w-C
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II
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Article 82
Structure of the Council of Constitutional Inquiry
1'11~ mUJ :it1 no'}..,,.,.}
1. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry is established by
this Constitution.
h,}~ hf11\.}
1'J;f"r
hlf)~ 1'11~ h"'~
2. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall have eleven
~tj~:l'A
II hf11\-I:9" f07.h.,..l\-.} C;TW- ;
members comprising:
u) f~'o~A m:"1\~ Ct:C~-o..} Tt..'LJ;'}.} t (toOl'to. ;
(a) The President of the Federal Supreme Court, who
i\) f ~1..I,.A m:"1\~ Ct:C~ o..} 9"h.}A T t..'LJ;'}.} t
shall serve as its President;
9"h,.,. A (toOl't 0. I
(b) The Vice-President of the Federal Supreme Court,
who shall serve as its Vice-President;
m) 0:it11oO ""OJl1f-r 9"hC o..} h:"~o.~.} O~ToO
(c)
Six
legal experts, appointed by the President of the
t\.tl' Tt..'tJ;'},}f07.'(illD' OllD'f oO:J>:f'Tw-C; O,.,~
Republic
on recommendation by the House of
9"°'f1/,.TWf.,..no(th~I\TWi1~i1.} f:it.., f1i\lID'
Peoples' Representatives, who shall have proven
f9'r ;
professional competence and high moral standing;
no) f ~'ot.. 7i). 9"hC o..} hhf11\-I: ool1hA f"tOJhl\TW(d) Three persons designated by the House of the
~i1:'f' (t9'r II
Federation from among its ~mbers.
1,J;f'r
hlf)~ 1'f1~ f""~
f:it1 no')o,,,...}
:"A1'lj:C;'}
3. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall establish
organizational structure which can ensure expeditious
i\07~;J11' f07.fi1ri\woofJ':"C t\."~;J ~rl\A
II
execution of its responsibilities.
h'}+", 'iff
Article 83
:it1 no'}o,,.,-I:'} i1i\no.,..C19"
Interpretation of the Constitution
'l'!l:cho:l.A II
f:it1 no'}..,,.,.}
f:it1 no'}
°'"" :f''e hchc 1'J;~ ft ~I't 0~1..t.. 7i). 9"hC o..}
w-I't~ f1~ A II
f ~1..t.. 7i'} 9"hC o..} : f:it1 oo'}..,,.,.} 1'J;f"r hlf)~ 1'f1q,
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:it1 00,}"''''71£
OJi11' w-I't~ ~(tIf)A II
f:it1 oo')..,,.,.}
j!.
5. Judges of State First-Instance Courts shall, upon recommendation by the State Judicial Administration Council,
be appointed by the State Council.
6. Matters of code of professional conduct and discipline as
well as transfer of judges of any court shall be determined
by the concerned Judicial Administration Council.
f:it1
oo'}..,,,...}
1'J;~
I\~
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h'}+", TO
-1'J;f-r hlf)~ 1'f1~ ,.,AIf)'}C; ""o,f1C
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00'}"''''7'e
1. All constitutional disputes shall be decided by the House
of the Federation.
2. The House of the Federation shall, within thirty days of
receipt, decide a constitutional dispute submitted to it by
the Council of Constitutional Inquiry.
Article 84
Powers and Functions of the Council of Constitutional
Inquiry
1. The Council of Constitutional Inquiry shall have powers
to investigate constitutional disputes. Should the Council,
'"J;f"r'}
f07If)~.}
,.,AIf)'}
~tj~fJlA
II 0"tf~C1Wupon
consideration of the matter, find it necessary to
O7If)~:'f- oo(t~.} :it', oo'}o,,,..-I:'} 00""C19" hi1LI\1. (ftj
interpret the Constitution, it shall submit its recommenftf11wi\~1..t.. 7i') 9"hC o..} 01'J;~ I\~ fw-I't~ Yl'toO
dations thereon to the House of the Federation.
,+CI1A
II
2. Where any Federal or State law is contested as being
I,
0~1..~i\00,}"'''''.}9''
tr~ OhAA :it.., hw-Q;\. hl11\.}
unconstitutional and such a dispute is submitted to it by
r07. OJm. :it 1 h'LU :it1 oo'}..,,,...} ;JC ~:J>~ C;l\- f"tA
any court or interested party, the Council shall consider
the matter and submit it to the House of the Federation for
l' f4: ft ~1'tC;1'J;~9" OO7.ooi\/h.,..w- lj:C~' o..} OJ~9" 0f1i\
1,J;~ ft+CoOi\.} bfC9"r.' i\00~g.~7i w-I't~ i\~1..t.. 7i).
a final decision.
3. When issues of constitutional interpretation arise in the
9"hC 0."" '+Cf1A II
courts, the Council shall:
no'}..,,.,.}
""C1'9" 'I'f4: ft~1't t
f' O~C~ o..y."f f:it1
(a) Remand the case to the concerned court if it finds
(ftj I'tf11wu) :it1 oo'}..,,,..-I:'} 00'l'C19"
hi1&.f\1.
there is no need for constitutional interpretation; the
ft+C 1'J;~,) i\07.noi\h.,..w- lj:C~ o..} ~OOAI'tA !
interested party, if dissatisfied with the decision of
Ohlf)~ 1'f1~w- w-I't~ :,.C f.,..(tl f1i\1'J;~ :"t..:f'w-'}
the Council, may appeal to the House of the
i\~1..t.. 7i). 9"hC o..} 0~"'f1~ O7:"~oO ~rl\A II
Federation.
(b) Submit its recommendations to the House of the
i\) f""C1'9" 1'f4: notj~'} foo~O.} ~'}~(f~ 01'J;~ I\~
Federation for a final decision if it believes there is a
f"t(tmw-')
:it1 no,}"'''':f''e
""C1'9" i\~1..t.. 7i'}
need for constitutional interpretation.
9"hC 0."" i\no~~7i
w-I't~ f+Cf1A II
4.
The
Council
shall draft its rules of procedure and sumbit
g. f"tno~O""')""~
""Cq.} hC:".,. i\~1..t.. 7i). 9"hC o..}
them to the House ofthe Federation; and implement them
f+Cf1A . ftL+~'"
"""'f1~'e f~C;JA II
upon approval.
r
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;JILIfJ <k1'C it
";J~''''
."hll.Hi +, IuIn 'I'''''
FederalNegarit Gazeta- No.1 21- August 1995- Page 32
r/}{,.£t.. tt".,C
CHAPTER TEN
NATIONAL POLICY PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES
f.nth.t-ee 7't\.f1. OOCtfsP'fr. q,,"7sP'f
Article 85
Objectives
tt '} 4»1\ 'if ~
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!!'
~,
OOJ'}
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J11'f'}r. 7't\.f1.sP'f'} ""{,. ,,~ f1.!(JJ-A O.ltJ r/}t-lf.
n"'OOl\h'I:'-"
ooClrsP~'r.
ql\OOJsP'f ,,~ 0000i11.''''
ttI\O'-"::
O'ltJ r/}{,.£t.. (JJ-i11' Hoo'}",,,,,:,,,, OOJI\:"~,}f.fv-).:t'(JJf ~Yu{,.A oo'}o,,,.,.). lD~r
~Irr. A ::
fhAA
ooi1''''~f:~'f
I. Any organ of Government shall, in the implementation of
the Constitution, other laws and public policies, be
guided by the principles and objectives specified under
this Chapter.
2. The term "Government" in this Chapter shall mean a
Federal or State government as the case may be.
OOJ/\''''
Article 86
Principles for External Relations
tt '} 4» 'o'j.
"" ... ~.
f(JJ-lif.b "'T)',.,,),
ooclrsP'.}',
I. To promote policies of foreign relations based on the
protection of national interests and respect for the
sovereignty of the country.
ji' ftt.')'f'A',f'}
J1'IfI1"'f' '1':"9u fOOJ"fi1l1l,n:"r. f01&'I:'} /\,q
2. To promote mutual respect for national sovereignty and
I\ee",'" fOOJ"fi1h-nc f(JJ-lif.b o'Tf,.,,), 7't\.f1. OOJ{,.oof.: ::
equality of states and non-interference in the internal
g, foo'}",,,.,,"')''}
/\,ql\«r..,,)'r.
~h-A .".,. OOJhnc : 01b/\o1'
,...
.
.
affairs of other states.
O'Jr::}'.'J,p'f:of. OJi1'1'filA,'" tt/\oo",'l-)' ::
3.
To
ensure that the foreign relation policies of the country
.,,),
"'Tf,":"
7't\.f1.
n,'J{,.
'I':"rr.
n~h'A
e' fO'J&": flD-lif.b
are based on mutual interests and equality of states as well
Oq/\r
tt4»r~ f.l.~
I\f. f "'lIP III.'" OOln,'} ~'}Jtv-r
as that international agreements promote the interests of
fOOJ,J',l.'J' i1rr.,.y:,}',
ftt.')'f'A',f'}
'I':"r
fOOJ,!i1h'O~,
Ethiopia.
IlPlrr.:':W''} OOJ
1.;11'1' ::
4. To observe international agreements which ensure respect
I\.ql\ee.,,),
fOOJ,!i1h'O~r. fJ11W;I;'} 1':"r
~, ftt.')'f-A",f'}
for Ethiopia's sovereignty and are not contrary to the
fOOJ~IfI.~, q/\r
1',4»c~ J11:f,l; i1rr.,.y,~'.'}
OOJhOc ::
interests of its Peoples.
5. To forge and promote ever growing economic union and
4' h')I.IV" O'Jr.:~'r. hlb/\,,',}"r f1',C~&\'}'l'Ir:'of. ,'JC nf'l.lf.W'
fraternal relations of Peoples with Ethiopia' s neighbours
~"ff,'J fOl/,"tf.: tt.f1';'OOJ"flf 'HI I.')''.' fJ11fl1'f w'},r.:OOJOOJ"}"
.,,),'} OOJ1AIl-)' ::
and other African countries.
6.
To
seek and support peaceful solutions to international
%, n'J'Jr:'.}', IIP\,}hA fOIl, "ll' "'lif.b.y'1' lll\OOJlf Olr., oo'}'JJ',:
disputes.
OOJ
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'1'1.')'
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Article 87
Principles for National Defence
"" 'q'%
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flJ'Jk':
foohl\hJ'
'''''.If')'
f J11w'.f,'} OOJ},r.lf .,'tpil? .f\'}""" ~Ir'.' A ::
foohl\h.f
OOJ,~i1''''C11";' fil?,"(I'OO(JJ-ll.ilA ~tf'.'A ::
~,'.'
foohl\h,f
,p{,.lf')' fO'J/,":'} I\,ql\lf"')'
hool1ln:" IH't.L1.
OOJ/, nU,tJ ;',1 oo'}..,p,:"
oolll.'''' n1',i1:':';1.~ 'l.if. 1',tp:~
fOOJ,lll1l':"'} "''''I1r:',f' .fhl,"w,l,'A ::
foohl\h.f
".{,.ee.,: nOOJ'.':':w'Yu 'l.1f. /\J1'J lIP'}"''''''': "''1'11;
~11''.' A ::
foohl\h.f
,p{,.ee'l: "''''f1~,'} h7'/\'I;\'}
.,If fUr., 1',~\:...'} ,fh '.' W,l; A ::
1','}".?\
7'/\'1;\'}
J','C~:.y:,}'. W'J'ree":"
'if:~
I. The composition of the national armed forces shall reflect
the equitable representation of the Nations. Nationalities
and Peoples of Ethiopia.
2. The Minister of Defence shall be a civilian.
3. The armed forces shall protect the sovereignty of the
country and carry out any responsibilities as may be
assigned to them under any state of emergency declared
in accordance with the Constitution.
4. The armed forces shall at all times obey and respect the
Constitution.
5. The armed forces shall carry out their functions free of any
partisanship to any political organization(s).
Article 88
Political Objectives
.,h 1}I\OOJsP1'
oo'}..,,,.,,.,. nYu'lPh{,.f1.,flf
ooCtfsP',}', I\~ nooooi1I.''''
J11f(l'
ov-I\.r
f,l.~sP'f
OOJoo;F:t:.), 1',/\0')'
n".ll'
Q.).:"
1. Guided by democratic principles, Government shall
promote and support the People's self-rule at all levels.
2. Government shall respect the identity of Nations,
::
Nationalities and Peoples. Accordingly Government
!l' OO'}"''''':f' f'Oth.r:~''}
: f'n,h.l.ll{l~''}
: fJ11W'f'} OOJ'}".),
.,..,.
:
shall have the duty to strengthen ties of equality, unity and
f"7hOc'.'
OIlv- I\~ noooocf11'
noo\,}hl\r(JJ- ~ h-A
,.,.'} fOOJl1l'.'hc ",Yo;" tt/\
fraternity among them.
1','} .f:" ,)''.' OJ'} y.:OOJOOJ~""
0'''' ::
ji'
".ll',}
fOOJ"fi1"'p'f:cn,)"}
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.:JII.('1<h1'C i! ~(hl\ If; .,.') wr.tf% ~'9'"h'}4>1\
'ifu
Article 89
Economic Objectives
J\.tt'i0i/. Hl qltOl/sPT
ji -
!l-
r~~-
J;.
't-
;S-
1. Government shall have the duty to formulate policies
which ensure that all Ethiopians can benefit from the
oP'} 1 1.:'
f 01/.tI' ~ 0 :,.')
country's legacy of intellectual and material resources.
2. Government has the duty to ensure that all Ethiopians get
equal opportunity to improve their economic conditions
oP'}olP':"
fJ\.:"r-~!(J}<!'}'}
fJ\.tt'iOi/. o-).;rsPT
t\0I/7i
(,.:f(J)<
t\0I/1.:'l...,e;
lJ-fl:"
fj::"dttf
and to promote equitable distribution of wealth among
i"iA ~ irA "f.;A ~ '}Jt 'i
them.
Otl'~ oP'}11.:' fOl/.h~t.I\'O:"'} o-).;r fOl/oP;F:f:" "'Y.,;r
3.
Government
shall take measures to avert any natural and
ht\O:" ::
man-made disasters, and, in the event of disasters, to
f+t. 'f~e; 1l(J}<lit--ii hf.;J ~ '}~f.f.C{) oPhlthA e; hf.;J(J}<
provide timely assistance to the victims.
ll.f.C{)'J" t\'l-11(J}< ~C~;" OCD:"i: ~'}Jtf.C{) OI/f:l.°l ::
4. Government shall provide special assistance to Nations,
0~1.:'1:" CDf.~It t\4><t--Odt.~T : -fldt.l.llf1T : ih1lf1T
Nationalities, and Peoples least advantaged in economic
and social development.
oP,}"'P':" A~ 1.:';Jfj:!f.C;JA ::
5.
Government
has the duty to hold, on behalf of the People,
U-fl:"'} Oih1l-fl {)'J" Of.
oP'}"'p'.1' oP/..:,.'}e; f+t.'I'~
land
and
other
natural resources and to deploy them for
l';J'(J}< {)C 00I/1.:'l..., t\ih1lft
f ;J(,. 'f:"'J"e; ~1.:'1:"
their common benefit and development.
~ '}Jt(J}<1\, fOl/1.:'l..., :.,ltt- ~.1' ht\O:" ::
6. Government shall at all times promote the participation of
flJ1C AOI/:" Tt\.ll.sP:fe; T~..,t-tJPT 00l/.";J~0:" CD:":"
the People in the formulation of national development
oP'}olP':" ih"HO''} Off.l.}f(J}<OI/It+fj: ht\O:" :: f ih1l-fl'}'J"
policies and programmes; it shall also have the duty to
support the initiatives of the People in their development
fAOI/:" ~'}:"{):J>(l.sPT oPY.-,fj: ht\O:" ::
endeavourS.
oP'}olP':" OU1C J\.tt'iOl/.!tfe; OI/'"IOt-tf AOI/:" ~ '}:"{):J>(I.
(J}<{)'I'(I.1"T hCD')?,i' ;JC n~ IrA~:" fOl/.It+~O:"'} 0-).;" 7. Government shall ensure the participation of women in
equality with men in all economic and social developfOl/oP;F:f:" ~ltt.~:" hl\(H, ::
ment endeavours.
oP,}"'p':,.
flP(,.+~(J}<'} ih1t-fl m. '}~:,. : f.tn~:"e;
f~~
8. Government shall endeavour to protect and promote the
J'.l.}f t\oPlIln:" oPll}C ht\O-'" ::
health, welfare and living standards of the working
population of the country.
oP'}olP'-'"
"(J}<+:,.e;
o-I\''J'' J\. :"r'~!(J}<!'}
lJ-fl :,. +1Il:J> 01/.sPT
foP4>f{) :.,ltk~:" ht\O:" ::
}, '} 4>1\
fU1ti:
f+IIlt-4>oP
1
Article 90
Social Objectives
OI/'"Int-tf ~h qltOl/sPT
ji-
!l-
Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21 st Augugst 1995 - Page 33
flJ1ti:
},:"'J" nt.4>Y. oPlIl'} o-I\-'J" J\.:"r.~!tf
f:"'J"
UC:": flll.e; h1A..,t\":": f,}~,U (J}<"/:foP'it!:
f'J"..,-fle;
fOl/'"IO(,.~ tp{):,.e; ~ '}Jt 'i l.(J)<f.f.l.;JA ::
'''''J''UC-} nOl/e;:f(J}<'J"l.-'f: h"/f.0I/'i-1' : hTt\1:t) hoP
Mlhf-:-'-' ~e; hl1ihlttf
oPt)dt..r... },t\0:" ::
'h'JiJ'isPT
},'} 4>~'
~'Otl'~
oP'}1f.'
1. To the extent the country's resources permit, policies shall
aim to provide all Ethiopians access to public health and
education, clean water, housing, food and social security.
2. Education shall be provided in a manner that is free from
any religious influence, political partisanship or cultural
prejudices.
Article 91
Cultural Objectives
1ji
l1ihA ~h qltOl/sPT
fi-
oP'}"'p'-1' oPlll._-1'tf oP-,H,:f'}e;
ll-nqtf h-flc'} : y"tJP
h(,.ll. '}e; ih1 oP'}OIP'-f:'} fOl/f.:J>l.~ l1iht\"Te; AOI/f..T
O~ irA ~-1' ~ '}Jt 1t\-n-t:e;
},t\0:"
!l'
r'
~ '}Jt! f.'1'
foPC~:"
~ltt. ~:"
::
flJ1C f.t.t.'I'~
U-01',:-'-''}e; f;rth
:"C(\T'}
oPlIln:"
foP'}"'p':,.e;
fO-I\''J'' J\.-1'r.~!tf
"'Yo;r ~(J)<::
oP '} °1P' -r h:" 'J" 0 t.4> Y. oP III'} h. ~'I' 0 -fl'} : Itf. '} ()e;
-t;h'it\"1('}
fOl/{)~~')' °IYo;}' ht\O:" ::
h,}4>~' 1!l
fht)I1Q Y.u'}~.1''l'0:J> qltOl/sPT
fi'
!l'
oP'}olP")'
o-I\-'J" J\.-)'r'A'_ftf '}~ue; m.c;O'J ht)I1Q ~'}
l.(J}<foPll}C
~ltt. ~:" ht\n:" ::
Jt 'i
OI/'}~(J}<'J" fh.tt'iOl/. AOI/.1. ~C'J"}f fht)I1Q(J}<'} f.U,}~:"
fOl/!e;;J
oPtI''} ht\n-)'
::
1. Government shall have the duty to support, on the basis of
equality, the growth and enrichment of cultures and
traditions that are compatible with fundamental rights,
human dignity, democratic norms and ideals, and the
provisions of the Constitution.
2. Government and all Ethiopian citizens shall have the duty
to protect the country's natural endowment, historical
sites and objects.
3. Government shall have the duty, to the extent its resources
permit, to support the development of the arts, science
and technology.
Article 92
Environmental Objectives
I. Government shall endeavour to ensure that all Ethiopians
live in a clean and healthy environment.
2. The design and implementation of programmes and
projects of development shall not damage or destroy the
environment.
1X' @!
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g,
t..1..&./:\ ";J&'-" ;JILtfJ <h1'C ii
"ch~
I?; 4>1 Ilifit% '}.,..,
Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21 st August 1995 - Page 34
f t"h1f1l'} f" 1111{l feU'} ~..,. ffIIJ.00" h"" T t\.fl.S T C''''
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(,.. ,,') f:
CHAPTER ELEVEN
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
A ~ A ~ .f.;'};YI.9'r
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it" "itrt.\f,
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Article 93
Declaration of State of Emergency
1£
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f t"h1Nn lI1.'} ~.}. ".V.;J I\f, ffll/. 'I'A 07i:t" fLhfl."" :
'rhc
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"".;J 1\" ffll/.''A (1'li:J' fLhfl.'}' fhAA ooit'~'«;f:C'r
OhAI\:t:lD- f"it:':t.\f,
'UI. "'P~ t\.!lD-n. f,rl\t\.
::
g.U'} t"h1 oo'}oIF:"
oofl.l..'}
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::
n'lU "'}cJ>",. '}O.it "'}cJ>"" fi (0) oofl.l.."" ffll/.:t"lD~
f"it:':\,1.,r" '1.11."'P~ :
0) f tn',H. "'OJI1\"~" 'rhC fl..}. nF Ir I\f, 11" 'UI.
f:J'OJ~~:lllf~ n:J'OJ:~: n"cll it'r,}'}' fI.'}:J',}, lD-it'l'
"t"h',H. "'OJ\'1f:.}".'rhC fl.'}' OO""I...n""O.} :: h'P~:
O,.n"Hl "'lDl1\':'}" 9uhC fl..}, o-",} Y'it,~;;: .f.:'riJ
,"c"Ilf,~'}' ttl\.,-r OJ-'t.flD-~ f,7ilrA::
,,) hl\f, O'}o'it ",,}cf''''' (0) itC fTtncJ>fl.lD-h,}".,~tnOcJ>
fl..}, OF Ir I\f,
Iftj : f t"h1Nl "'OJ\'1\"1' 'rhc
IlAII'HH' OJ"".}. ffll/.:J'OJ~ f"it:f\,1.f, 'UI. "'P~
"t"h'If.n "'OJI1\':'}" 'rhC fl.'} 00""1..'0 !"O.} "'P~:
n:J'OJ~~ O"Ft. ",'rit.} cJ>tj.}lD-it'l' ~lD- ::
nfll/.tit.}c.'~'. 'rhc n.'r f"'.V.~11lD- f"it:t:t.\f, 'UI. "'P~
O'rhC
0.": '~cJ>Ilf,~'r \'l.,-r 0:\1\ t\.cf>f, \'fII/.r"lD- hith
it.r:it.}. OJt,.}. ~lD-:: f ,.n1H. "'lDl1\"1' 'rhC fl..} Oo-".}.
y'it',.;;: .r:'riJ ",}.f.;,} f,.,it:':\,1.f, 'UI. h'P~
O\'''lr'}' CD';'
n'''''.;1;1f11/. h'}-'t:J'''.it t\..fr.CCJl f,1'I\A ::
Q' 0) f,.,it:':\,1.f, 'UI. h'P~ nfll/.:J'CD~O'}' 'UI. ffll/.tit'}C'1'
'rhC fl..}. nfll/.,fOJfI':':lD- ".'}{l1' oofl.l..'} f01C'}
fl.I\'rli t"hAlD-tj : f cn1Hn feU'}~.}. : t"hCJltjFC'}'}''}
fOi/ithnC FAfI)'} f,'j I.'PA ::
,,)
ffll/.tit')'r.>1' 'rhC
n.'}' FAff)'} 0t"h1 00'}CJ1F''':
f.,. cJ>00tn..}.'} oofl.l..:J''f
f 7'''''':l1tj
f Y..'l"hlrfL
oo.n.y:.}".'}: f"it:':\,1.f, '1.11."'Pn.'} "fll/CD~ 'rh'}!.}frf~CD''} .,.'«;f, "OI/itOJ".r..''~&.I\'I. (ftj 0'~11lD- f.I..~:
dl)
hith fII/',f: t\.f.Cit ffll/.1'A ~lD- ::
ffll/.tit'}'r.>1' 'rhc
n.')' O"itr\,1.f, '1.11."'P~ itC
ffll/..fCDff):t:lD-f:,} ."J1.9'~',tj ffll/.OJit'«;rlD- hC'r~9'r
Ofll/c;:t:lD-'r
1..11: O'lU
t"h., 00'}CJ1F'}'
htj @j '}o'it ,,'}cJ>?\ fi htj
00'0.y:.}'. ffll/.1y.'n' t\.rn. "f,1't\.'r::
~?;
3. People have the right to full consultation and to the
expression of views-in the planning and implementation
of environmental policies and projects that affect them
directly.
4. Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the
environment.
,.,'}cJ>?\
fi : I~; :
~ \"~cJ>ootn,.}'}
1. (a) The Council of Ministers of the Federal Government
shall have the power to decree a state of emergency
should an external invasion, a break down of law and
order which endangers the constitutional order and
which cannot be controlled by the regular law
enforcement agencies and personnel, a natural disaster, or an epidemic occur.
(b) State executives can decree a State-wide state of
emergency should a natural disaster or an epidemic
occur. Particulars shall be determined in State Constitutions to be promulgated in conformity with this
Constitution.
2. A state of emergency declared in accordance with subArticle I (a) of this Article:
(a) If declared when the House of Peoples' Representatives is in session, the decree shall be sumbitted to
the House within forty-eight hours of its declaration.
The decree, if not approved by a two-thirds majority
vote of members of the House of Peoples' Representatives, shall be repealed forthwith.
(b) Subject to the required vote of approval set out in (a)
of this sub-Article, the decree declaring a state of
emergency when the House of peoples' Representatives is not in session shall be submitted to it within
fifteen days of its adoption.
3. A state of emergency decreed by the Counci I of Ministers,
if approved by the House of Peoples' Representatives,
can remain in effect up to six months. The House of
Peoples' Representatives may, by a two-thirds majority
vote, allow the state of emergency proclamation to be
renewed every four months successively.
4. (a) When a state of emergency is declared, the Council of
Ministers shall, in accordance with regulations it
issues, have all necessary power to protect the
country's peace and sovereignty, and to maintain
public security, law and order.
(b) The Council of Ministers shall have the power to
suspend such political and democratic rights contained in this Constitution to the extent necessary to
avert the conditions that required the declaration of a
state of emergency.
(c) In the exercise of its emergency powers the Council of
Ministers cannot, however, suspend or limit the
rights provided for in Articles 1, 18, 25. and subArticles 1 and 2 of Aarticle 39 of this Constitution.
..
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 35
0 U1 &-1: f n IVft.\1- 1.H. n 'P~ 0 ""l.;J--(I)
~O'-'" (I)~'-'" f ih lI-fI
"'(I)t)f-T
9"hC 0.'-'" hnl1l\-I:lJ' hih.., l1t\oo- 1sPT oPC(O
5. The House of Peoples' Representatives, while declaring a
state of emergency, shall simultaneously establish a State
1111'-'" n 111\'-'" 1 1\-'-'"
f n i\:ft.\1- 1.H. n 'P ~
f""l. oP Y.'11:ffDof Emergency Inquiry Board, comprising of seven
nL~R9" oPCO'I& (1C.(' 1'J:~OtJA :1 (1C~ n'P~ Oih1f-fl
persons to be chosen and assigned by the House from
"'(I)t)f-T 9"hC 0.'-'" O""l.RY.'~O'-'" 1.H. 1-'J:'J:OtJA II
among its members and from legal experts.
1;' fni\:f'J.1-1.H. nCP~ n&.~R9" oPCO'I&(1CY.' f""l.h".I\-'-'" 6. The State of Emergency Inquiry Board shall have the
P' A tIJ') 'I ~I\ &.~.,.. T n I\"~' :
following powers and responsibilities:
lJ) 0 n i\:ft.\1- 1.H. n 'P~ 9"h '} 1'-'" f ;J--11-t-'-"''} .., t\ 11(1:y.
(a) To make public within one month the names of all
i\ 9" 0 n') Y.' (I)C '1..II. fD-i\1' 1-~ 0tJY.'l..., 'I f ;J--11-tO.-,..'}
individuals arrested on account of the state of
9"h'} 1'-'" oP'" t\ 1\ :
emergency together with the reasons for their arrest.
t\)
Oni\:f'J.11..1. n'P~
(I)~'-'" f""l.(I)l1~'-'" hC9"~
(b) To inspect and follow up that no measure taken
sPT 00tJ'i":ffD-9" l.',Y.' n.l1-f1~ce nt\oPlT'i":ffD-')
during the state of emergency is inhumane.
oP.y.tlJmC'i" oPh:J'-J-A .:
(c) To recommend to the Prime Minister or to the
tit) OtJ'i":fCD-9" fni\~~t.\1- 1.11. n'P~
hC9"~ n.l1-f1~ce
Council of Ministers corrective measures...ifit finds
oPlr).'} l1.19"'}0'r
m~l\1- 0tJ.~i\'-"'-t- (1)1-9" f""l.~i\
any case of inhumane treatment.
'~'c:':f'. 9"hc o.'~' hC9"~fD-') h'}"t1i\".t)hA
lJl't-fl
(d) To ensure the prosecution of perpetrators of
oPi\m:" :
inhumane acts.
oP) Oni\:ft.\1- 'UI. t,'P~ hC9"~sPT
n.l1-f1~ce Y.'C1.'~'
(e) To submit its views to the House of Peoples'
fOl/.&-'~'oo-'-"''}lJct\. t\r,:c.(' h,}"t"'C~ 0tJY.'l."': .
Representatives on a request to extend the duration
IP)
f ni\:'~t.\1- 'UI. t, 'P~ h '}"t"'1'A t\ih1f-fl "'(I)t)f-:y.
of the state of emergency.
9"hc 0.'-'" 1'1<1: l1..,.c.o 1t\fD-'} ni\""f'-'"
0.-1: 0tJ~l.'0 ::
t\9"hC
Article 94
Financial Expenditures
t, '}.,. R' 'H!
f~1-'i",} i\ OJ("J.'} OOl/.oPt\h'r
{i.
f&..Yo/I't\. oP'}o'P''-''''i'' hAt\"T
OihO' f-J-l1f\l.:ffD-'} ~I\&.~
.f.:}'.'i" -J-°,'Ir.':Y. t\OtJh'i"(I)'} fOl/.1i\&.A;J~~fD-'} (1)".1. OfOh1\:'~fD-1-i''ir':'i''I\' : tr(:-~
g,
..
0tJ'i":ffD-9" hAA
OfD-hA'i" t\0I/.&.
1.'oPfD- .",0,I1C fOtJ..fi\&.A 1fD- (1)(,1.1,"'1\ i\9"9"~'-'" h"'t\
n.,.c fD-hA'i"fD-') Ol1mfD- (l)1') 1-'(i&.'i"A II
f&..Yo/I't\. oP,}"'P"~' t\hAt\..'.f, f"'oPtlJm~ h.('1'-'" h,}~~'-'"
t)Alr~ ni\"''''c
t\ni\~~'J.1- '1..11.hC~:J' : t\oPA{\ 0tJ'J:'J:9"'i"
t\AOtJ.~. OtJi\~&..f t\hAt\..':f'. .n.r:c9"
Ir~ hC~:J' l\.l11'
1-:Y'I\A :: f &..Yo/I'I\' oP'}o'p"r
(JJ(,I.). fOl/..ff.C1fD-'}
fOtJ.f.:l.°' p'Ann
hAt\..:y. t\""l.1i\&.A;J:ffD-
.f.:10tJ nOl/.oPt\h'r
1."t'r'i"
~1'1'C
1-C:-l.'PA ::
,t, '}"'1.' 'ji:
~.~
f'i,1-'i",}i\
',O,'} n""l.oPt\h'r
f&..Yo/I't\. oP'}o'p"r'i" hAt\..'.}'. f""l.'P"'l.fD-'} f&..Y../r.A n~l.
~:f.:,. f-J-h.,.t\ f10. hCj;r':A _ff.C;J1\- :1
n'}'" '"
j1;
f &..Yo/I'A oP'}.., P':,. f ::I--hi\'i" f..,-flC P' A tIJ'}
{i'
f&..Yo/I'A oP,}"'P':,.
n(l)(,I.1.'i" 10. tJ:P~T 1\1- f7-9"-t-h
:
:J'hi\'i"
"'l.1'
"'''''T tJr':1sPT 1-1'I\A I 1-l1ni\I1A II
!{, n&..Yo/r.A oP'}..,P''-''''i'' n~t\9" n"'~ Y.'C~""T "''''tIJ&sPT
1. The Federal Government and the States shall respectively
bear all financial expenditures necessary to carry out all
responsibilities and functions assigned to them by law.
Unless otherwise agreed upon, the financial expenditures
required for the camying out of any delegated function
by a State shall be borne by the delegating party.
2. The Federal Government may grant to States emergency,
rehabilitation and development assistance and loans, due
care being taken that such assistance and loans do not
hinder the proportionate development of States. The
Federal Government shall have the power to audit and
inspect the proper utilization of subsidies it grants to the
States.
Article 95
Revenue
The Federal Government and the States shall share revenue
taking the federal arrangement into account.
Article 96
Federal Power of Taxation
1. The Federal Government shall levy and collect custom
duties, taxes and other charges on imports and exports.
2. It shall levy and collect income tax on employees of the
1\1- f P' II' o,.nc 1-1'I\A : 1-l1ni\I1A::
Federal Government and international organizations.
r'
n&..Y..II'A oP,}"'P"~' 11t\0.'-"'~'-'" P'C nIT). fAOtJ'-'" Y.'C 3. It shall levy and collect income, profit, sales and excise
~.y,:r. 1\1- f'}o,.(' :'.cr,: ..,-flC : fP'/r. ..,-flC : f7i11iJ.h'i"
taxes on enterprises owned by the Federal Government.
f lb tJ "1- i\ :J'tJ i\ 1-1'1\A : 1-11n i\I1A :1
4. It shall tax the income and winnings of national lotteries
9.' n.nth.Il'ce ft\..".& h'i" "'t\..'f ftJY.'A oo-h/r. 10.sPT 1\1and other games of chance.
:J.tJi\ 1-1'I\A: 1-l1ni\I1A I:
1K'.;)?; t..Y..t..A ~:M'}' :IlL'" 'hTL:?i
?;.
}.
OhfC: ntln-c'I Otli'hC '}'I..'H17'C'} 10.$PT I\~ :l'hil
~1'I\A : ~(tOiltlA II
oo')..,,,.,.}. tlt\o.'}~"'" ".,c 0"'l.1J. o."'T'I
O~lot.A
t\.t\..-:;, ').nl"'T
:k
~mil'l A II
f~YDt.A 00')"''''''''''
§.
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hCt:!$P~"'} ~mil'lA
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h1AoI
: ~(tOiltlA
II
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Article 97
State Power of Taxation
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I. States shall levy and collect income taxes on employees of
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§.
5. It shall levy and collect taxes on the income of air, rail and
sea transport services.
6. It shall levy and collect taxes on income of houses and
properties owned by the Federal Government; it shall fix
rents.
7. It shall determine and collect fees and charges relating to
licenses issued and services rendered by organs of the
Federal Governemnt.
8. It shall levy and collect taxes on monopolies.
9. It shall levy and collect Federal stamp duties.
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the State and of private enterprises.
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. 2. States shall determine and collect fees for land usufracfoo(..."f. oom4>OIJ,! hC~.f ~OJil'l'" : ~(tniltlf\a II
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No. I 21sl August 1995 - Page 36
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tuary rights.
3. States shall levy and collect taxes on the incomes of
private farmers and farmers incorporated in cooperative
associations.
4. States shall levy and collect profit and sales taxes on
individual traders carrying out a business within their
territory.
5. States shall levy and collect taxes on income from
transport services rendered on waters within their
territory .
6. They shall levy and collect taxes on income derived from
private houses and other properties within the State. They
shall collect rent on houses and other properties they own.
7. States shall levy and collect profit, sales, excise and
personal income taxes on income of enterprises owned by
the States.
8. Consistent with the provisions sub-Article 3 of Article 98,
States shall levy and collect taxes on income derived from
mining operations, and royalties and land rentals on such
operations.
9. They shall determine and collect fees and charges relating
to licenses issued and services rendered by State organs.
10. They shall fix and collect royalty for use of forest
resources.
Article 98
Concurrent Power of Taxation
1. The Federal Government and the States shall jointly levy
and collect profit, sales, excise and personal income taxes
on enterprises they jointly establish.
2. They shall jointly levy and collect taxes on the profits of
companies and on dividends due to shareholders.
3. They shall jointly levy and collect taxes on incomes
derived from large-scale mining and all petroleum and
gas operations, and royalties on such <?perations.
Article 99
Undesignated Powers of Taxation
The House of the Federation and the House of Peoples'
Representatives shall, in a joint session, determine by a twothirds majority vote on the exercise of powers of taxation
which have not been 'specifically provided for in the Constitution.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21stAugust 1995 - Page 37
Article 100
Directives on Taxation
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1. In exercising their taxing powers, States and the Federal
Government shall ensure that any tax is related to the
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source of revenue taxed and that it is determined
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following proper considerations.
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their relationship and that the rate and amount of taxes
shall be commensurate with services the taxes help
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deliver.
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collect taxes on each other's property unless it is a profit1111.+ I\~ ..,1IC IJJ~'" +I.1'~"7C)hLA
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Article 101
The Auditor General
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Article 102
Election Board
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1. The Auditor General shall, upon recommendation of the
Prime Minister, be appointed by the House of Peoples'
Representatives.
2. The Auditor General shall audit and inspect the accounts
of ministries and other agencies of the Federal Government to ensure that expenditures are properly made for
activities carried out during the fiscal year and in
accordance with the approved allocations, and submit his
reports thereon to the House of Peoples' Representatives.
3. The Auditor General shall draw up and submit for
approval to the House of Peoples' Representatives his
office's annual budget.
4. The details of functions of the Auditor General shall be
determined by law.
II
1. There shall be established a National Election Board
independent of any influence, to conduct in an impartial
manner free and fair election in Federal and State
constituencies.
2. Members of the Board shall be appointed by the House of
Peoples' Representatives upon recommendation of the
Prime Minister. Particulars shall be determined by law.
Article 103
Population Census Commission
1. There shall be established a National Census Commission
that shall conduct a population census periodically.
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2. Members of the National Census Commission shall be
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appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives upon
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recommendation of the Prime Minister.
3. The Commission shall have a Secretary General and
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necessary professional and &UPportstaff.
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4. The annual budget of the Commission shall be submitted
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for approval to the House of Peoples' Representatives.
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5. A national population census shall be conducted every ten
years. The House of the Federation shall determine the
II
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boundaries
of constituencies on the basis of the census
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results and a propsal submitted to the House by the
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National Election Board.
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6. The Commission shall be accountable to the House of
Peoples' Representatives. It shall submit to the House
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periodic
reports on the conduct of its programmes and
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activities.
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Federal Negarit Gazeta - No.1 21 August 1995 - Page 38
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Article 104
Initiation of Amendments
Any proposal for constitutional amendment, if supported by a
two-thirds majority vote in the House of Peoples' Representatives, or by a two-thirds majority vote in the House of the
Federation or when one-third of the State Councils of the
member States of the Federation, by a majority vote in each
Council have supported it, shall be submitted for discussion
and decision to the general public and to those whom the
amendment of the Constitution concerns.
Article 105
Amendment of the Constitution
1. All rights and freedoms specified in Chapter Three of this
Constitution, this very Article, and Article 104 can be
amended only in the following manner:
(a) When all State Councils, by a majority vote, approve
the proposed amendment;
(b) When the House of Peoples' Representatives, by a
two-thirds majority vote, approves the proposed
amendment; and
(c) When the House of the Federation, by a two-thirds
majority vote, approves the proposed amendment.
2. All provisions of this Constitiution other than those
specified in sub-Article I of this Article can be amended
only in the following manner:
(a) When the House of Peoples' Representatives and the
House of the Federation, in a joint session, approve a
proposed amendment by a two-thirds majority vote;
and
(b) When two-thirds of the Councils of the member States
of the Federation approve the proposed amendment
by majority votes.
Article 106
The Version with Final Legal Authority
The Amharic version of this Constitution shall have final
legal authority.