TOURISM PLANNING
WHAT IS
PLANNING?
Planning is a dynamic process
of determining goals,
systematically selecting
alternative courses of actions
to achieve those goals,
implementing the chosen
alternatives, and evaluating
the choice to determine if it is
successful.
REASONS FOR
TOURISM PLANNING
The stagnation and decline
of a destination or
attraction may be due to the
lack of planning or poor
planning.
According to the destination
life cycle concept as defined
by Plog (1 97 3), destination
areas tend to rise and fall in
popularity according to the
whims of those in the
predominant "psychographic"
groups to which they appeal
at different stages in their
development histories.
A new and/or exotic
destination tends to appeal
first to Plog's allocentric
group-the innovators in the
travel market who look for
less-crowded and unique
destinations.
As the destination area become more
widely publicized and better known, it
loses its appeal to the allocentrics.
They are replaced by the
midcentrics who greatly
outnumber the allocentrics in
the population.
Eventually, as time
progresses, this destination
area also loses its appeal to
the midcentrics, who are then
replaced by the
psychocentrics.
One of the most important
messages of Plog's hypothesis
is that destination areas can..
"carry with them the
potential seeds of their own
destruction if they allow
themselves to become
overcommercialized and to
discard the unique appeals
which made them popular in
the first place"
CONSEQUENCES OF LACK
OF TOURISM FLAMING OR
POOR TOURISM PLANNING
The following are the symptoms
of inadequate or poor tourism
planning:
Physical Impacts
A.
Human Impacts
B.
Marketing Impacts
C.
Organizational Impacts
D.
Other Impacts
E.
Physical Impacts
• Damage or permanent
alteration of the physical
environment;
• Damage or permanent
alteration of historical/cultural
landmarks and resources;
• Overcrowding and congestions;
• Pollution; and
• Traffic problems.
Human Impacts
• Less accessibility to services and
tourist attractions for local residents
resulting in local resentment;
• Dislike of tourists by local residents;
• Loss of cultural identities;
• Lack of education of tourism
employees in skills and hospitality;
and
• Lack of awareness of the benefits of
tourism to the destination area.
Marketing Impacts
• Failure to capitalize on new marketing
opportunities;
• Erosion of market shares due to the actions
of competitive destination areas;
• Lack of sufficient awareness in prime
markets;
• Lack of clear image of destination area in
potential markets;
• Lack of cooperative advertising among
individual operators; and
• Inadequate capitalization in packaging
opportunities.
Marketing Impacts
• Failure to capitalize on new marketing
opportunities;
• Erosion of market shares due to the actions
of competitive destination areas;
• Lack of sufficient awareness in prime
markets;
• Lack of clear image of destination area in
potential markets;
• Lack of cooperative advertising among
individual operators; and
• Inadequate capitalization in packaging
opportunities.
Organizational Impacts
• Fragmental approach to the and
development of tourism, often involving
"competitive splinter groups";
• Lack of cooperation among individual
operators;
• Inadequate representation of the tourism
industry's interests;
• Lack of support from local public
authorities; and
• Failure to act on important issues,
problems, and opportunities of common
interest in the industry.
Other Impacts
• Lack of sufficient attractions and events;
• High seasonality and short lengths of stay;
• Poor or deteriorating quality of facilities
and services; and
• Poor or inadequate travel information
services
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TOURISM PLANNING IN
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
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BARRIERS TO
PLANNING
The following are the barriers to tourism planning
and the problems associated with it:
• Many people are against planning in
principle, particularly within the freeenterprise system.
• It is expensive.
• The tourism industry is complex and
diverse.
• Tourism is characterized by few large
businesses and various smaller
enterprises.
THE TOURISM PLANNING
PROCESSS
Planning is an ongoing process
that must keep up with the
changing character of the
world and of the destination
area. The planning procedure
follows a step-by-step pattern.
There are five essential steps in
the tourism planning process:
Background analysis phase;
Detailed research and analysis phase;
Synthesis phase;
Goal-setting, strategy selection, and
objective-setting phase; and
• Plan development phase.
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