KEYNOTE ADDRESS Welcome everyone…!!! Our responsibility towards addressing the growing need for effective management of industrial wastes, brings us all together today to be a part of the “All India Seminar on Solid waste Management-An industrial perspective” here in Bokaro. This is an excellent opportunity for experts in various industrial fields as well as the academia to come together, share their knowledge and experiences as well as collaborate on identifying the best solutions for industrial waste management, and I thank you all for coming here and participating with great enthusiasm. Coming to the theme of the seminar, we will all agree as industrialists as well as technocrats that waste, be it hazardous or non-hazardous, is an unavoidable byproduct of any industrial process. So, its sound management is also our indispensable responsibility. Effective waste management begins with the quantification of waste that is generated, classification of the wastes based on their characteristics. It is estimated that about 230 MT of non-hazardous inorganic wastes and ~4.5 MT of hazardous industrial wastes are being generated annually, which are primarily contributed by Iron and steel plants industries with about 500 kg1 of solid waste generation per tonne of crude steel, Coal/lignite based thermal power plants generating ~1100 tonnes2 of fly ash for every MW of power produced. Mining waste, a type of industrial waste is more Industrial Hazardous Waste Management The wastes are classified as residential wastes (non-hazardous), industrial wastes (hazardous/non-hazardous, emissions), medical wastes, radioactive wastes and hazardous wastes. The amount of waste is expected to increase over the coming years, because of the population growth and the progressive industrial development. Industrial Hazardous Wastes About 90% of industrial hazardous wastes are generally generated from the following four types of industries (1) Chemical manufacturing, (2) Primary metal production, 1 2 Chokshi Y, Sompura N, Dutta SK. Utilization of steel plants waste. Material Sci & Eng. 2018 Report on Fly Ash Generation at Coal/Lignite Based Thermal Power Stations and its Utilization in the Country for the year 2016-17 by Central Electricity Authority(CEA). December 2017 (3) Metal fabrication, and (4) Petroleum processing. The other sources of hazardous waste which is of serious concern are from the Nuclear plants and defence sector. The Industrial Hazardous waste and health impacts are presented in Table 1 Table 1: Industrial Hazardous waste and health impacts Hazardous waste Health/ impact Generating industrial sector Eye and mucous membrane Waste xylene irritation Disturbances of liver Pulp and paper, textile, paints and kidney function Cancer Blood disorder Skin Waste benzene Paints, paper, leather irritation Eye and skin irritation Lung irritation Irritation and Peroxides waste Pulp and paper, textile inflammation of nose, throat, respiratory tract Neurological dysfunction in humans High blood pressure Lead smelting, inorganic in adults Affects blood Waste containing lead chemical industry, iron and chemistry, kidney and nervous steel, pigments, paint system Accumulates in some shellfish such as mussels Textile, leather, inorganic Cancer Kidney damage Dechemical industry, iron and Waste containing cadmium calcification of bone tissues steel, wood preserving, dyes Toxic to human and pigments Cancer Metal finishing, leather/fur Waste containing chromium Chronic irritation of printing, tanning, steel, VI the respiratory system chemicals manufacturing Pigments, paints, wood Can cause cancer Skin, eye Waste containing arsenic preserving, inorganic and respiratory tract chemicals, leady metallurgy Toxic, can cause prompt death due to respiratory arrest Can cause blindness, and damages Dyes and pigments, metal Waste containing cyanide to optic nerves and retina treatment and coating Affects the central nervous system Toxic to animals and aquatic organisms Textile, inorganic chemicals, Irritating to skin, eyes and Waste sulphuric acid printing inks, secondary lead mucous membrane smelting, metal treatment Irritating to the upper Waste sodium hydroxide respiratory system Causes skin Textile, metal treatment irritation Waste halogenated solvents Probable human carcinogen Organic chemical industry, Radioactive waste Affects central nervous textile, pesticide, dyes and system, liver, kidney or pigments, paint, inks respiratory system Cancer Nuclear plants, defense sector Harm to DNA Table 2: Hazardous waste from Iron and steel Plant The wasted generated from different locations of steel plant which are classified as Schedule I or Schedule II as per HOWM, 2016 Department Waste and Hazardous Waste Coke and by product plant Sludge, sulphur muck, V2O5 catalyst, Tar residue BF, BOF, EAF GCP sludge, flue dust, Scrap, Refractory lining and residue from furnace, slag SMS, Sinter Sludge, ESP dust, slag, GCP sludge Rolling Mills Rejected sand, zinc dross, tin ash, Acid sludge CRM pickling ETP Oil sludge, chromate sludge, chemical sludge Power Plant Neutralization sludge, ash Dolomite/ lime dust, Rotary kiln fine dust Refractory Material Plant Waste Management An adequate waste management system has to be implemented in order to cope with these increasing waste challenges. Waste management can be understood as an approach based on three principles: 1) Waste prevention: The amount of generated waste should be reduced 2) Recycling and reuse: If waste cannot be prevented, as many of the materials as possible should be recovered, preferably by recycling as shown in Fig. 1. 3) Improving final disposal and monitoring: Waste that cannot be recycled or reused should be safely incinerated, with landfill only used as a last resort. Fig. hierarchy of waste handling options Waste management hierarchy as given in the figure is detailed as given below: Waste avoidance and reduction Waste avoidance and reduction seek to minimize the use of resources as well as the quantities and/or hazard levels of the wastes generated at the source. Measures for achieving waste avoidance and reduction are Input substitution, for reducing quantity as well as hazard level of waste Increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water or land Process and product design Improved maintenance and operation of equipment Re-use Re-use means any operation by which products or components that are not waste are used again for the same purpose for which they were conceived Waste Recycling/Material and or Energy Recovery: Recovery: means any operation the principal result of which is waste serving a useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfill a particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfill that function, in the plant or in the wider economy. Note that incineration of waste 59 (see below) with high energy output and backfilling operations (use of material to fill mines or for landscaping purpose) can fulfill this definition Recycling: means any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling operations It has to be noted that recovery can generate secondary wastes which again require treatment and disposal. The common approach to utilization should be to encourage the recycling business to adopt Best Available Technology (BAT) and to authorities to provide licenses to such installations only that fulfill minimum standards with regard to environment, health and safety. Waste Incineration, waste treatment: In case there is no other appropriate solution, incineration or treatment followed by landfill disposal is required in a way that causes the least harm to the environment. Incineration is applied to wastes with a high content of organic pollutants. Incineration generates secondary wastes such as ash, slag, filter dusts and spent scrubber liquids. Chemical/physical treatment (for example evaporation, drying, calcinations, neutralization, precipitation, dewatering or encapsulation) is applied to liquid or slurry wastes for obtaining stabilized materials with defined contents and mobility of pollutants Waste Landfill disposal Final disposal is effected by disposing secondary wastes generated from incineration or treatment on secured landfill sites. Only such residues are permitted for landfill disposal that have achieved a defined level of inertness during the preceding treatment. Secured landfill sites have to meet the criteria of the ‘Multi barrier Principle’ which requires several barriers to be set up one independent from another to avoid release of pollutants.
