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Research Methodology Tutorial- Dr. Abhijit Mitra presents Presentation · June 2020
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Contents
1. What is Research?
2. Types of Research.
3. Sampling of Data; Various
Types of Sampling.
4. Plagiarism: An Overview.
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to
increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of
humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of
knowledge to devise new applications." It involves the
collection, organization, and analysis of information to
increase our understanding of a topic or issue.
STEPS OF RESEARCH
1. Pose a question.
2. Collect data to answer the
question.
3. Present an answer to the
question
Research is important for three reasons.
1. Research adds to our knowledge: Adding to knowledge means
that educators undertake research to contribute to existing
information about issues
2. Research improves practice: Research is also important
because it suggests improvements for practice. Armed with
research results, teachers and other educators become more
effective professionals.
3. Research informs policy debates: research also provides
information to policy makers when they research and debate
educational topics.
Forms of Research
1. Scientific,
2. Humanities,
3. Artistic,
4. Economic,
5. Social,
6. Business,
7. Marketing,
8. Practitioner research,
9. Life,
10.Technological
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
1.Observations and formation of the topic
2.Hypothesis:
3. Conceptual definition:
4. Operational definition:
5. Gathering of data:
6. Analysis of data:
7. Data Interpretation:
8. Test, revising of hypothesis.
9. Conclusion, reiteration if necessary.
Steps in Conducting Research
Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research. The
hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the
required information through the method of the project (like the neck of the
hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results. The major
steps in conducting research are:
1) Identification of research problem
2) Literature review
3) Specifying the purpose of research
4) Determining specific research questions
5) Specification of a conceptual framework, sometimes including a set of
hypotheses
6) Choice of a methodology (for data collection)
7) Data collection
8) Verifying data
9) Analyzing and interpreting the data
10) Reporting and evaluating research
11) Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations
Types of Research
Qualitative Research
involves understanding human
behavior and the reasons that
govern such behavior, by asking
a broad question, collecting data
in the form of words, images,
video etc. that is analyzed, and
searching for themes. This type
of research aims to investigate a
question without attempting to
quantifiably measure variables
or look to potential relationships
between variables.
Quantitative Research
involves systematic empirical
investigation of quantitative
properties and phenomena and
their relationships, by asking a
narrow question and collecting
numerical data to analyze it
utilizing statistical methods. The
quantitative research designs
are experimental, correlational,
and survey (or descriptive).
Sampling of Data
Advantage of Sampling
a) Makes the research of any type and size
manageable;
b) Significantly saves the costs of the research;
c) Results in more accurate research findings;
d) Provides an opportunity to process the
information in a more efficient way;
e) Accelerates the speed of primary data
collection.
Types of Sampling in Primary Data Collection
Probability
every member of
population has a known
chance of participating
in the study. Probability
sampling methods
include simple, stratified
systematic, multistage,
and cluster sampling
methods.
Non-probability
sampling group members
are selected on nonrandom manner, therefore
not each population
member has a chance to
participate in the study.
Non-probability sampling
methods include purposive,
quota, convenience and
snowball sampling
methods.
Categorisation of sampling techniques
Technique
Definition/
Explanation
Random
Sample group members are
selected in a random manner
Stratified
Systematic
Multistage
Cluster
Representation of specific
subgroup or strata
Including every Nth member of
population in the study
Sampling conducted on several
stages
Clusters of participants
representing population are
identified as sample group
members
Advantages
Disadvantages
Highly effective if all subjects High level of sampling error
participate in data collection when sample size is small
Effective representation of all
subgroups
Precise estimates in cases of
homogeneity or
heterogeneity within strata
Time efficient
Cost efficient
High level of flexibility at
various levels
Time efficient
Cost efficient
Knowledge of strata
membership is required
Complex to apply in
practical levels
High sampling bias if
periodicity exists
Complex to conduct
Impacted by limitations of
cluster and stratified
sampling methods
Group-level information
needs to be known
Usually higher sampling
errors compared to
alternative sampling
methods
Sample group members are
Judgement
selected on the basis of
judgement of researcher
Quota
Samples are not highly
representative
Sample group members are
High level of reliability than
selected on the basis of
random sampling
specific criteria
Usually cost-effective
Obtaining participants
Convenience
Time efficiency
conveniently with no
requirements whatsoever
Unscientific approach
Personal bias
High level of subjectivity
Difficult to estimate sampling
error
High levels of simplicity and
Highest level of sampling
ease
error
Usefulness in pilot studies
Selection bias
Over-representation of a
Sample group members
Snowball
nominate additional members
to participate in the study
Possibility to recruit hidden
population
particular network
Reluctance of sample group
members to nominate
additional members
Plagiarism is the unauthorized or unacknowledged use
of another person's academic or scholarly work. Done
on purpose, it is cheating. Done accidentally, it is no
less serious. Regardless of how it occurs, plagiarism is a
theft of intellectual property and a violation of an
ironclad rule demanding "credit be given where credit
is due".
Common Forms of Plagiarism
The most common forms of plagiarism are committed by students; the most offensive are
deliberate attempts to "pull one over" on the instructor. The reasons for doing this vary but
laziness and procrastination are high on the list.
Once discovered—and they are seldom not—deliberate incidences of plagiarism are handed
over to a governing body for review and prosecution. Here is a list of the most common:
Purchasing an essay or paper from a Website (or anywhere else) and calling it your own.
Borrowing another student's paper from a previous semester and calling it your own.
Having someone else do your work, for free or for hire. Agreeing to do someone else's work
is equally wrong.
Claiming originality regarding material copied directly from outside sources. In other words,
deliberately failing to cite sources.
Improperly documenting quoted, paraphrased or summarized source material.
Extending the length of a bibliography to meet project requirements by including sources
not used in your research or making them up all together.
Killing two birds with one stone. Recycling an essay or paper written for one class by using it
in another class studying the same or similar material.
Receiving help from other students on an essay or paper and turning it in under your own
name as individual work.
Collectively researching and writing a paper with other students and each turning copies
into different class sections claiming it as individual work.
Collaboration
Collaborative learning is an important educational
process in which a group of students work together
to achieve a common learning goal. As new ideas
and information are discussed and shared,
individual critical thinking skills are strengthened.
In science, research projects and lab work are
regularly intermingled. Problem solving is often
worked on in a group setting. In the liberal arts,
although individual work is more often the norm,
writing instruction is often provided in classes with
a "workshop" format.
First - do your own work
Second - establish your own voice
Third - do your research carefully
Fourth - keep copies of all your drafts
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