EVALUATION OF FIRE SAFETY MEASURES IN ADMINISTRATION
BLOCK OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA
BY
ADEMOLA JOSEPH OLAYINKA
BT/HND/F20/0815
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA,
KWARA STATE
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY
DECEMBER, 2022
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this research project has been conducted solely by me under the guidance of
Mr. Obadimu O. O. of the Department of Building Technology, Federal Polytechnic Offa,
Kwara State.
____________________________
Ademola Joseph Olayinka
Student
_______________
Date
ii
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project is approved as meeting the requirement of the award of the
Higher National Diploma (HND) in the Department of Building Technology, School of
Environmental Studies, Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara State.
__________________________
Mr. Obadimu O. O.
Project Supervisor
__________________
Date
_________________________
Mr. Yahaya N. Y.
Project Coordinator
__________________
Date
_________________________
Bldr. Aliyu S. F.
Head of Department
__________________
Date
________________________
Bldr. Dr. I. A. Jimoh
External Examiner
___________________
Date
iii
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise and adoration to the everlasting God, the controller maker and creator of heaven and
earth, for the privilege given to me to be among the Higher National Diploma finalist student of
Federal Polytechnic Offa, in 21/22 academic session may his name be praise forever.
My profound gratitude goes to my supervisor Mr. Obadimu O. O. and My H.O.D Bldr. Aliyu S.
F. and all other lecturers and non-Academic staff in the department of Building Technology for
being a mercy father and understanding father.
My appreciation goes to my parent Mr. and Mrs. Ademola for their assistance, healing mere here
and there, your support financially, spiritually, guidance and advice, word can’t express my
appreciation, I just thank you and may you reap the fruit of your labour (Amen).
I really appreciate my friends’ brothers, mentor, guidance and role model for their support
throughout my program.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
i
Declaration
ii
Certification
iii
Dedication
iv
Acknowledgement
v
Table of Contents
vi
List if Tables
viii
List of Appendices
ix
Abstract
x
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1
Background to the Study
1
1.2
Statement of the Problem
4
1.3
Research Questions
4
1.4
Aim and Objective of the Study
4
1.5
Significance of the Study
5
1.6
Scope of the Study
5
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1
Fire safety
6
2.2
Fire Safety Measures in Buildings
10
2.3
Effects of fire safety Measure in the public building
12
2.4
Improvement of Fire Safety Measure in the Public Building
16
vi
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
3.1
Introduction
19
3.2
Research Design
19
3.3
Population of the Study
19
3.4
Sample Size and Sample Technique
20
3.5
Data Collection Instrument
20
3.6
Data Collection Procedure
21
3.7
Method of Data Analysis
21
Chapter Four: Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of Findings
4.1
Introduction
22
4.2
Data Presentation and Analysis of Bio-Data
22
4.3
Data Presentation and Analysis of Research Questions
24
4.3
Discussion of Findings
27
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1
Summary
28
5.2
Conclusion
28
5.3
Recommendations
29
References
30
Appendices
32
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Distribution of Respondents by Gender
22
Table 4.2: Distribution of Respondents by Educational Qualification
22
Table 4.3: Distribution of Respondents by Working Experience
23
Table 4.4: Distribution of Respondents by profession or discipline in the construction
industry
23
Table 4.5: Fire safety measures in public building
24
Table 4.6: Effects of fire safety equipment in public building
25
Table 4.7: How to improve of fire safety equipment in public building
26
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I: Letter of Introduction
32
Appendix II: questionnaire
33
ix
ABSTRACT
This research project evaluated the fire safety measures in Administration Block of Federal
Polytechnic Offa. The objectives of the study are to assess the fire safety measure installed,
determine the effects of fire safety measures and strategies for improving fire safety in the
Administration Block. Questionnaires were administered to 50 respondents and all were
retrieved. Relatives Importance Index (RII) is used to analyzed the data. The findings of the
study show that the major fire safety measures in public building are provision of fire extinguisher,
provision of fire escape ladder, provision of water sprinkler and provision of heat and smoke
detector. More so, findings show that the major effects of fire safety measure in public building
include reduction in risks of loss of life, reduction in risk of damage to building and properties
and personnel. Finally, findings shows that the major way to improve fire safety measure in
public building are to installation of modern fire detective devices, heat and smoke detector
should be use in the building, enforcement of fire safety rules in building, regular inspection /
servicing of the sprinklers and regular maintenance service of fire extinguishers. this project
recommended that adequate places of safety should be made to enhance compliance with fire
safety regulations, there should be adequate provision of firefighting equipment’s position at an
appropriate location to enhance quick intervention of fire safety respond squard during a fire
emergency, fire safety protection systems should be regularly maintained to enhance effective
functionality of installed system and an effective fire safety system management should be
developed to enhance continuous functions of installed system,
x
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
It is ironical that, although fire is used in the manufacturing of most materials, cooking meals and
can also provide the thermal conditions required in a building, man has had a long standing
relationship with fire as a good and bad servant. On the other hand, fire can cause injury or death
of the building users, damages to property and building itself (Fire fighters, 2013). In addition,
Osbourn and Greeno (2007) highlighted that financial loss is also incurred due to fire
devastation.
Fire is a chemical reaction resulting in heat, light and flame, A glowing mass of gas,
accompanied by the emission of sound (Osbourn and Greeno, 2017). Mike (2016) believed that
fire is initiated within a single object and spread to others either by radiation from the flames
attached to the originally burning item or from the smoke layer. fire as an oxidation reaction. Fire
is the result of fuel in the presence of oxygen heated to the point that combustion takes place.
Fire accidents don’t just happen, they are caused. This signifies that fire can be controlled by
identifying their causes and taking measures to avoid them. The high level of risk and hazard
which buildings are exposed to is as a result of the level of development, which rises to
complexity, technicality, and application of techniques in building structures. According to
Patterson (2021), many things are responsible for fire accidents in a building which cannot be
eliminated but can be controlled or reduced when everybody is fire-safety conscious. Rockwool
(2017) said that the probability of a serious fire in any building may be low, but the potential
consequences are enormous. The Rockwool (2017) further stressed that both the probability of
1
occurrence and the extent of damage by fire in building are more predictable than commonly
thought.
The extrinsic effects of disasters caused by fire have progressively changed over the centuries,
especially in the twentieth century from individual or community losses to huge infrastructural
losses to a nation (Okebiro, 2019).Hence, the accident of fire is always horrifying when
considering the rate of deaths and damage caused as a result of fire accident in the world.
In developing countries like Nigeria, fire outbreaks have also taken its toll on the nation’s
resources and infrastructure (Asapro, 2018). Although there are evidence of firefighting
equipment for safety and protection in some building in Nigeria, still fire incident is claiming
over 50 billion naira every year (Okebiorun, 2018). This implies that Nigeria is yet to reduce the
incessant fire outbreak in buildings.
Gwynne and Boswell (2017) observed that there was now a fast growing awareness among the
architects and engineers to design and construct the buildings in such a manner that the safety of
the building and its occupants are assured to the maximum possible extent in the event of
outbreak of fire in buildings. Traditionally, the management of certain types of structures has
required a concerted effort to address the issues posed by fire safety and security which relate to
the management of people movement. These structures may have included hospitals, hotels,
banks, markets, to mention a few. Some structures are now deemed to be at threat from a wider
array of incident scenarios and required increased level of security and concentration (Gwynne
and Boswell 2017). This indicates that there is need for adequate protection and mitigation of fire
incidences in buildings.
2
Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially
destructive fires. SAMFS (2014) defines fire protection as the study of the behaviour,
compartmentalization, suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well
as the research and development, production, testing and application of mitigating system.
Building fire safety comprises a package which incorporates construction methods, mechanical
and electrical devices, management practice and organized human response tailored to reduce the
impact of fire upon the occupants, the building, its contents, the attending fighters and any
neighbouring property.
In the context of the above, fire impact is considered to be any threat to life and property caused
by heat or smoke and may include adverse environmental impact from toxic products stored on
the premises. (SAMFS 2012)
Hakkarainen (2017), states that, the general goal of fire safety regulation was to provide safety
and sufficient protection to lives and property in case of fire. In order to achieve this, the
requirements for structures, building materials, evacuation arrangements and relative location of
buildings are set to define how building should be designed and constructed for their respective
use. Some of these requirements relates to prevention of ignition and spread of fire, limitation of
fire growth, evacuation provision, load bearing capacity of structure, and prevention of spread of
fire between buildings. Safelines (2018) noted that when designing a building, an important
consideration is how it would behave in fire and ensuring that the elements of the structure will
not collapse but remain standing or hold back the fire for a prescribed time. That is why Yinka
(2019) warned that security without special consideration for fire safety is an incomplete
security. On the above, this research will therefore evaluate fire safety protection in public
buildings.
3
Considering the building components with the potential of causing fire, people attitude towards
fire, professional involved during the design of structures and safety measures and precautions to
be taken in advance to avoid the incident of fire.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
The followings are some of the problems that would arise if this study is not carried out:
Psychological damage: the fear of fire is known as pyrophobia, (Fire fighters 2017). A person
that suffers from pyrophobia is scared to leave house because fire may burn down while gone or
sleeping.
Wasted money and effort: when a building is burnt, the materials if not the whole, the contents
and the efforts made to build the building will be wasted.
Reduced income: the net productivity will be reduced. This is because of the necessary building
collapse, loss of properties, lives and money. Also, an extra cost is incurred during the
reconstruction of the affected buildings.
Increase in mortality rate: when buildings are not protected from fire accident, the occupants can
easily get injured which might leads to death.
1.3
i.
Research Questions
Which fire safety measure are installed in Administration block of Federal Polytechnic
Offa?
ii.
What are the effects of fire safety measures in the public building?
iii.
What are the improvements of fire safety measure in the public building?
4
1.4
Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.4.1 Aim of the Study
The aim of this study is to evaluate the fire safety measures in public buildings
1.4.2 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are to:
i.
Assess the fire safety measure in Administration block of Federal Polytechnic Offa.
ii.
Effects of fire safety equipment in Administration block of Federal Polytechnic Offa.
iii.
Examine the improvement of fire safety measures in Administration block of Federal
Polytechnic Offa.
1.5
Significance of the Study
The study is basically focused on evaluation of fire safety protection in public buildings. The
benefits that will accrue from this study are meant to help the governments, private sectors and
general public to see the importance and, or the need for fire protection (security) and safety of
life and property.
This research will contribute and update the existing knowledge on the subject under study. This
study will also create awareness on causes and effect of fire disaster in buildings, and promotion
of safety measures against fire disaster in building. Above all, it has opened a window of
opportunities for researchers in this area of study.
1.6
Scope of the Study
This research study focused on the evaluation of fire safety measures in public building. This
project is limited to Federal Polytechnic Offa Administrative Block.
5
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Fire safety
Hassan (2019) describes fire as chemical reaction of three elements. The rapid combination of
the three elements; Oxygen, Heat and Fuel result in the production of heat and light. Before fire
can occur, the Aqua group (2019) notes that there must be presence of the three basic element or
ingredient of fire, which is referred to as fire’s own Eternal triangle. It was further observed that
when these three elements exist in the appropriate relationship,
combustion would occur.
Cladderton (2016) pointed out that the removal of one or more of the fire element or the triangle
causes an established fire to be extinguished.
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products (Charles, 2020). Fires start when a flammable
and/or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of an oxidizer such as
oxygen gas or another oxygen-rich compound is exposed to a source of heat or ambient
temperature above the flash point for the fuel and is able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that
produces a chain reaction (Yusuf, 2017). This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire
cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. Fires are initiated
with a single fuel object. The smoke produced from the burning object is transported by a smoke
plume and collects the upper portion of the space as a layer. The smoke plume also transports the
heat produced by the fire into the smoke layer, causing the smoke layer to increase in depth and
also temperature (Charles, 2018). This smoke layer radiates energy back to unburned fuels in the
space, causing them to increase in temperature. Fire spreads to other objects either by radiation
from flames attached to the originally burning item or from the smoke layer. As other objects
6
ignite, the temperature of the smoke layer increases further, radiating more heat to other objects
(Charles, 2020). In small compartments, the unburned objects may ignite nearly simultaneously.
This situation is called flashover. In large compartments, it is more likely that objects will ignite
sequentially. The sequence of the ignition depends on the fuel arrangement and composition and
ventilation available to support combustion of available fuels (Charles, 2020).
Dry weather has been identified as the major cause of the recent spate of incidents while storing
of petrol in living houses and markets, careless disposal of cigarette stubs, adulterated fuel.
Power surge, electric sparks and illegal connection of electricity are all sources of fire outbreaks.
Many people have faulted the responsiveness of fire services and emergency first responders in
the country, who have been reputed to always arrive late and without sufficient equipment to the
scene of fire incidents. There have also been renewed calls for the federal and state governments
to adequately fund the fire department and emergency agencies, while the culture of insuring
properties is not imbibed by Lagos residents to mitigate the damage and misery of the misfortune
(Yusuf, 2017).
Over recent decades public buildings have become larger and more complex. Fire compartments
have increased greatly in size and more people can be taken in than before. The great danger
with fires in public buildings is if fire gases spread to corridors, stairwells and other open spaces.
This makes evacuation more difficult and allows the fire to spread to other parts of the building.
The rapid rate at which fires develop means that people often fail to realize how quickly they
must respond to a fire. The division of responsibility among those involved is also a problem.
Visitors rely on those responsible for the activities in the building. However, personnel in a
building often lack proper training on how to deal with a fire. Fire protection in public buildings
is dependent on organizational factors and technical measures. The fire fighters play more
7
important role for life saving in public buildings than in homes. The early detection of any fire is
clearly vital in public buildings. Education and information are also important so that personnel
can deal with a fire in the initial stage of development (Yusuf, 2017)."The risk of fire is one of
the greatest threats to health and safely, property and thedelivery of essential services in any
community. The loss of llyes or property as result of fire is a tragedy, Industry and government
and indeed every one share in the responsibility of protecting lives and property from the
consequences of fire fan extract from Northern Aboriginal Affairs and development, Canada)
From the above, the response of every one should be proactive as fire disaster could render a
whole family homeless in a blink of a moment, a government building totally inhabitable and
vital documents completely burnt, and even sustainable private and public housing efforts might
be threatened by unexpected fire disasters.
2.1.1 Classes of Fire and Their Extinction
Formerly, the numbers of classes of fires are six but they were reduced to five due to the removal
of one of the classes of fires, which is fires from electricity (formerly known as Class E Fires
[Based on the standard of the method of classifying fires by the United Kingdom]) because
electrical fires can involve in any of the present five classes of fires (Firesure, 2018). However,
electrical fires according to scholars such like Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) include
fires from wiring, electrical appliances, electrical transformers and other electrically energised
objects in the vicinities of fires with the resultant risk of electrical shocks if an electric current
conductive agents are used to control them; they can be extinguished by the use of dry powder
and carbon dioxide agents (Firesure, 2019; SQA, 2017).
Classes of fires and their extinguishing agents have been discussed by different researchers and
agencies like Fire Equipment Manufacturer’s Association (FEMA). According to SQA (2017),
8
Firesure (2011) and FEMA (2017), the following are the highlights of the classes of fires and
their extinguishing agents:
Class A fires: They are class of fires from the materials that are solid and they are usually in
organic nature in which burning usually occur and later form glowing embers and leaving of
ashes as by-products. Examples of this class of fires are fires from textiles, trash, wood, papers
and anything that leaves ashes, and they can be extinguished by the use of water agent.
Twumasi (2013), fire is made up of three elements or components (fuel, oxygen and heat) which
are known as fire triangle; to extinguish a fire, there is a need to remove one of these components
from the fire triangle. In Class A Fires, water agent put out fires by taking away the heat element
or component of the triangle of fire.
Class B fires: They are class of fires from liquids or liquefiable solids. Examples of this class of
fires are fires from paints, petroleum oil and also some waxes that are not cooking oils or fats;
they can be extinguished by the use of foam, dry powder and carbon dioxide (CO2) agents. Foam
agent takes away the oxygen component of the triangle of fire. Similarly, dry powder agent put
out fires by taking away the fuel from the oxygen component of the triangle of fire or via
separating the heat component of the triangle of fire. Likewise, carbon dioxide agent put out fires
by taking away the oxygen component of the triangle of fire and also removes the heat
component of the triangle of fire with a very cold discharge.
Class C fires: These are fires from the flammable gases. Examples of this class of fires are fires
from natural gas, butane, propane and hydrogen. They can be extinguished by the use of a dry
powder agent.
9
Class D fires: These are fires from the combustible metals. Examples of this class of fires are
fires from aluminium, sodium, magnesium and potassium. They can be extinguished by the use
of a dry powder agent.
Class F or K fires: These are fires from some cooking ingredients. Examples of this class of
fires are fires from greases, cooking oil and fats from animals. The high temperature of fats and
oil when on fire extremely exceeds that of other flammable liquids. It implies that the normal fire
extinguishing agents should not be used to put such fires under control. This class of fires can be
extinguished by the use of wet chemical agent. Wet chemical agent put out fires by taking away
the heat component of the triangle of fire; disallows re-ignition via making a barrier in between
fuel and oxygen components of the triangle of fire.
It was observed from this literature that all fires are not alike; there are various fuels that made
diverse kinds of fires and need different types of agents for putting out the fires. Applying the
wrong kind of agent for putting out the fire can lead to the severe damage being faced by the user
or can make the fire worse (Firesure, 2018). There are bit of fire extinguishing agents that can be
used for more than one class of fire and good examples are dry powder and carbon dioxide
agents. To make a choice of the use of the right type of fire extinguishing agent to put out a
particular class of fire, there is a need for the understanding of the different classes of fires,
especially in Nigerian markets where buildings are prone to fires.
2.2
Fire Safety Measures in Buildings
The Federal Fire Service of Nigeria (FFSN) stated on September 20, 2014 that properties and
goods that worth millions of Naira are always destroyed as a result of fire incidences in Nigeria;
lives are also lost in the process. Sometimes, they are not reported but are there thoughts to the
10
causes of fires in markets, shops, office places, homes and other environments of people and the
ideal ways to have them reduced? (FFSN, 2014).
Abubakar (2016), the following are the ways to reduce fire outbreaks in buildings:
1. Electrical appliances should always be put off when no one is making use of them and do not
excessively load electrical sockets.
2. Do not smoke at bed times to avoid the tendency of dozing off which may lead to a
possibility to toss butts anywhere while they are half-lit and it is important to always give
sturdy and deep ash trays to the smokers.
3. Do not use phone in the kitchen to avoid the temptation of forgetting the food on the cooking
appliances due to discussion on the phone.
4. When in the filling stations, phones should be off because making and receiving calls in an
environment that is highly inflammable such as stations where petrol are sold is very risky.
This is because mobile phones emit little charges with the possibility of explosion when
petrol is in contact with them.
5. Avoid fueling generators while in use to reduce the possibility of catching fires.
6. Make sure that house wiring are supervised by certified electrical engineers, and do not fix
electrical faults personally when there is no skill to handle such tasks.
7. Get thunder arresters to safely lead a huge amount of electrical charges away from buildings
to the earth, so as to have fire preventions.
8. Candles should be kept on their stands because candles may fall off and a nearby objects may
get burnt which may lead to a serious fire outbreaks in buildings.
11
9. It should be ensured that attention should always be given to the cooking pans or pots when
they are on fires; it should also be ensured that after cooking, cookers are turned off
immediately.
10. Always put off the fire of kerosene lamps before refilling their tanks to avoid outbreaks of
fires in case the kerosene is adulterated with petrol.
11. It should not be forgotten to put off and unplug electrical appliance after making use of them.
12. Substances that are flammable should not be placed near the sources of heats such as
kitchens, stores of kitchens and fire places or furnaces.
13. Fire-ignited means such as matches should be kept out of the reach of children.
14. Be cautioned when using alternative heating sources; there should be yearly inspection and
cleaning of heating units by a relevant reputable professional.
15. Store ashes of fires in a metal container and ash containers should not be placed on the decks
that are made of wood or composite materials.
16. Keep screens in front of fireplaces where there are combustible materials; alternatively open
flames should be kept away from combustible items such as drapery and furniture.
17. When sleeping at night, fire proof doors should be close, so as to avoid fires from spreading
through them in case of possible outbreaks of fire.
2.3
Effects of fire safety Measure in the public building
The conceptually, maximum fire safety con only be achieved via a combination of the three most
essential components, such as active fire measure, passive measure, and fire safety management.
An active and passive fire measures in a building are concerned with regulating the fire from
occurring and extinguishing the fire, respectively (The institute of engineers, 2004). Fire safety
involves protection system has to do with fire prevention system and suppression at both design/
12
construction and post-construction stage, consequently, each of the three fire safety components
displays three critical functions, i.e., active control, management control, and passive control in
achieving effective management of fire in buildings
Fire safety code, 2013, National buildings code 2006 and NFPA, 2008 guide to fire safety
regulation, provides that effort should be made to avoid fire risk in buildings. The fire risk that
could, not be avoided, should be investigated and evaluated, and once identified, it should be
fought at the point of ignition. Adequate fire safety management programs should be adopted
with comprehensives fire safety management components, such as compliance with safety
regulation, fire safety training, emergency plan, and procedure and robust fire safety policy, etc.
Generally, passive fire safety measure includes the provision of fixed fire protection systems
during buildings constructions, while active fire safety measure is the mechanical components
installed in buildings to efficient means of controlling fire and provide warning in building a fire
(NFPA, 2018 edition). However, in most cases, actives fire protection systems installed in
buildings seized to functions because of several factors, such as spoiled, vandalism, negligence,
interfere, or change of occupants (Woon, 2016). However, all installed active fire protection in
buildings require to be tested, maintenance, replaced the damaged one, upgrade and adequately
train the building occupants on how to operate the system. Besides, the arrangement should also
be made to regularly inspect all the installed fire safety systems through an effective fire safety
management program (wang, 2015).
The selected committee drafted the Nigeria national building code 2006 comprises of
professionals in the field of fire safety, practicing in Nigeria, besides, to other stakeholders at
various stages of the draft (NNBC, 2006). Thus, the drafted copied did not address the pertinent
aspect of fire safety, such as effective fire safety management implementation, the primary
13
focused of the draft was the provision of active and active measures, this, however, cannot give
an acceptable level of fire safety. Despite the insufficient, weak fire, regulation and strike policy
framework for fire safety management in Nigeria, there still exist scattered statues relevant to
generate fire safety in users of buildings
A regulation set up for fire protection in low-high rise buildings is not existent. The adopted
occupation health and safety act (2007) from the UK and recently enacted fire safety code 2013,
where the primary legislation governing general safety and health at workplaces. The original
provision in this act associated with fire protections includes section 77-access and safe place of
employment, section 78-fire prevention, section 81- safety prevention in case of fire, and section
82-evacuation procedures. The factories and others place of work, fire risk regulation notice,
2007 and national building code which provide for adequate safety management of building at
the post-construction stage, ensure that adequate life safety, property, and economic activities in
building are not under threat and enhances convenient and comfortability for the building
occupants. The regulations for fire protection systems provided in the section.
Passive fire safety in buildings: the legal provision for place of safety, escape stairs, fire doors,
protected lobbies, travel distance, story exist, fire barrier, fireman access and exist signage are
contained in the National Fire Protection Agency 2008, Nigeria Fire Safety Code 2013, and
drafted Nigeria National Building Code 2006. The fire safety regulations require that public
buildings should provide emergency vehicle access and a place of safety to enable occupant’s
assembly for safety and create access for firefighting equipment to the building at any time
without any hindrances (White, 2002)
The escape stairs are an emergency route provided to ease the buildings users’ early evacuation
in building a fire, similarly (Nachtigall, 2017). An emergency escape stair should have sufficient
14
width that is capable of enhancing safe evacuation of the building users, and it shall be free from
any hindrances includes luck up, obstructions.
That could hinder the users of the building from quick evacuation in building a fire, particularly
during a fire emergency. Hence, loss of lives, injuries, property loss may occur. In fire
emergency evacuation of buildings, users in office buildings tend to go through the escape stair,
which they are more conversant with, and if the escape stair is blocked, stamped, may occur and
possibly result in loss of life, injuries and property destructions.
Therefore, a sufficient width of escape stairs should be provided in public buildings to prevent
death and injuries during the fire outbreak, NNBC, 2006, NFSC 2013, and NFPA 2008.
Passive fire protection can be categorized into different classes ranging from resistance
construction, means of escape, and compartmentation (NFSC, 2013). Thus, the aspects of the
passive fire protection system investigation in the study area.
Active fire protection measure: active fire system in buildings is an act of installing mechanical
components in buildings to provide means of regulating building fire and provided warning
during fire occurrence (NFPA, 2018 Edition). Fire safety prevention against ignition at the point
of sources before its spread is significant in fire safety. The provision of passive measures in
buildings may not be adequate to provide fire safety required in the building. However, the
provision of active firefighting equipment would be able to assist buildings occupants in
containing the fire before fire respond squared arrive at the scene (NFSC, 2013). The provision
of this active fire system was designed to complement the passive system and vice-versa. Hence,
the qualities of fire safety equipment assessed in this studied are as follows fire alarm,
firefighting, natural ventilation, artificial lighting, emergency lighting.
15
2.4
Improvement of Fire Safety Measure in the Public Building
Prevalent fire outbreak in buildings are usually attributed to non-functional or absence of fire
equipment, which are critical in fighting and controlling fire (Ramachandran 2009). NFPA
(2018) revealed the performance of several fire protection systems and concluded that fire safety
equipment is such as active and passive measures are critical in achieving fire safety standard in
buildings. In addition, Hall (2012) conducted a study on contributing factors to numerous fire
disaster in higher institution, and the result shows that the significant causes of such disaster
were attributed to non-performance of fire safety protection system installed in the building and
in some cases, the right equipment are not installed. Adequate fire prevention measures should
be installed and ensure that they are functional at all time to enhance the achievement of fire
safety objectives (Thorne 2018):
Fire safety policy: Every organization is likely to make provision for a practical fire safety
policy. The contents of the policy shall be formed by the top executive council, which may
include fire director of the organization or person responsible for safety in the organization
(Mufida 2018). Usually, every organization has different organization fire safety policy, but the
overall contents and the purpose is to achieve fire safety standard. Chow (2001) stated that the
contents of fire safety policy in all the organizations are highlighted on the primary
responsibilities of everyone concerned in fire safety in order to prevent the incidents of fire.
Therefore, the primary objective of all organization is to achieve fire safety objectives for the
safety of workers and comfortable working environment. Hence, fire safety policy is essential in
order to achieve the purpose of the organization concerning fire safety.
Compliance with the fire safety regulation: The safety performance of any building in terms of
fire is usually improved by absolute compliance with existing fire safety regulations through
16
regular auditing of the building using the fire safety regulation requirements as a yardstick in
measuring the level of compliance of buildings (Julia 2017). The checklist developed from fire
safety code and standard enhances the level of fire safety standards; the fire safety regulations
which include National Fire Safety Code, 2013, National Building Code, 2006, and National Fire
Protection Association, among others, are the common legislation available to comply.
Emergency plan and fire safety procedure: The organization should provide an adequate
emergency plan support for the building occupants for safe evacuation during a fire disaster. It
comprises an evacuation plan, first aid, and affiliated to a close medical facility for the treatment
of fire organizations (Nano 2017). Therefore, the organization's emergency plan and fire safety
procedure prevent the occurrence of fire by the control of fire risks in the building. NFPA
(2018), further stated that the fire safety emergency plan provides an organized approach for
safety and orderly evacuation of the building in the event of a fire. Moreover, a proper fire safety
emergency plan is required to be developed in order to achieve fire safety objectives.
Fire safety training and awareness: Training of building occupants in order to create fire safety
awareness help in fire disaster prevention, in ensuring that occupants of the building knows
exactly what to do during fire emergency. Regular training of occupant is essential for the
achievement of fire safety objectives. However, study by Malhotra (2017) revealed that fire
safety training is one of the essential components of fire safety management, which when is
adequately implemented, can enhance the fire safety standard of an organization. In similar
studies conducted by Daily (2015), the study asserted that there is a general agreement among
the participants of their study that fire safety training is a critical component of fire safety
management that influences a better fire safety performance of an organization. Derek (2009)
indicates that occupants' attitude to fire safety determines the kind of response, either favorable
17
or unfavorable, toward safety situations. Furthermore, public building occupants have diverse
perceptions toward risks and willingness to the risks involved. Practical fire safety program of an
organization can only be successful if the attitude of the occupants toward fire safety is
improved.
Fire safety risk assessments: Fire risk assessment is an important approach to fire safety
management; fire risk assessment is the usual means used to implement fire safety regulations in
an organization, Ramachandran (2009) indicate that fire risk assessments are one of the
approaches that fire safety managers and building manager needs to understand how it is to be
applied in addressing fire safety issues. Yeung (2007) suggested that practical fire risk
assessment implementation is tantamount to the achievement of fire safety objective.
18
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
This chapter will give the description of data gathering techniques adopted by the researcher in
the cause of the research investigation. This chapter contains research design, sample size,
procedure for data collection, population of the study, sampling technique, instrument for data
collection and method of data analysis.
3.2
Research Design
Research design is an overall plan for doing research Chamwali, (2006) defined research design
as arrangement of conditions for data collection and data analysis in a manner that aim to
combine relevance to the research purpose as well with economy in procedure.
Research design can also be described as the type of situation that the researcher is investigating,
such as correlation, experimental, historical, survey or content analysis. The type of research
design to be used in a particular design will depend on the nature of the researchable problem or
question. It guides researcher in the process of methodology.
3.3
Population of the Study
The population is an aggregate of elements defined prior to selection of a sample Neuman and
Taylor, (2000). The Population as a term refers to a large group of people
One more common characteristics, on which a research study focuses. It is a unity or group of
units with one or more characteristics that are of more interest to the researcher. Population is a
set of all possible cases of interest in a given research activity. For instance is the collection of all
19
people of Administrative Block Federal Polytechnic Offa that known much about fire safety
protection. The population is 70
3.4
Sample Size and Sampling Technique
A sample is defined as a subset of the population. It comprises some members selected from the
population Sekaran, (2000). Somekh and Lewin, (2005) refer to a sample as a selection of
individuals from the entire population, who would be included in the data collection.
3.4.1 Sample Size
Sample size is a representative part of the population. sampling is the selection of a part to
represent the whole; therefore sample must be a representative part of the whole population
which they are drawn, so that viewed conclusion about the population can be referred. Therefore,
fifty (50) workers of Administrative Block Federal Polytechnic Offa would be used as sample
size, because the whole population cannot be reached because of time.
3.4.2 Sampling Technique
Sampling technique is the systematic process used to select a sample of a target population. It is
however, the statistical and research means used to arrive at the sample size. It is the strategy a
researcher adopts in order to arrive at a good representativeness of the population. Sample
random will be used so that each member of the entire population has an equal chance of being
selected to arrive at a proper presentation.
3.5
Data Collection instrument
These are the research instrument to be used in collecting data for the study. The main research
instrument to be used in this study is questionnaire. The questionnaire are short precise and
sample to understand, used to gather response from the respondents. The questionnaire contains
20
two sections. Section A contains information on Personal Bio-data of the respondent while
section B contains other items on the evaluation of fire safety protection in public building.
3.6
Data Collection Procedure
The researcher employed various methods for data collection. The Primary data collected
through observation, interview using questionnaires. Secondary data also collected through
documentary review journals and books of relevant studies. In this project questionnaire is
choose to be a tools for interview. Questionnaires were a popular tool for collecting data. A
questionnaire tool is cheaper and less time- consuming than conducting interviews small samples
can be taken Collis and Hussey. (2003).
The primary research method used in this project work is questionnaire. Questionnaire is a series
of relevant questions sometimes statements which are usually used to elicit information from the
target population of a given study. Through the administered of questionnaires, the respondent
will have an opportunity to express their view on the evaluation of fire safety protection in public
building and enhanced the chance of getting information with ease from the respondents.
3.7
Method of Data Analysis
These deals with how the researcher present, analyze and interpret the data collected from the
administration of the instruments.
The data collected from the sample sized through the questionnaire would be analyzed after the
respond has been given. Data gathered were analyzed using Simple statistical tools such as mean
score method.
21
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1
Introduction
This chapter present and analysis the various data collected from randomly selected population
of the study sampled. On a research topic: “Evaluation of fire safety measures in public building.
The demographic data are presented first then followed by the presentation of findings based on
questionnaire that was drafted and finally the interpretation of the findings.
4.2
Data presentation and Analysis of Bio Data
Table 4.1: Distribution of Respondents by Gender
Gender
Number of Respondent
Percentage (%)
Male
33
66
Female
17
34
Total
50
100
The Table 4.1 above shows that 66% of the respondents were males while 34% of the
respondents were female.
Table 4.2: Distribution of Respondents by Educational Qualification
Qualification
Number of Respondent
Percentage (%)
ND
20
40
HND/BSC.
19
38
Master/Phd
11
11
Total
50
100
22
The Table 4.2 above shows that 40% of the respondents were ND holder, 38% of the respondents
were HND/BSc and 22% of the respondents were Master/Phd holder.
Table 4.3: Distribution of Respondents by Work Experience
Experience
Number of Respondent
Percentage (%)
5years
13
26
10years
33
66
15years and above
4
8
Total
50
100
The Table 4.3 above shows that, 26% of the respondents were 5years working experiences, 66%
respondents were 10years work experiences while 8% of the respondents were 15years and
above work experiences.
Table 4.4: Distribution of Respondents by profession or discipline in the construction
industry
Profession
Contractor
Builder
Architecture
Engineer
Total
Number of Respondent
12
26
3
9
50
Percentage (%)
24
52
6
18
100
The Table 4.4 above shows that 24% of the respondents were Contractor, 52% of the
respondents were builder, 6% of the respondents were Architect while 6.7% of the respondents
were Engineer.
23
4.3
Data Presentation and Analysis of Research Questions
Table 4.5: Fire safety measures in public building
S/N
Measures
SA A U
D
SD
Mean score
Ranking
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Provision of fire extinguisher
Provision of fire escape ladder
Provision of water Sprinkler
Provision of heat and smoke
detector
Provision of emergency and exit
sign
Provision of fire blanket
Provision of fire hose reel
Provision of first aid kit
Provision of emergency lighting
50
30
37
28
8
10
15
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
0.752
0.932
0.852
1st
4th
2nd
3rd
18
2
10
15 5
0.732
6th
17
23
12
17
13
7
13
3
8
5
5
12
2
11
12
13
0.700
0.736
0.636
0.636
7th
5th
9th
8th
10
4
8
5
Table 4.5 shows that provision of fire extinguisher is ranked 1st with mean score 1, provision of
water Sprinkler is ranked 2nd with mean score 0.932, provision of heat and smoke detector is
ranked 3rd with mean score 0.852, provision of fire escape ladder is ranked 4th with mean score
0.752, provision of fire hose reel is ranked 5th with mean score 0.736, provision of emergency
and exit sign is ranked 6th with mean score 0.732, provision of fire blanket is ranked 7th with
mean score 0.700, Provision of emergency lighting is ranked 8th with mean score 0.636 and
Provision of first aid kit is ranked 9th with mean score 0.636 in the fire safety measures in public
building.
24
Table 4.6: Effects of fire safety equipment in public building
S/N
Effects
SA
A
U
D
SD
Mean score Ranking
1
2
It reduces risk of loss of life
It reduces risk of injury
27
18
13
22
10
7
3
-
0.868
0.820
1st
3rd
3
It reduces risk of loss of time and
energy
It reduces risk of damage in
building and properties
It reduces
risk of loss of
investment
Protect against possible fines
Protect against losing customer
trust
23
7
5
11 4
0.736
5th
30
9
2
5
4
0.824
2nd
2
45
1
2
-
0.788
4th
18
5
2
20
10
5
15 5
9 11
0.732
0.596
6th
7th
4
5
6
7
Table 4.6 shows that It reduces risk of loss of life is ranked 1st with mean score 0.868, It reduces
risk of damage in building and properties is ranked 2nd with mean score 0.824, It reduces risk of
injury is ranked 3rd with mean score 0.820, It reduces risk of loss of investment is ranked 4th
with mean score 0.788, it reduces risk of loss of time and energy is ranked 5th with mean score
0.736, Protect against possible fines is ranked 6th with mean score 0.732 and Protect against
losing customer trust is ranked 7th with mean score 0.596 in the effects of fire safety equipment
in public building.
25
Table 4.7: How to improve of fire safety equipment in public building
S/N
Improvement
SA A U
D SD Mean score
Ranking
1
Enforcement of fire safety rules in 25
building
15
10
-
-
0.860
3rd
2
Installation of
detective devices
fire 33
10
7
-
-
0.904
1st
3
Providing
staff
information 17
regarding fire safety
Regular inspection / servicing of 23
the sprinklers
13
8
2
10
0.700
6th
7
5
11 4
0.736
4th
4
modern
5
Regular
review
assessment
fire
risk 18
2
10
15 5
0.652
8th
6
Regular
service
of
extinguisher / maintenance
fire 21
9
2
12 6
0.708
5th
7
Monitoring safety measure during 20
building construction
6
3
12 9
0.664
7th
8
Heat and smoke detect should be 35
compulsory in the building
Provision for fire escape route in 21
buildings
Use electricity appliance safely
15
10
1
3
1
0.900
2nd
9
2
12 6
0.708
5th
5
7
15 8
0.616
9th
Disconnection of appliance when 5
not in use
20
5
9
0.596
10th
9
10
11
11
Table 4.7 shows that installation of modern fire detective devices is ranked 1st with mean score
0.904, heat and smoke detect should be compulsory in the building is ranked 2nd with mean score
0.900, Enforcement of fire safety rules in building is ranked 3rd with mean score 0.860, Regular
inspection / servicing of the sprinklers is ranked 4th with mean score 0.736, provision for fire
escape route in buildings is ranked 5th with mean score 0.708, Providing staff information
regarding fire safety is ranked 6th with mean score 0.700, Monitoring safety measure during
building construction is ranked 7th with mean score 0.664, regular review fire risk assessment is
ranked 8th with mean score 0.652 and Use electricity appliance safely is ranked 9th with mean
26
score 0.616 while disconnection of appliance when not in use is ranked 10th with mean score
0.596 in the how to improve of fire safety equipment in public building
4.4
Discussion of Findings
Result of the analysis in Table 4.5 shows that the major fire safety measures in public building
are provision of fire extinguisher, fire escape ladder and smoke detector are the first three major fire
safety measure put in place public building. This is in agreement with work of Abubakar (2016).
More so, table 4.6 shows that the major effects of fire safety equipment in public building are
reduction in risks of loss of life, risk of damage in building and properties and risk of injury in
agreement with (NFSC, 2013). Finally, table 4.7 shows that the major way to improve fire safety
equipment in public building are to installation of modern fire detective devices, heat and smoke
detect should be use in the building and enforcement of fire safety rules in building this is in
agreement with (Thorne 2018).
27
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Summary
This research project evaluated the fire safety measures in public building. The objectives of the
study are to assess the fire safety measure in public building, effects of fire safety equipment in
the public building and examine the improvement of fire safety equipment in the public building.
Questionnaires were administered to 50 respondents and all were retrieved. Relatives important
index is used to analyzed the data. The findings of the study show that the major fire safety
measures in public building are provision of fire extinguisher, provision of fire escape ladder,
provision of water sprinkler and provision of heat and smoke detector. More so, findings show
that the major effects of fire safety equipment in public building are it reduces risks of loss of
life, it reduces risk of damage in building and properties and it reduces risk of injury. Finally,
findings shows that the major way to improve fire safety equipment in public building are to
installation of modern fire detective devices, heat and smoke detect should be compulsory in the
building and enforcement of fire safety rules in building, regular inspection / servicing of the
sprinklers and regular service of fire extinguisher / maintenance.
5.2
Conclusion
Based on the outcome of the research, it is concluded that provision of fire extinguisher,
provision of fire escape ladder, provision of water sprinkler and provision of heat and smoke
detector are the major fire safety measures in public building. More so, fire safety equipment have
effects on public building because it reduces risks of loss of life, it reduces risk of damage in
building and properties and it reduces risk of injury. Finally, installation of modern fire detective
devices, heat and smoke detector should be use in the building, enforcement of fire safety rules in
28
building, regular inspection / servicing of the sprinklers and regular service of fire extinguisher /
maintenance are the major way to improve fire safety equipment in public building.
5.3
Recommendations
Based on the objectives of the study the following recommendations were made:
1. Adequate places of safety should be made to enhance compliance with fire safety regulations.
2. There should be adequate provision of firefighting equipment’s position at an appropriate
location to enhance quick intervention of fire safety respond squard during a fire emergency.
3. Fire safety protection systems should be regularly maintained to enhance effective
functionality of installed system,
4. An effective fire safety system management should be developed to enhance continuous
functions of installed system
5. comprehensive fire safety inspection, regular fire risk assessment, investigating and
reporting, and mitigating action be undertake, and construction of any office building should
be made to adhere strictly to fire safety regulation standard and code
29
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31
APPENDIX I
LETTER OF INTRODUCTION
THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA, KWARA STATE
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Date: ………………………….
Dear Sir/Ma,
I am Ademola Joseph Olayinka with Matriculation Number BT/HND/F20/0815, a final year
students of the Department of Building Technology, The Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara State.
I am conducting a research study on the topic “evaluation of fire safety protection in public
building.”. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Higher National Diploma in
Building Technology.
Ademola Joseph Olayinka
BT/HND/F20/0815
32
APPENDIX II
QUESTIONNAIRE
Please kindly tick ( √ ) as appropriate to you
SECTION A: Respondent Data
1. Gender:
(a) Male [
]
(b) Female [
]
2. Educational Qualification: (a) SSCE [ ] (b) ND / NCE [
(d) Masters / PhD [
] (c) HND / BSc. [
]
]
3. Working Experience:
(d) 16years and above [
(a) 1-5years [
] (b) 6-10years [
] (c) 11-15years (
)
]
4. what is your Profession or discipline in the construction industry
(b) Contractor [
] (c) Engineer [
] (c) Builder (
) (d) Architect [
]
SECTION B: Evaluation of fire safety protection in public building
Using: SA = Strongly Agree, A = Agree, U = Unsure, D = Disagree SD = Strongly Disagree,
1. Fire safety measures in public building
S/N
Fire safety measures in public building
1
Provision of fire extinguisher
2
Provision of fire escape ladder
3
Provision of water Sprinkler
4
Provision of heat and smoke detector
5
Provision of emergency and exit sign
6
Provision of fire blanket
7
Provision of fire hose reel
8
Provision of first aid kit
9
Provision of emergency lighting
33
SA
A
U
D
SD
2. Effects of fire safety equipment in public building
S/N
Effects of fire safety equipment in public building
1
It reduces risk of injury
2
It reduces risk of damage in building and properties
3
It reduces risk of loss of life
4
It reduces risk of loss of investment
5
It reduces risk of loss of time and energy
6
Protect against possible fines
7
Protect against losing customer trust
SA
A
U
D
SD
SA
A
U
D
SD
3. How to improve on fire safety measures in public building
S/N
Improvements of fire safety measures in public building
1
Enforcement of fire safety rules in building
2
Monitoring safety measure during building construction
3
Installation of modern fire detective devices
4
Heat and smoke detect should be compulsory in the building
5
Regular inspection / servicing of the sprinklers
6
Regular service of fire extinguisher / maintenance
7
Provision for fire escape route in buildings
8
Use electricity appliance safely
9
Providing staff information regarding fire safety
10
Regular review fire risk assessment
11
Disconnection of appliance when not in use
34