BRAND BLANSHARD “The main aim of education is practical and reflective judgment, a mind trained to be critical everywhere in the use of evidence.” PHASE 11 JUDGEMENT JUDGMENT Ideas do not suffice to give us comprehensive knowledge of things because human intellect can not grasp in one apprehensive act all the perfections and implications of an object. The human mind compartmentalizes things. It proceeds in a cumulative step-by-step process, interrelating the ideas apprehended and pronouncing this reality of things. JUDGMENT It is the mental operation that pronounces the agreement or disagreement between two ideas or terms. This is the second mental act of the mind. PROCESSES IN JUDGMENT Apprehension of concepts, the previous mental act or phase from which the results are ideas and terms in the first phase. Ideas in the mind are placed side by side (juxtapose) to each other. PROCESSES IN JUDGMENT Mental comparison of concepts. This is the stage where the recognition between ideas, either identity or non-identity occurs. After the juxtaposition of ideas; comparing them to each other whether they are identical or different from each other. PROCESSES IN JUDGMENT Mental Predication is the pronouncement of the identity or non-identity of the ideas being compared. The mental product of this affirmation or denial of terms is what we called enunciation. PROCESSES IN JUDGMENT Written/Oral Predication is the stage of expressing an enunciation in a form of a verbal/written statement or manifestation. The product of which is called a proposition. PROCESSES Apprehension Mental Comparison Mental Predication Written/Oral Predication PRODUCTS Ideas and Terms (Non) identity Enunciation Proposition EXAMPLE PROCESS ACTION DONE Ideas of “apple” and “fruit” apprehension juxtaposition “apple” vs. “fruit” comparison identification “apple” as “fruit” Identical predication agreement Apple is a fruit. Written predication assertion If a judgment coincides with reality, it is true and if not, it is false. In the words of Aristotle, “To say that what is, is not, or that what is not, is, is false; and to say that what is, is, and what is not, is not, is true.” PREDICATION: THE PROCESS Predication is the mental process of affirmation or denial (agreement or disagreement) of terms/ideas producing an enunciation ( a mental sentence) or a proposition (external manifestation). ENUNCIATION: THE PRODUCT Latin word “enuntiatus”, which means to report, declare, pronounce. Enunciation is the pronouncement of the identity or non-identity of the compared ideas (terms), showing the agreement or disagreement. PROPOSITION: THE MANIFESTATION The external manifestation, linguistic expression or the sensible sign of the judgment. A proposition is a sentence. A proposition is a kind of sentence which affirms or denies something. However, not all sentences are considered proposition. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPOSITIONS AND GRAMMATICAL SENTENCES 1. Propositions are expressed indicative mood. 2. Propositions are expressed in the Present-Tense. 3. Propositions are expressed in a subject-copula-predicate pattern. Propositions are classified into Categorical (state a fact) and hypothetical (state a condition). PROPOSITIONS CATEGORICAL NON-STANDARD HYPOTHETICAL STANDARD CONDITIONAL A, E, I, O CONJUNCTIVE DISJUNCTIVE CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS A simple proposition that gives a direct and undonditional assertion of the affirmation or denial of something. From the point of view of grammar, a proposition is defined as a declarative sentence which is complete in thought and states a fact. CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO USE: 1. Declarative (states a fact) Ex. Matter is any physical entity that occupies space and has mass. 2. Interrogative (asks a question) Ex. What is the matter with you? 3. Imperative (expresses a command or request) Ex. Please, make it matter. 4. Exclamatory (expresses a strong sudden emotion) Ex. As a matter of fact, yes! CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION A statement which either affirms or denies. It is unconditional or without qualification, hence the manner of affirmation or denial is unconditional and without qualification. Ex. 1. He is a college student. 2. My mother is an engineer. 3. No cow is a reptile. 4. Not all lawyers are liars. BASIC ELEMENTS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION Each categorical proposition is composed of three basic elements: The subject term, predicate term, and the copula. Subject Term-the part of the proposition which is affirmed or denied. Predicate Term- signifies what is affirmed or denied of the subject. Copula- either joins or separates the verb “to be”. The unifying principle and the qualifying term in the structure of the proposition. SUBJECT TERM COPULA PREDICATE TERM Socrates is a philosopher All Filipinos are not Americans. Is that about which something is affirmed or denied Pronounces the agreement Is that which is affirmed or or disagreement between denied of the subject. the subject and the STANDARD (LOGICAL) FORM The basic arrangement of the elements or parts of the standard (logical) form of the categorical proposition is: SUBJECTCOPULA- PREDICATE (S-C-P) Ex. 1. The shoe is made of leather. 2. All humans are created by God. 3. No flowers are animals. Notice how all subject term appear at the beginning, the copula at the middle, and the predicate at the end of the proposition (S-C-P pattern). NON-STANDARD FORM Does not follow the standard or logical form. Ex. 1. Fishes swim. 2. President Duterte succeeded President Aquino. 3. Bicolanos like spicy food. 4. Blessed are the poor in spirit. 1-3 are not in the logical form because they do not have copula. While number 4 is not in logical form because it does not follow the S-C-P pattern (P-C-S). REDUCTION TO THE STANDARD FORM The process of rewording or reformulating a proposition into the standard form (S-CP). This is important so that we can analyze the arguments. RULES: 1. Must always be in S-C-P arrangement. 2. The meaning of the original proposition must not be changed. 3. The copula must always be in the present tense. REDUCTION TO THE STANDARD FORM COPULA AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE First Person am Am not Singular is Is not Plural are Are not 1. Proposition in the Present Tense Ex. Fishes swim. This proposition has two elements, the subject and the predicate (S-P). REDUCTION: Fishes swim The fishes are swimming creatures. SUBJECT COPULA PREDICATE REDUCTION TO THE STANDARD FORM 2. Proposition in the Past Tense Retain the original subject and reformulate the copula and predicate. Ex. President Duterte succeeded President Aquino. POSSIBLE REDUCTIONS: 1. President Duterte is the man who succeeded President Aquino. 2. President Duterte is the person who succeeded President Aquino. REDUCTION TO THE STANDARD FORM 2. Proposition in the Future Tense Retain the original subject and the indication of the time signified by the future tense will form part of the predicate. Ex. Professor Colendres will give a quiz today. POSSIBLE REDUCTIONS: 1. Professor Colendres is the one who will give a quiz today. 2. Professor Colendres is the teacher who will give a quiz today.
