TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PASCHIMANCHAL CAMPUS
A MID-TERM PROGRESS REPORT ON PLANNING OF INTEGRATED SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN POKHARA METROPOLITAN CITY
Submitted to:
Department of Civil Engineering
Institute of Engineering
Paschimanchal Campus
Pokhara-16
Submitted By:
Amit Gautam (PAS075BCE012)
Bibek Ghimire (PAS075BCE029)
Sagar Shrestha (PAS075BCE101)
Sandesh Pun (PAS075BCE108)
Sanjit Thakuri (PAS075BCE112)
Subarna Rana (PAS075BCE124)
1
APPROVAL
The project entitled, “PLANNING OF INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
POKHARA METROPOLITAN CITY” proposed by the students of 2075 batch: Amit Gautam
(PAS075BCE012), Bibek Ghimire (PAS075BCE029), Sagar Shrestha (PAS075BCE101),
Sandesh Pun (PAS075BCE108), Sanjit Thakuri (PAS075BCE112) and Subarna Rana
(PAS075BCE124) of Pashchimanchal Campus, under the Department of Civil Engineering has
been submitted as per the content, style and format proposed by Department. The project has
been found feasible and thus has been approved.
…………………………….
………………………………
Babu Ram Bhandari
Assoc.Prof Ramesh Banstola
Head Of Department
Supervisor
Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Pashchimanchal Campus
Pashchimanchal Campus
Lamachaur, Pokhara-16
Lamachaur, Pokhara-16
ii
ABSTRACT
At present, management of the solid waste has become one of the major problems in any
country. Various management methods and techniques have been developed to manage
solid waste in such a way that the minimum amount of solid waste is generated and then
disposed to the disposal site from the total amount of generated solid waste. Developing
countries like Nepal are still suffering from the lack of proper management of solid
waste. Various acts, plans, and regulations have been introduced regarding SWM but
there is no proper implementation of them throughout the country.
The urban areas of Nepal are mainly facing the problem of solid waste management.
Various authorities and stakeholders are involved in this issue but also major urban cities
are facing problems with solid waste management. There is no proper planning and
implementation of SWM in various cities of Nepal. And someone who does not follow
the rules is not punished well. The towns are not well planned which has also become one
of the resisting factors for the proper management of solid waste. There is unmanaged
street, commercial areas, industrial areas, and residential areas where a large amount of
solid waste is being generated.
The objectives of the study are to find out the average per capita municipal solid waste
generation per day and its compositions, and to explore the current practices of municipal
solid waste management in terms of segregation, collection, transportation, handling,
treatment, and final disposal and to plan integrated solid waste management with its
components in Pokhara Metropolitan City. A field visit to the Pokhara Sanitary Landfill
site was done and data were recorded about the present situation regarding solid waste
generation and its management has been studied. The data were collected from the office
staff of the landfill site and various information about the collection system, number of
employees, number of vehicles, amount of waste generation and collected waste, and the
companies which are involved in the SWM of PMC were collected.
There are six private companies involved with Pokhara Metropolitan City to manage the
solid waste in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Each company has its purpose and working
sites. The companies have a certain number of vehicles and employees for the collection
and management of solid waste. Only one company collects biomedical waste and the
other five companies collect general solid waste. Employees of Pokhara metropolitan city
who involve in solid waste management are not provided with proper health and medical
facilities. The landfill site seemed like a dumping site rather than the landfill site. There
was a leachate treatment plan at the landfill site but at present, it is out of operation.
Various difficulties and challenges in solid waste management in Pokhara Metropolitan
City were found out. On daily basis, 200 tons of solid waste are being generated in
Pokhara Metropolitan City and about 97 tons of waste are collected and managed. Out of
total waste, it is found that 90% of the biodegradable solid waste is made in a compost
manner or fed to the pigs. About 7 to 10 tons of solid waste are scattered waste. There is
no segregation of solid waste from the waste generation areas and the solid waste is not
kept properly in the collection site. Ward number 22 and 28 has no regular collection of
solid waste because of less generation, rural area, and remoteness from the core ci
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are very grateful to the Department of Civil Engineering, Pashchimanchal Campus
for accepting our proposal and providing us this opportunity to do project work on
“Planning of Integrated Solid Waste Management in Pokhara Metropolitan City”. We are
very thankful to our supervisor Associate Professor Ramesh Banstola for making us
aware about the scope of our project and guiding us for our improvement. We would also
like to show our gratitude towards Mr.Harka Bahadur Gayak, Deputy Subba for
providing us the required data and information as far as possible. And special thanks to
Head of Sanitary Section of Pokhara Metropolitan City Mrs. Kalpana Baral. Lastly, we
would like to express deep appreciation and thanks to all the helping hands who progress
our project work.
.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL .................................................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................. v
LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................ ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Study ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Need and Scope of the Project ............................................................................................... 5
1.4 Limitations of the Project....................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................... 10
3.1 Preliminary Study ................................................................................................................ 10
3.2 Consultation with supervisor ............................................................................................... 10
3.3 Data Collection .................................................................................................................... 10
3.4 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER FOUR: FIELD DATA COLLECTION AND PLOTTING ........................................ 11
4.1 Waste quantity, characterization and composition............................................................... 11
4.2 Current Practice of Municipal Waste Management ............................................................. 13
4.2.1 Segregation at source .................................................................................................... 13
4.2.2 Waste Collection System in PMC ................................................................................. 14
4.2.3 Organizations Involved in Waste Management and Human Resource ......................... 14
4.2.4 Existing Waste Collection Vehicles and Equipment .................................................... 16
4.2.5 Existing transportation system ...................................................................................... 17
4.2.6 Existing Landfill of Pokhara ......................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER FIVE: DETERMINATION OF THE SIZE OF THE LANDFILL ............................. 18
CHAPTER SIX: LANDFILL SITE SELECTION ........................................................................ 20
6.1 Determination of criteria for alternative landfill sites selection: ......................................... 20
6.1.1 Elevation ....................................................................................................................... 20
v
6.1.2. Distance from the water body ...................................................................................... 20
6.1.3. Distance from the existing landfill site ........................................................................ 21
6.1.4. Distance from the built-up area.................................................................................... 21
6.1.5. Distance from road ....................................................................................................... 21
6.1.6. Distance from the airport ............................................................................................. 22
6.1.7. Slope ............................................................................................................................ 22
6.1.8. Land use/Land cover .................................................................................................... 22
6.2. Description of Criteria and sub-criteria of the input layer .................................................. 22
6.3. Layer Maps of Criteria ........................................................................................................ 25
6.3.1 According to Elevation ................................................................................................. 25
6.3.2 According to distance from River ................................................................................. 26
6.3.3 According to distance from lake ................................................................................... 26
6.3.4. According to existing landfill site ................................................................................ 27
6.3.6. According to distance from road .................................................................................. 28
6.3.7. According to distance from the airport ........................................................................ 28
6.3.8. According to the slope ................................................................................................. 29
6.3.9. According to Land-Use ................................................................................................ 29
6.4. Determination of relative weights of criteria using AHP.................................................... 30
6.5. Suitability Map.................................................................................................................... 33
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................. 34
vi
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1.1. :Population and Poputaion Growth Rate of Pokhara Metropolitan City in 20012021..................................................................................................................................... 3
Table 4.1: Ward wise waste generation ............................................................................ 11
Table 4.2: Waste characterization and composition of PMC ........................................... 12
Table 4.3: Name of private companies involved in wardwise collection of Municipal
waste ................................................................................................................................. 14
Table 4.4: Human resource of private sectors .................................................................. 15
Table 4.5: Status of waste collection vehicles and its capacity ........................................ 16
Table 6.1: Description of criteria and sub-criteria……………………………………………………………18
Table 6.2: Rating Scale………………………………………………………………………….……………………….. 30
Table 6.3: Pairwise comparision matrix…………………………………………………………………………...30
Table 6.4: Relative weight calculation……………………..……………………..……………………..………....31
Table 6.5: Calculation of weighted sum value……………………..……………………..……………………32
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1Ward location in PMC ....................................................................................... 4
Figure 6. 1 Suitability constraint map of elevation ........................................................... 25
Figure 6. 2 Suitability constraint map of river .................................................................. 26
Figure 6. 3 Suitability constraint map of lake ................................................................... 26
Figure 6. 4 Suitability constraint map of Existing Landfill .............................................. 27
Figure 6. 5 Suitability Constraint map of Settlement/Built-up area ................................. 27
Figure 6. 6 Suitability constraint map of road .................................................................. 28
Figure 6. 7 Suitability constrain map of airport ................................................................ 28
Figure 6. 8 Suitability constraint map of slope ................................................................. 29
Figure 6. 9 Suitability constraint map of slope ................................................................. 29
Figure 6. 10 Suitability map for Landfill site ................................................................... 33
viii
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADB
Asian Development Bank
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
GHG
Green House Gas
ISWM
Integrated Solid Waste Management
MSW
Municipal Solid Waste
PPE
Personal Protection Equipment
PMC
Pokhara Metropolitan City
PRA
Participatory Rural Appraisal
SWM
Solid Waste Management
SWMRMC
Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Center
TPD
Tons Per Day
VDC
Village Development Committee
WECS
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Solid waste management in recent days has become a hot topic all over the country as its
mismanagement has started to show its effect already. If appropriate measures of SWM
aren’t followed right now it may be too late in days to come. An effective and efficient
waste management system considers how to prevent, control, recycle and manage solid
waste in such a manner so that it will not hamper human health and environment.
Waste, garbage, trash, junk, debris, and refuse are all names given to that “stuff” that is
no longer useful in its current form. In contemporary society, many of the items used
daily are designed to be used and discarded. Single-use packaging and disposable items,
from diapers to razors to cameras, define many of our consumer patterns. With the
increased availability of disposables has come the added problem of how to get rid of all
this waste. The most predominant form of disposal is the permitted and licensed modern
landfill, a relatively new system that has been around less than five decades. One of the
very real problems facing society today is the management of old closed and abandoned
dumps. Many of these are considered hazardous, even though, at the time of their use,
they were considered the “proper” disposal method. While abandoned dumps pose a
unique set of problems, innovative strategies are needed to deal with the waste we
produce today to prevent it from causing problems for future generations.
Solid waste management (SWM) is the discipline associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing, and disposal of solid
waste materials in a way that best addresses the range of public health, conservation,
economic, aesthetic, engineering, and other environmental considerations. In its scope,
solid waste management includes planning, administrative, financial, engineering, and
legal functions. Solutions might include complex inter-disciplinary relations among fields
such as public health, city and regional planning, political science, geography, sociology,
economics, communication and conservation, demography, engineering, and material
sciences.
Integrated solid waste management refers to the strategic approach to sustainable
management of solid wastes covering all sources and all aspects, covering generation,
segregation, transfer, sorting, treatment, recovery, and disposal in an integrated manner,
with an emphasis on maximizing resource use efficiency. ISWM is an increasingly
important term in the field of waste management. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) states that ISWM is composed of waste source reduction, recycling, waste
combustion, and landfills. These activities can be done in either an interactive or
hierarchial way.
1
Fundamentals of ISWM
a. Source Reduction, also known as waste prevention, aims at reducing unnecessary
waste generation. Source reduction strategies may include a variety of approaches, such
as:







products that are designed for recycling, durable, sustainable goods and, where
possible, in concentrated form.
reusable products, including reusable packaging, as reuse and increasingly
becomes an important component of the circular economy.
refurbishing of goods to prolong product life, another important element of the
circular economy model.
redesign of goods and utilize less or no packaging.
reduction of food spoilage and waste through better attention to food processing
and storage
avoidance of goods that don’t last long and can’t be reused or recycled, such as
Halloween decorations.
Waste source reduction helps us to lessen waste handling, transportation, and
disposal costs and eventually reduces methane generation.
b. Recycling and Composting are crucial phases in the entire ISWM process. Recycling
includes the accumulation, sorting, and recovery of recyclable and reusable materials, as
well as the reprocessing of recyclables to produce new products. Composting, a
component of organic recycling involves the accumulation of organic waste and
converting it into soil additives. Both recycling and composting wastes have several
economic benefits such as they create job opportunities in addition to diverting material
from the waste stream to generate cost-effective sources of material for further use. Both
recycling and composting also significantly contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions.
c. Waste Transportation is another waste management activity that must be integrated
systematically with other waste management activities to ensure smooth and efficient
waste management. Typically this includes the collection of waste from curbside and
businesses, as well as from transfer stations where waste may be concentrated and
reloaded onto other vehicles for delivery to the landfill.
d. Waste Disposal, in particular through the use of landfills and combustion, are the
activities undertaken to manage waste materials that are not recycled. The most common
way of managing these wastes is through landfills, which must be properly designed,
well-constructed, and systematically managed.
2
Overview of Pokhara Metropolitan City
Pokhara is in the northwestern corner of the Pokhara Valley, which is a widening of the
Seti Gandaki valley that lies in the region (Pahad) of the Himalayas. In this region, the
mountains rise very quickly, and within 30 kilometers (19 miles), the elevation rises from
1,000 to 7,500 meters (3,300 to 24,600 feet). Pokhara Metropolitan City (PMC) is
situated in Gandaki Province and the district of Kaski. It is one of the business, economic
and tourism centers of Nepal covering an area of 464.2 km2 which makes it the largest
metropolitan city of Nepal in terms of the administrative boundary. The city lies at
28°16'0.80" N and 83°58'6.64" E. It is surrounded by Machhapuchhre Rural
Municipality in the north, Madi Rural Municipality, Rupa Rural Municipality in the west,
Tanahun and Syangja districts in the south, and Parbat district along with Annapurna
Rural Municipality in the north-west direction.
Pokhara, being the tourist hub amidst the evergrowing population and socio-economic
development, will have a bearing on the change in municipal solid waste generation rates
as well as the municipal waste characteristics of PMC as it starts to progress to being
possibly a tourism hub, light industrial center with a progressive population's potential to
earn excess disposable income.
There are thirty-three wards of PMC where there is a common population density in all
the wards. According to the census of 2001, the population of PMC was 156,516 with a
growth rate of 5.37%. The census of 2011 stated that the population of PMC was 265,336
with a growth rate of 5.16%. The recent census of 2021 published that the population of
the city was 439,335 with an annual growth rate of 4.28%..The population of PMC in
different census years is given in Table No. 1.1 along with annual growth rates:
Table 0.1.1:Population and Population Growth Rate of Pokhara Metropolitan City in
2001-2021
Census year (BS)
2001
2011
2021
Population
Growth rate
156,516
5.08%
265,336
5.42%
439,335
4.42%
Source:https://worldpopulationreview.com/worldcities/pokhara-population
3
Source: https://nepalindata.com/resource/LocalResource-Map---Pokhara-Lekhnath-Metropolitan/
Figure 1. 1Ward location in PMC
4
A lot of rain (rainy season) falls in the months: April, May, June, July, August,
September, and October. Pokhara has dry periods in November and December. On
average, July is the wettest month with 1144 mm of precipitation. On average, November
is the driest month with 151mm of precipitation. The average amount of annual
precipitation is 4851mm. The hottest month is June with an average high temperature of
31.70 C. The maximum temperature recorded ever in PMC was found to be 37.40 C.
Pokhara Metropolitan City is Nepal's major tourism center. The city has experienced
rapid growth, especially in the past decade, due to migration to the city from peripheral
districts and VDCs for security reasons, or other reasons such as for seeking better
livelihoods. There is consequently environmental deterioration resulting from inadequate
sanitation and drainage, uncollected and indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, and
increasing traffic congestion mainly on the main roads. These dire environmental
conditions consequently lead to poor air quality in the city. The individual institutional
efforts of both the sub-metropolis and sectoral agencies in addressing these issues have
remained uncoordinated and grossly inadequate. Most of the fertile agricultural fields are
rapidly converted into residential and commercial areas. There is uncontrolled land use
and construction due to the non-implementation of zoning laws to implement land use
and zoning plans. The infrastructural facilities such as roads, sewer and storm-water
drains, and water supply, need to be developed to match the current rate of other
development, which remains a major future concern.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this project will be to:



To find out the average per capita municipal solid waste generation per day and
its compositions.
To explore the current practices of municipal solid waste management in terms of
segregation, collection, transportation, handling, treatment, and final disposal.
To plan integrated solid waste management with its components in Pokhara
Metropolitan City.
1.3 Need and Scope of the Project
Solid waste management (SWM) includes all administrative, financial, legal, planning &
engineering functions involved in solutions to all problems of solid waste. This study is
specially designed to provide information on per capita waste generation, the current
practice of municipal SWM, waste disposal, and the importance of recycling. This study
helps to inform the public about the existing problems and reduce the problems of waste
disposal. The main goal of the study is to recover maximum waste through composting,
recycling & reuse, and aims at minimum to minimize waste to dispose of in dump yards
and landfills.
5
1.4 Limitations of the Project
There are some limitations to this project. The secondary data were collected from the
Pokhara Municipal office which is in New Road, Pokhara. The information provided by
the institution is assumed to be valid and authentic for analysis. The municipal solid
waste is assumed to be in a dry condition as it is found in sources.
6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Solid waste has become a worldwide issue and the solution to the diversified problems
created by solid wastes are finally surfacing. The following review of literature has
identified the ever-growing solid waste mismanagement problems, their causes, and the
possible remedial measures that have been studied up to now.
SWMRMC (2004) published the data in their report where the waste generation of
various municipalities was studied. According to SWMRMC Pokhara’s per capita
household waste was found to be 0.14kg/cap/day whereas the municipal waste per capita
was published to be 0.19kg/cap/day. They estimated the population of the city to be
1,72,578 nos in the year of census 2001 and the total municipal waste generation was
estimated to be 32.21 tonnes/day.
Pokhrel (2005) did research on SWM in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal, especially
concerning the siting of landfills, which had been a challenge for over a decade. He found
that the practice of the illegal dumping of solid waste on the river banks has created
serious environmental and public health problems. His data showed that greater or equal
to 70% of the solid wastes generated in Nepal are of organic origin. As such, composting
the solid waste and using it on the land is the best way of solid waste disposal. This will
reduce the waste volume transported to the landfill and will increase its life.
Municipal solid waste (MSW), which is considered as the unwanted waste products, has
a high potential for the generation of biogas through the anaerobic digestion (Hilkiah
Igoni, 2008; Johari, 2012; Singh, 2011). The management of MSW is one of the
challenging and expensive tasks in cities throughout the world, especially in the
developing countries like India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Malaysia (Johari, 2012;
Pokhrel and Viraraghavan, 2005; Singh 2011).
Also the survey conducted in Nepal by Asian Development Bank (2013) estimated that
the average MSW generation was found to be 317 g/capita/day. ADB also analysed that
MSW is composed of 56% organic waste, 16% plastics, and 16% paper and paper
products. Their study uncovered that about 30% of surveyed households in the
municipalities were practicing segregation of waste at source and composting using
traditional methods. Their study showed that in total, 37% of MSW in Nepal is disposed
of in sanitary landfills, although not necessarily in a sanitary manner.At the end of their
study they concluded rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, lack of public awareness, and
poor management by municipalities have intensified environmental problems in towns in
Nepal, including unsanitary waste management and disposal.
Subhrangsu (2015) mentioned that the increase in waste generation is due to population
expansion and economic development. Improper waste handling and uncontrolled
7
dumping causes a variety of problems such as contamination of water, attracting insects
and rodents and increase in flood due to blocked drainage canals or gullies. It may also
result in safety hazards from fires or explosions and increases Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
emissions, which contribute to climate change. He concluded the minimization of these
wastes can be achieved by Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM).
Mohan Krishna Maharjan and Sunil Prasad Lohani (2019) suggested that waste
management practices including collection, transport and resource recovery in most of
the municipalities are ineffective and almost all collected waste finally disposed to the
dumping site. They took the baseline data from solid waste management in Nepal report
of Asian Development Bank 2013, and estimated waste projection of 2017. The projected
data shows waste generation in municipalities of Nepal is about 3023 tons per day and
the average per capita waste generation is 0.223 kg/person/day. On average the
composition of waste is primarily decomposable about 60% and about 25% is recyclables
such as plastics, papers and metals. With the help of Multi Criteria Decision Matrix
(MCDM), this paper suggested that the suitable methods of waste management for
Nepalese municipalities are waste to bio-energy and fertilizer production. It further
proposed and discussed a holistic model of waste management for municipalities and an
appropriate waste to bio-energy technology in context of Nepal.
The ISWM site provides the adequate provision for the proper treatment, composting,
recycling as well as disposal of solid which not only make the villages and towns clean
but also creates economic profits if utilized wisely. Separation of solid waste should done
from the household. People should separate solid waste produced in at least two
categories organic waste and inorganic waste. However ignorance and negligence of both
people as well as policy makers hasn’t made it possible. So effective policies should be
made and people should be aware to distinguish solid waste into at least two different
containers which will make the waste management easier.
The collection of waste include all the activities associated with the gathering of solid
wastes and hauling off the wastes collected and transporting them to the site of disposal.
Any of the curbside collection method or community bin method can be adopted. For the
transportation of the solid waste to the transfer station or disposal site, loading of vehicle
can be done mechanically or manually. Manual loading method may expose labors to
health risks from inhaling dust and funeral spores, from skin contact with the wastes,
from lifting injuries and from traffic accidents. If manual method cannot be avoided then
steps should be taken to reduce health risks. In transportation station all the solid waste
from the surrounding are brought and these waste are separated according to their types.
As an international practice, the solid waste is classified on the following category:
a. Municipal waste
8
b. Hazardous waste
c. Industrial waste
d. Agricultural waste
e. Bio-Medical waste
f. Commercial waste
From the transportation station the solid waste are separated according to the properties
and the recoverable and the reusable items are recovered and reused respectively after
required modification or sanitation whereas reusable items are sent to the recycle plant.
The metals are separated using the magnet zone. The organic waste is then taken to the
composting center whereas the remaining wastes are compacted and taken to sanitary
landfill for safe disposal.
At the landfill site leachate is a major problem. Leachate is a liquid that forms when
landfill wastes break down through the biodegradation process and rainwater enters into
Waste. Before the treatment plant, leachate collection system and the storage system for
leachate is needed. The leachate collection system includes a main drain, side drain,
perimeter drain, and protective layer. Then the collected leachate stored in a collection
pond. The aerobic treatment process applied using the mean of coagulation-flocculation
theory by using coagulant and accelerator substances for accelerating and improving the
coagulation and flocculation process. Alum used as a coagulant and perlite and betonies
as an accelerator. After coagulation and flocculation, treated leachate passed in a Lamella
filter where the solids suspend at the bottom. Then the pressure sand filters removes the
remaining suspended solids and reduce the turbidity. Then the reverse osmosis plant
applied to filter all contamination of leachate. Finally, the treated leachate collected in the
permeate storage tank which can be used as a green belt and landscaping development.
Integrated solid waste management refers to the strategic approach to sustainable
management of solid waste covering all sources and all aspects, covering generation,
segregation, transfer, sorting, treatment, recovery and disposal in an integrated manner,
with an emphasis on maximizing resource use efficiency. Source reduction, recycling and
composting, waste transportation and landfilling are the components of ISWM.
9
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
The project was carried out following the listed methodologies:
3.1 Preliminary Study
The preliminary study was done before selecting the project work. During the
preliminary study, the PMC sanitation section related was met to know the problems and
issues of waste management.
3.2 Consultation with supervisor
Data collection, fieldwork and paperwork to were done after consulting with the
supervisor.
3.3 Data Collection
The data were collected from primary as well from the secondary source. The sanitation
section of PMC was visited and the current practice of the solid waste management
system was discussed. Primary data were collected from discussions and face-to-face
interviews with the sanitation section of PMC and private company personnel who
involve in waste management activities. Secondary data were collected from books,
journals, browsers, reports of PMC, websites, and web pages. Six private companies are
involved in the solid waste management system of PMC. There is the provision of
recording data of these six companies on the monthly basis. So these data were collected
from PMC.
3.4 Data Analysis
After the collection of the data, the analysis of the data was done. The data collected were
total waste generation, location of collection sites, and collection system. The total
number of employees involved in waste management and vehicles, the purpose of the
individual company along with their working sites. All calculations were done based on
the data collected from the PMC office. The mean, average, and percentage are calculated
to present data in tabular form. The municipal solid waste was classified into 7 different
categories organic, plastic, and paper, glass, textile, metals, and others. And others
include rubbers, chemicals, etc.
Waste generation data of past years were collected from the PMC office and a private
company which involved in management activities as well registered in the PMC office.
The data on ward-wise generation of waste ward population, and ward areas was
collected through face-to-face interviews with personnel of PMC and private company
associated with municipal waste management.
10
CHAPTER FOUR: FIELD DATA COLLECTION AND PLOTTING
4.1 Waste quantity, characterization and composition
According to the data collected from the Pokhara Municipal office, the total no
population according to ward no. along with its area and total waste generation is given in
table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Ward wise waste generation
S.N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Ward
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Total waste
Population generation(TPD)
20143
8.07
11331
4.54
12281
4.92
11843
4.75
19235
7.70
19126
7.66
16713
6.70
33857
13.57
21583
7.66
19336
9.61
18967
7.66
15075
6.04
22177
8.89
17170
6.88
22103
8.85
26320
10.55
34745
13.92
10845
4.35
13786
3.69
5220
1.39
11804
3.15
9514
2.56
6384
1.70
7650
2.04
15911
4.25
14889
6.70
12438
4.99
6138
2.46
11639
4.66
11
30
31
32
33
Core area
30
31
32
33
Total
Rural area
14053
9585
13858
12733
518452
5.62
3.83
5.56
5.10
200.02
Outer area
Source: Pokhara Metropolitan Office
From the above table, it can be concluded that ward 17 has the highest waste generation
of 13.92 tonnes per day with a population of 34,745 whereas ward 20 has the least waste
generation of 1.39 tonnes per day with a population of 5,220. Core areas comprise a
population of 228,471 which is 44.07% of the total population of Pokhara and produce a
total of 92.43 tonnes of waste per day which is 46.21% of total waste generated in PMC.
Similarly, outer areas inhabit a total population of 220,953 which is 42.61% of the total
population of the city and produce a total of 85.36 tonnes per day which is 42.68% of
total waste generated in PMC whereas rural areas of Pokhara metropolitan consist of
69,028 inhabitants which is 13.31% of the total population of the city and produce a total
of 22.23 tonnes per day which is 11.11% of total waste generation in PMC.
Table 4.2: Waste characterization and composition of PMC
S.N Types
wastes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Organic
Plastic
Paper
Glass
Textile
Metal
Others
Total
of Composition by Waste per capita
weight(kg/day)
per
day(gram/capita
per day)
66551.7
128.37
19312.7
37.25
4403.8
8.49
1251.3
2.41
2822.7
5.44
1484.1
2.86
1173.7
2.26
97000
187.10
Composition
68.61%
19.91%
4.54%
1.29%
2.91%
1.53%
1.21%
100%
Source: Pokhara Metropolitan Office
12
1.29%
1.53%
2.91%
1.21%
4.54%
19.91%
68.61%
Composition
1 Organic 2 Plastic
3 Paper
5 Textile
7 Others
6 Metal
4 Glass
Figure 4. 1Composition of solid wastes in PMC by weight
The table above gives us the detailed composition of waste produced in PMC. Organic
wastes are dominant with a total waste of 65,551.7 kg produced in a day. The total
organic waste per capita per day is found to be 128.37 grams per capita per day which is
68.61% of total solid waste produced in PMC. After organic waste, plastic waste is in
abundance with 19,312.7 kg produced per day which is 19.91% of total waste produced.
Similarly, paper waste, glass waste, textile waste, metal waste, and other waste (rubber,
chemicals, construction and demolition debris, etc) have a composition of 4.54%, 1.29%,
2.91%, 1.53%, and 1.21% respectively.
Compared with similar cities, Kathmandu has an organic waste composition of 71%
which is greater than that of PMC. Also, the plastic waste composition of Kathmandu
is 12% which is largely smaller than that of PMC.
4.2 Current Practice of Municipal Waste Management
4.2.1 Segregation at source
Waste generators are responsible for segregation of waste at the source of its generation
as stipulated in the SWM Act. However this provision of law is not implemented in
Pokhara. There have been various community or neighborhood-level activities
undertaken by various organizations to promote segregation at source. With the
discussion held with staffs of sanitation section of PMC and field observation, it was
understood that in the rural wards, the generators tend to segregate their wastes. They
usually store the recyclables to throw in the garbage collection vehicles, whereas the wet
waste is used as fodder for the cattle or to produce manure for the kitchen
garden/agricultural fields.
13
4.2.2 Waste Collection System in PMC
The collection of the waste is handed by Pokhara metropolitan to six different private
organizations. These companies collect the waste generated in the areas under their wings
provided by PMC. All of them practice a block collection system. In this system, the
trucks are dispatched through a route plan to each community or block wherein stopping
points are designated and are made familiar to the community. The collection vehicle
then signals the community of their arrival at these stopping points by way of whistle or
horn. The vehicle waits within an allocated time for a response from the community. The
households and commercial and institutional establishments then bring their generated
wastes to the trucks for further sorting. The trucks are then properly covered and proceed
to other blocks until full, then proceed to the landfill site for disposal. Reuse and
Recoverable materials are separated by independent workers and sold to private recycling
centers.
4.2.3 Organizations Involved in Waste Management and Human Resource
Six different private organizations are involved under PMC for waste collection and
disposal. They work under the contract given by the Pokhara Metropolitan office with
their collection areas specified. The six private companies as well as their collection areas
are given in table no. 4.3.
Table 4.3: Name of private companies involved in wardwise collection of Municipal
waste
S.N
1
2
3
4
5
Name of the
company
Batawaraniya
Sundar Nepal
Pvt Ltd
Pragati Sansar
Nepal
Pvt.
Ltd
Nepal Public
Health
Environment
for
Development
Pvt Ltd
Pokhara
Greenmart
Pvt Ltd
Pokhara
Pohormaila
Byawasthapan
Pvt
Working Wards
3,4,8,9
26,27,28*,29,30,31,32,33,16,19
1,2,5,18,23,24,25
6,11,12,13,20
7,17,22*
14
6
Waste
10,15,14
Management
Recycling Pvt
Ltd
*(Collection not done regularly i.e collection done only when requested by locals)
Source: Pokhara Metropolitan Office
Almost all of these companies are located in the New Road area, Pokhara where they
collect the municipal solid waste in their specified working area. Out of 33 wards, two
wards 22 and 28 don’t receive regular collection service due to their remote location
however when called for service Pragati Sansar Nepal Pvt. Ltd and Pokhara Pohormaila
Byawasthapan Pvt. Ltd provides the collection service to ward 22 and ward 28
respectively.
Every private company has provided employment opportunities to many people. The
information of each private companies about their human resource is given in the table :
Table 4.4: Human resource of private sectors
S.N
Name of the
Company
Official staff
No. of
drivers
No of
helpers
1
Pokhara
Waste
Management
Pvt. Ltd
3
4
11
12
27
2
Batawaraniya
Sundar Nepal
Pvt. Ltd
2
6
13
6
27
3
Nepal Public
Health and
Environment
for
Development
4
4
10
12
30
4
Waste
Management
Recycling Pvt.
Ltd
Pragati Sansar
Nepal
3
5
6
7
21
6
8
13
15
36
5
15
Others(Including
fees collector)
Total
6
Pokhara
Greenmart
Pvt. Ltd
Total
7
5
10
10
32
173
Source: Pokhara Metropolitan Office
4.2.4 Existing Waste Collection Vehicles and Equipment
Every private sector working for the waste management has their own vehicles deployed
for the waste collection from their respective working areas. Discussion was held
between representatives of all the private sectors as well as the Pokhara Municipal office
to obtain data related to the vehicle number, vehicle capacity, waste transporting capacity
etc. On questioning the helpers and the drivers about the health equipments and sanitation
facilities it is found that gloves, gum boot and masks are provided but no PPE is
provided. Not any health insurance service was given to any of them. The data provided
by the private sectors as well as the PMC gave us the following data of type and number
of vehicles used by individual private contractors:
Table 4.5: Status of waste collection vehicles and its capacity
S.N
.
Name of
Company
Vehicle
type
No. of
vehicles
Capacity of
vehicles to
transport
waste(Tonnes)
No of
trips per
day
Waste
transporting
capacity(TPD
)
1
Pokhara
Waste
Management
Pvt Ltd
Batabaraniya
Sundar
Nepal Pvt
Ltd
Nepal Public
Health and
Enviroment
for
Developmen
t
Waste
Management
Recycling
Pvt Ltd
Tata 407
4
2
3
24
Tata 407
Tata 409
3
3
2
2
3
36
Tata 407
Tata 409
2
1
2
2
3
18
Tata 407
Swaraj
Mazda
Compacto
r
Tata 407
1
1
3
3
2
12
5
2
3
30
Tata 407
4
2
3
30
2
3
4
5
6
Pragati
Sansar Nepal
Pokhara
16
Greenmart
Pvt Ltd
Eicher Pro
2049
1
2
3
Source: Pokhara Metropolitan Office
4.2.5 Existing transportation system
As discussed in the previous section of our report, there is no proper solid waste
management system in Pokhara metropolitan city. There is not any defined transportation
route for waste collection vehicles. Near to Transportation Management Office, Prithivi
Chowk, there is a garage for the waste collection vehicle. The vehicles leave the garage
in the early morning and go to their respective working areas. After collecting the
homogeneous waste, the vehicles go straight to the landfill and dump the waste at the
landfill site. Drivers and helpers clean the vehicle in a small canal near the landfill site
while returning. They return to the same garage after completing their trip for the day.
Systematically, the vehicles should go to the transfer station and then to the disposal site
only after recovery and compaction, but there is no such facility in PMC.
4.2.6 Existing Landfill of Pokhara
The present condition of the Pokhara Sanitary Landfill site is very poor without proper
practice of sanitary landfilling. It lies near Pokhara International Airport which violates
the criteria of landfill due to which the future of this landfill site is uncertain. There is a
total generation of 200 (approximately) TPD of solid waste as per PMC. But only about
97 TPD are being collected by the PMC. Also, no authorized recordings of data are done
at the landfill site. Even after repeated visits, no logbook is provided to us by PMC due to
no data recording system.
Tthe collected solid wastes are taken directly to the landfill site without any segregation
via trucks. As per PMC, the landfill site includes an area of a total of 10 hectares where 4
hectares of land are for landfilling and rest are being used by Reedbed treatment. Some of
the waste like glass bottles, papers (only in summer), metals, plastic bottles, and other reuseable or recyclable solid wastes are separated by the number of scavenger workers. The
separated solid waste is sold to the scrap collectors by weight.
The site visit and observation showed that solid waste is dumped at the landfill site
without the regular addition of a soil layer above it. The solid waste is just being
compressed to a certain depth. Also, there was a leachate treatment plant (Reed bed
treatment Technology) but now it is out of operation. So, the leachate is being disposed
of in the Seti River without any treatment. According to the survey done by the World
Bank about 377,318 cubic meters of leachate are produced. This has become a major
hazard of this landfill site.
The bio-degradable solid waste is being managed in the residential area in very few
quantities by making compost manure or as fodder for cattle like a pig. About sixty to
seventy tons of solid waste is being generated as bio-degradable solid waste where the
majority is dumped in the landfill which attracts various scavengers like vultures,
andeagles including cows.
17
CHAPTER FIVE: DETERMINATION OF THE SIZE OF
THE LANDFILL
Solid Waste Generation Rate of Pokhara = 0.433kg/person/day
Compacted density of Solid Waste = 450kg/m3 (400-500 kg/m3)
Possible Maximum Landfill Height = 20 m
To forecast the population of Pokhara, we have taken the growth rate of last 4 decades
Year
Population
2021
2022
2023
439335
461905
485633
Waste Generation
(kg/day)
Volume
( m3/day)
Area
( m2/day)
200000
210279
444
467
491
517
543
571
600
631
664
698
733
771
811
852
896
942
991
1042
1095
1151
1210
1273
22
23
25
26
27
29
30
32
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
50
52
55
58
61
64
Area
( m2/year)
8111
8528
2024 510581
221082
8966
2025 536811
232439
9427
2026 564388
244380
9911
2027 593382
256934
10420
2028 623865
270134
10955
2029 655914
284011
11518
2030 689610
298601
12110
2031 725037
313941
12732
2032 762283
330069
13386
2033 801443
347025
14074
2034 842615
364852
14797
2035 885902
383595
15557
2036 931412
403301
16356
2037 979261
424020
17196
2038 1029567
445803
18080
2039 1082458
468704
19009
2040 1138066
492783
19985
2041 1196531
518098
21012
2042 1257999
544714
22091
2043 1322625
572697
23226
Total
309336
from the census and the average growth rate(r) is calculated using geometric mean.
r = 4√(6.74 ∗ 5.37 ∗ 5.16 ∗ 4.28)
18
= 5.3171 %
By using Geometric Increase method,
𝑟
Pn = Po (1 +100 ) n
Where,
Po = last known population
Pn = population (predicted) after ‘n’ number of years
n = no. of years between Po and Pn
r = growth rate
From excel,
Area required for landfill with design period of 20 years = 309336 m2
Let us assume rectangular section with L: B as 2:1
L = 309336
2B2 = 309336
B = 394 m
L = 788 m
Hence, the required dimension of the landfill site = (788*394) m
Since the area of the landfill site is large, we can divide the landfill site in 4 parts and fill
the each part in the interval of 5 years.
19
CHAPTER SIX: LANDFILL SITE SELECTION
6.1 Determination of criteria for alternative landfill sites selection:
Reviewing the existing available literature, considering geophysical conditions, and available data
on the study area, nine criteria are adopted to locate the suitable landfill site. Following that, a
suitability score is assigned to each criterion according to the available existing literature.
Criterion maps were prepared using different functions like buffer, density analysis, distance
calculated, and reclassified in the GIS environment: The importance of those criteria and the basis
of their selection are outlined below:
6.1.1 Elevation
Elevation is one of the most crucial factors in selecting landfill sites as elevation
determines different environmental attributes like slope, aspect, temperature, and
curvature of an area. Elevation (height in meters) is inversely correlated with landfill
suitability, i.e., as elevation increases, the probability of an area being selected as a
landfill site decreases. Higher elevated areas are not suitable for dumping sites because of
increased transportation costs, chances of slope failure, higher risk of pollution, and
movement of leachate; on the other hand, lower elevation facilitated easy transportation
and increased the stability of wastes. The elevation map has been prepared using GIS
with available data. The elevation of Pokhara Metropolitan City ranges from 499m up to
2656m. After preparing the elevation map, the area of the city is divided into five classes
as (499-900) m, (900-1300) m, (1300-1700) m, (1700-2100) m, and >2100 m. According
to the preference of suitability level, lower elevated land is more suitable while higher
elevated land is unsuitable for putting waste.
6.1.2. Distance from the water body
A landfill site should not be located near surface water sources (ponds, lakes, rivers, and
streams) because it increases the risk of leachate contamination of waste dumped into
water bodies and may cause ecological, agricultural, and health problems. While
selecting Landfill sites, a safe distance from water sources should be maintained to
protect water bodies from contamination. A review of different literature confirmed that a
distance ranging from 100 to 300 m has to be maintained from surface water bodies like
ponds, streams, rivers, wetlands, and canals while identifying landfill sites.
Pokhara Metropolitan city is developed along the Seti Gandaki, Bijayapur, and Phusre
rivers. The Seti Gandaki is the main river flowing through the city. People depend on
these rivers mainly for irrigation purposes. Not only rivers, PMC is blessed with several
big and small lakes out of which Fewa lake located at the heart of the city and Begnas
lake in the north-east of PMC are two big lakes whereas other small lakes Deepang,
Gunde, Kamal Pokhari, Kasyap, Khaste, Maidi, Niureni, etc are also scattered all over
PMC due to which special consideration should be given to water bodies during site
20
selection of PMC. In this study, distance ranging from (0 – 100) m from the water bodies
is graded as unsuitable whereas (100 – 250) m, (250 – 400) m, (400 – 550) m, and > 500
m from the water bodies are graded as least suitable, moderately suitable, suitable and
highly suitable respectively.
6.1.3. Distance from the existing landfill site
A landfill site must be located far enough from the current disposal site to ensure a safe
distance between them. If both the landfill sites are located in the same region, it creates
menaces to the people for a larger impact of the landfill site. The unsorted and unwanted
solid waste dumped over a larger extant area will contaminate the surrounding area and
increase the chances of merging both landfill sites. PMC has only one official landfill site
located at Khalde Masina near the bank of the Seti River. In this study, the distance
ranging from 0 – 500 m, 500 – 1000 m, 1000 – 1500m, 1500 – 2000 m, and > 2000m are
graded as unsuitable, least suitable, moderately suitable, suitable, and highly suitable.
6.1.4. Distance from the built-up area
"Built-up area" is defined as the presence of buildings (roofed structures). The location of
landfill sites near dense urban area induces several environmental issues like air pollution
and noise pollution, decreases the land value of that particular place, decrease order and
esthetic value, affects the health of residents, increase the chance of fire, and also public
opposition about sites. Landfill sites near residential areas also decrease the potential for
urban expansion shortly; that is why landfill sites should be located at an appropriate
distance away from residential areas. Residential areas of the study area are mapped
using GIS and Google Earth. Distance from built-up is also categorized into five groups,
0 – 100 m as unsuitable, 100 – 200 m as least suitable, 200 – 400 as moderately suitable,
400 – 600 m as suitable, and > 600 m as highly suitable. With such grades chances of a
suitable landfill site near the built-up area becomes minimal.
6.1.5. Distance from road
Landfill sites should not be located far away from the existing road network; otherwise, it
increases waste collection & transportation costs. If it is situated at a remote location,
construction costs would rise due to establishing a new road. Several studies considering
the economic point of view assigned a higher rank to those areas with proximity to the
road network for the lesser transportation cost and from an environmental standpoint,
some studies assigned a higher rank for far distances from the road network. Considering
both transportation cost and environmental impact, a reasonable distance from the
existing road would be ideal for future landfill site selection. Considering both an
economic point of view and environmental impact, areas under 0 – 100 m distance and >
5000 m from the road are assigned as unsuitable and while the area under 100 – 700 m
distance is assigned as highly suitable. Similarly area under distances 700 – 1500 m, 1500
– 3000 m, and 3000 – 5000m are graded as suitable, moderately suitable, and least
suitable.
21
6.1.6. Distance from the airport
Airport or aircraft area poses a risk of collision between birds (especially eagles and
vultures that roam around the landfill and fly high) and aircraft which can cause fatal
damage to the plane and its engine. The collision between birds and aircraft has resulted
in the deaths of hundreds of people. To cancel out these probabilities it is required for a
landfill site to be located at least 3km from the airport area. Also, the only official landfill
site had to be closed as it was inside the range of 3km from Pokhara International
Airport. In this study, the area within the range of distance (0 – 3000) m is graded as
restricted whereas the areas within the ranges (3000 – 4000) m, (4000 – 5000) m, and
(5000 – 6000) m are graded as the least suitable, moderately suitable and suitable
respectively.
6.1.7. Slope
The land slope is an important factor when selecting a landfill site. An area with a very
steep slope will increase the drainage of pollutants from the landfill site to surrounding
areas and will grow the risk of leachate flowing from high slopes to flat and low areas or
bodies of water. This may lead to leachate pollution and contaminants moving long
distances from their sources. In the context of PMC, the plain area is mostly crowded and
not suitable for the selection of a landfill site. The land slope of PMC varies from 0 – 74
degrees. Analyzing the complex landscape of PMC the slope varying from 0 – 10 degrees
is graded as suitable whereas the slope varying from 10 – 20 degrees, 20 – 30 degrees, 30
– 40 degrees, and > 40 degrees are graded as suitable, moderately suitable, least suitable,
and unsuitable.
6.1.8. Land use/Land cover
Land use comprises all the land area and the structures built above the land. It comprises
forests, shrubland, cropland, grassland, settlements, bare land, moss and lichen,
permanent water bodies, etc. In this study land cover occupied by settlement and
permanent water bodies are graded as unsuitable, cropland as least suitable, forest, moss,
and lichen as suitable, shrub land, grassland, and bare land as highly suitable.
6.2. Description of Criteria and sub-criteria of the input layer
Table 6.1: Description of criteria and sub-criteria
Criteria
Parameter
Ranking
Level of Suitability
1. Slope
0 – 10
5
Highly suitable
10 – 20
4
Suitable
20 – 30
3
Moderately suitable
22
2. Built Up
3. Road
4. River/Lake
5. Existing
Landfill
30 – 40
2
Least suitable
> 40
1
Unsuitable
0 – 100 m
0
Restricted
100 – 200 m
2
Least suitable
200 – 400 m
3
Moderately suitable
400 – 600 m
4
Suitable
> 600 m
5
Highly suitable
0 – 100 m
1
Unsuitable
100 – 700 m
5
Highly suitable
700 – 1500
m
4
Suitable
1500 – 3000
m
3
Moderately suitable
3000 – 5000
m
2
Least suitable
0 – 100 m
0
Restricted
100 – 250 m
1
Unsuitable
250 – 400 m
3
Moderately suitable
400 – 550 m
4
Suitable
> 500 m
5
Highly suitable
0 – 500 m
1
Unsuitable
500 – 1000
m
2
Least suitable
1000 – 1500
m
3
Moderately suitable
1500 – 2000
4
Suitable
23
m
6. Elevation
7. Airport
8. Land Use
> 2000 m
5
Highly suitable
499 – 900 m
5
Highly suitable
900 – 1300
m
4
Suitable
1300 – 1700
m
3
Moderately suitable
1700 – 2100
m
2
Least suitable
> 2100
1
Unsuitable
0 – 3000 m
0
Restricted
3000 – 4000
m
2
Least suitable
4000 – 5000
m
3
Moderately suitable
> 5000 m
4
Suitable
Settlement
0
Restricted
Cropland
2
Least suitable
Forest
4
Suitable
Shrub land
5
Highly suitable
Grass land
5
Highly suitable
Moss and
Lichen
4
Suitable
Permanent
water bodies
0
Restricted
Bare land
5
Highly Suitable
24
6.3. Layer Maps of Criteria
After selecting the important criteria, the required maps are obtained to prepare the digital
maps of criteria with the help of ArcGIS. The maps are obtained by mapping manually on
Google Earth where mapping was easy and possible. For the maps where manual
mapping is not possible, it is taken from the National Geo-Portal website. A slope map is
prepared from the DEM data using geo-processing tools in ArcGIS. Then the raster map
was prepared using various tools within GIS. In this study, all vector maps were
converted to raster maps to perform the analysis process in GIS for landfill selection.
6.3.1 According to Elevation
Figure 6. 1 Suitability constraint map of elevation
25
6.3.2 According to distance from River
Figure 6. 2 Suitability constraint map of river
6.3.3 According to distance from lake
Figure 6. 3 Suitability constraint map of lake
26
6.3.4. According to existing landfill site
Figure 6. 4 Suitability constraint map of Existing Landfill
6.3.5. According to distance from built-up area
Figure 6. 5 Suitability Constraint map of Settlement/Built-up area
27
6.3.6. According to distance from road
Figure 6. 6 Suitability constraint map of a road
6.3.7. According to distance from the airport
Figure 6. 7 Suitability constrain map of the airport
28
6.3.8. According to the slope
Figure 6. 8 Suitability constraint map of slope
6.3.9. According to Land-Use
Figure 6. 9 Suitability constraint map of slope
29
6.4. Determination of relative weights of criteria using AHP
Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) is an effective and powerful decision-making tool
and is widely used in landfill selection. It calculates priority vectors for each selected
criterion according to the user’s priorities of those criteria in pair-wise comparisons by
the computational matrix. The weights for each criterion were determined after
normalizing the matrix value summed up, dividing by several criteria. Since the accuracy
of the judgment can be statistically checked, this approach becomes more reliable.
Table 6.2: Rating Scale
Numerical rating
Intensities of importance in AHP
Reciprocal
1
Equal importance
1
3
Moderate importance
1/3
5
Importance
1/5
7
Very importance
1/7
9
Extreme importance
1/9
Intensities of 2,4,6,8 can be used to express intermediate value.
Pairwise Comparison Matrix
Table 6.3: Pairwise comparison matrix
Criteria
C1 Built-up area
C2
Road
C3 Existing Landfill
C4
Slope
C5
Elevation
C6
Lake
C7
River
C8
Landuse
C9
Airport
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
1
3
2
3
3
5
5
0.333
1
2
2
2
3
3
0.5
0.5
1
2
2
2
2
0.333 0.5
0.5
1
2
3
3
0.333 0.5
0.5
0.5
1
2
2
0.2 0.333 0.5 0.333 0.5
1
2
0.2 0.333 0.5 0.333 0.5
0.5
1
0.167 0.25 0.333 0.333 0.5
0.5
0.5
0.167 0.25 0.25
0.2 0.333 0.333 0.333
30
C8
6
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
0.5
Step 1: Calculate the sum of individual column
Criteria
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7 C8
C1 Built-up area
1
3
2
3
3
5 5 6
C2 Road
0.333
1
2
2
2
3 3 4
C3 Existing landfill
0.5
0.5
1
2
2
2 2 3
C4 Slope
0.333
0.5
0.5
1
2
3 3 3
C5 Elevation
0.333
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
2 2 2
C6 Lake
0.2 0.333
0.5
0.333
0.5
1 2 2
C7 River
0.2 0.333
0.5
0.333
0.5
0.5 1 2
C8 Landuse
0.167
0.25 0.333
0.333
0.5
0.5 1 1
C9 Airport
0.167
0.25
0.25
0.2 0.333 0.333 0 0.5
Sum
3.233 6.666 7.583
9.699 11.83 17.33 19 24
Step 2: Dividing each data by the sum of its column and calculating average value of the
individual row criteria weight is determined
Table 6.3: Calculation of criteria weights
Criteria C1
C1
0.309
C2
0.103
C3
0.155
C4
0.103
C5
0.103
C6
0.062
C7
0.062
C8
0.052
C9
0.052
C2
C3
C4
C5
0.45 0.264 0.309 0.254
0.15 0.264 0.206 0.169
0.075 0.132 0.206 0.169
0.075
0.66 0.103 0.169
0.075
0.66 0.052 0.085
0.499
0.66 0.034 0.042
0.499
0.66 0.034 0.042
0.038
0.44 0.034 0.042
0.038 0.033 0.021 0.028
31
C6
C7
0.288 0.265
0.173 0.159
0.115 0.106
0.173 0.159
0.115 0.106
0.057 0.106
0.029 0.053
0.029 0.026
0.019 0.017
C8
C9
0.255 0.194
0.17 0.129
0.127 0.129
0.127 0.161
0.085 0.097
0.085 0.097
0.085 0.097
0.043 0.065
0.021 0.032
C.W
0.288
0.169
0.135
0.126
0.083
0.066
0.058
0.041
0.029
Step 3: Weight sum value (WSV) = criteria weights * each column of the pairwise
comparison matrix
Table 6.4: Calculation of weighted sum value
CRITERIA C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C1
0.288
0.507
0.27
0.378
C2
0.096
0.169
0.27
0.252
C3
0.144 0.0845
0.135
0.252
C4
0.096 0.0845 0.0675
0.126
C5
0.096 0.0845 0.0675
0.063
C6
0.057 0.0563 0.0675
0.042
C7
0.057 0.0563 0.0675
0.042
C8
0.048 0.0423
0.045
0.042
C9
0.048 0.0423
0.034 0.0252
C6
0.249
0.166
0.166
0.166
0.083
0.042
0.042
0.042
0.025
C7
0.33
0.198
0.132
0.198
0.132
0.066
0.033
0.033
0.022
C8
0.29
0.174
0.116
0.174
0.116
0.116
0.058
0.029
0.0193
C9
0.25
0.166
0.124
0.124
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.041
0.0207
WSV
0.173
2.733
0.115
1.606
0.115
1.268
0.144
1.18
0.086
0.811
0.086
0.62
0.086
0.53
0.057
0.38
0.029
0.27
Step 4: Ratio = WSV/AVG and average of the ratio
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
9.489
9.503
9.396
9.365
9.77
9.29
9.34
9.17
9.057
Average of ratio (λ max) = 9.377
Step 5: Calculation of CI and CR
CI = (λ max – n) / (n-1) = 0.0471
RI = 1.45 for n=
CR = CI/RI = 0.0325
This is less than 0.1. ok.
So the calculated criteria weights are listed below:
C1
28.8%
C2
16.9%
C3
13.5%
C4
12.6%
C5
8.3%
32
C6
6.6%
C7
5.8%
C8
4.1%
C9
2.9%
6.5. Suitability Map
The suitability map is generated using ArcGIS with the help of suitability constraint maps
of built-up, roads, existing landfill, slopes, elevations, rivers, lakes, land use, and airport.
ArcGIS toolbox consists of spatial analyst tools where the weighted overlay is also
included. The raster data of the constraint map of different criteria are added. The criteria
weight of the corresponding criteria is input. The result of the weighted overlay for
determining the suitability map is shown in the figure below:
Figure 6. 10 Suitability map for Landfill site
33
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