CHAPTER 6: PLANT
BIOTECHNOLOGY
REPORTER: VINA JANE ARIOLA
JEMELYN CUNAG
BS BIOLOGY 4 - B
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PROTOPLAST FUSION
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Somatic fusion, also called protoplast
fusion, is a type of genetic
modification in plants by which two
distinct species of plants are fused
together to form a new hybrid plant
with the characteristics of both, a
somatic hybrid. Hybrids have been
produced either between different
Plants Transformation
Cutaneous respiration
Cutaneous respiration, or cutaneous gas exchange, is a form of
respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the skin or
outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs.
Pulmonary respiration
The respiratory tract of frog includes the external nostrils, nasal
chambers, internal nostrils, bucco-pharyngeal cavity, glottis,
laryngo-tracheal chamber and a pair of bronchi.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN REPTILES
* Reptilians were the first vertebrates to adapt
adequately to a completely terrestrial life.
* Lungs change their shape and induce airflow in or
out. The reptiles fill their lungs by expanding the rib
cage.
*They lungs is relatively larger than in mammals but
VENTILATORY MECHANISM
Reptiles is an aspiration (suction) pump, which is the
same in general principle as the lung inflation
mechanism in birds and mammals.
VENTILATION
Undirectional-airflow
A few lizard species use their throat muscles to “gulp”
air in a process called buccal pumping (a process
also used by amphibians).
MEDUIM ENTRY
Mouth or nose
MEDIUM EXIT
From trachea to mouth or nose
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Turtles have a rigid
carapace that does not
allow the type of
expansion and
contraction seen in other
amniotes. They use their
fore-limbs and pectoral
girdle to force air in and
out.
Crocodiles have a muscular
diaphragm that pulls the pubis back
(crocodiles have a mobile pubis
bone) which pulls the liver down, thus
creating space for the lungs to
expand. This is known as the hepatic
piston method of ventilation. They
have a unidirectional flow of air
during inspiration and expiration.
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