HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE (Timeline)
ARCHITECTURE
DATES
Before recorded history, humans constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures that often puzzle modern-day archaeologists.
Prehistoric architecture includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures lost to time.
PREHISTORIC
ANCIENT EGYPT
DESCRIPTION
3,050 BC to 900 BC
MESOPOTAMIA
In ancient Egypt, powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines. Far from primitive, enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza
were feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights.
West Asiatic Architecture flourished & developed in the Twin Rivers “Tigris & Euphrates also known as “Mesopotamia” it refers to Persia, Assyria & Babylon.
CLASSICAL (Greek & Roman)
850 BC to 476 AD
From the rise of ancient Greece until the fall of the Roman empire, great buildings were constructed according to precise rules. The Classical Orders, which
defined column styles and entablature designs, continue to influence building design in modern times.
BYZANTINE
527 to 565 AD
After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called Istanbul) in 330 AD, Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style that
used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms.
ROMANESQUE
800 to 1200 AD
As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period
were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers.
GOTHIC
1100 to 1450 AD
Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture. Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent
cathedrals like Chartres and Notre Dame.
RENAISSANCE
1400 to 1600 AD
A return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and England. Andrea Palladio and other builders looked the classical orders of
ancient Greece and Rome. Long after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the Western world found inspiration in the beautifully proportioned architecture of the
period.
BAROQUE
1600 to 1830 AD
In Italy, the Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation. In France,
the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint. Russian aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in
the building of St. Petersburg. Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout Europe.
ROCOCO
1650 to 1790 AD
During the last phase of the Baroque period, builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping curves. These Rococo buildings are elegantly
decorated with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns.
NEOCLASSICISM
1730 to 1925 AD
A keen interest in ideas of Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio inspired a return of classical shapes in Europe, Great Britain and the United States. These buildings
were proportioned according to the classical orders with details borrowed from ancient Greece and Rome.
ART NOUVEAU
1890 to 1914 AD
Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design. The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s. Art Nouveau buildings
often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs.
BEAUX ARTS
1895 to 1925 AD
Also known as Beaux Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival, Beaux Arts architecture is characterized by order,
symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation.
NEO-GOTHIC
1905 to 1930 AD
In the early twentieth century, Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings. Gargoyles, arched windows, and other medieval details
ornamented soaring skyscrapers.
ART DECO
1925 to 1937 AD
Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on jazz-age, Art Deco buildings. Interestingly, many Art Deco motifs were inspired by the architecture of ancient Egypt.
MODERNIST STYLE
1900 to Present.
The 20th and 21st centuries have seen dramatic changes and astonishing diversity. Modern-day trends include Art Moderne and the Bauhaus School coined
by Walter Gropius, Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, and Structuralism.
POSTMODERNISM
1972 to Present.
A reaction against the Modernist approaches gave rise to new buildings that re-invented historical details and familiar motifs. Look closely at these architectural movements and
you are likely to find ideas that date back to classical and ancient times.
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENT
Chicago School of
Architecture
(1880-1910)
Art Nouveau
Architecture
(1890-1920)
Revivalist Architecture
(1900-2000)
DESCRIPTION
ARCHITECTS
The groundbreaking Chicago school of architecture was founded by William Le Baron Jenney (18321907), along with a number of other innovative American architects. A centre of high-rise development rather than a
school per se, it had no unified set of principles, and buildings created by the members of the school employed many
different designs, construction techniques and materials. Some key characteristics of Chicago architecture during this
period included:

new foundation techniques pioneered by Dankmar Adler; metal skeleton frames - first used in
Jenney's Home Insurance Building (1884);

the use of steel and iron, first highlighted by the French architect Viollet-le-Duc, and used by
Louis Sullivan and others.
A decorative style of architecture characterized by flowing lines, and abstract floral motifs, which was closely associated
with the Arts and Crafts movement championed by William Morris (1834-96). Known in Germany
as Jugendstil - it was applied to both the exterior and interior design of buildings. Interiors were often lavishly decorated
with various types of applied art - including stained glass and ceramics.
Ever since Italian Renaissance architects revived the proportions and orders of Roman architecture, designers have
turned to the past for inspiration. Such revivalism reached its apogee in 19th century architecture, in numerous
Romanesque (1000-1150), Gothic (1150-1300) and Beaux-Arts structures in both Europe and the United States, but the
process continued into the 20th century.
Famous Chicago School Firms of Architects
• William Holabird (1854-1923) and Martin Roche (1853-1927)
Buildings designed by Holabird & Roche included:
- Marquette Building, Chicago (1895)
- Gage Group Buildings at S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago (1899)
- Chicago Building (Chicago Savings Bank Building) (1904-5)
- Brooks Building, Chicago (1909-10)
• Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846-1912) and John Wellborn Root (1850-91)
Buildings designed by Burnham & Root, or Burnham and Co, included:
- Fisher Building, Chicago (1895-6)
- Flatiron Building, New York (1901-3)
- Heyworth Building, Chicago (1904)
• Dankmar Adler (1844-1900) and Louis Sullivan (1856-1924)
Buildings designed by firm Adler and Sullivan, included:
- Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1893-94)
- Prudential Building (Guaranty Building) Buffalo (1894)
Famous Art Nouveau Architects
• Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926)
Designer of the Casa Mila (La Pedrera) (1906-10) in Barcelona.
• Victor Horta (1861-1947)
Designed Hotel Tassel (1892-3), and Maison du Peuple (1896-9) in Brussels.
• Hector Guimard (1867-1942)
Famous for his entrances to the Paris Metro.
• Joseph Maria Olbrich (1867-1908)
Founder of the Vienna Seccession, designer of its headquarters.
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928)
Designer of the Glasgow School of Art (1907).
• Giuseppe Brega (1877-1960)
Stile Liberty architect of Villa Ruggeri, Pesaro (1902).
Famous 20th Century Revivalist Buildings
• "Gothic" Sagrada Familia (1883-1926) by Antoni Guadi.
• "Classical" AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin (1909) by Peter Behrens.
• "Classical" Pennsylvania Railway Station (1910) by McKim, Meade & White.
• "Classical" Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC (1922) by Henry Bacon.
• "Medieval" Stockholm City Hall (1923) by Ragnar Ostberg.
• "Romanesque" Stuttgart Train Station (1928) by Paul Bonatz.
• "Ziggurat" 55 Broadway, London (1929) by Charles Holden.
• "Classical"/"Mughal" Viceroy's Palace, India (1930) by Edwin Lutyens.
• "Roman" Milan Train Station (1931) by Ulisse Stacchini.
• "Classical" City University, Rome (1935) by Marcello Piacentini.
• "Classical" German Pavilion, World Exhibition, Paris (1937) by Albert Speer.
• "Greek"/"Moorish" San Simeon Hearst Castle (1939) by Julia Morgan.
• "Egyptian" Louvre Pyramid (1998) by I.M.Pei.
• James Renwick (1818-95) - Neo-Gothic architect.
• Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-86) - Neo-Romanesque designer.
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENT
New York School of
Skyscraper Architecture
(1900-30)
Early Modernist
Architecture
(1900-30)
Expressionist
Architecture
(1910-25)
De Stijl Avant-Garde
Architecture
(1917-1930)
DESCRIPTION
ARCHITECTS
Steel-frame high-rise architecture was pioneered in the 19th century by American architects in New York and Chicago:
two cities which were experiencing rapid development but whose available space was limited. With the fall in the price of
steel - a major construction material for high-rise structures - building upwards suddenly became much more
economically attractive. During the first three decades of the 20th century, New York took the lead with a number of
cutting-edge skyscrapers.
"Modernist architecture", the first real example of 20th century architecture, was designed for "modern man". It was
relatively, if not wholly, devoid of historical associations, and made full use of the latest building techniques and
materials, including iron, steel, glass and concrete. Functionality was a key aspect of the modernist style. The format
was later fully realized in the United States: see, for instance, Henry Ford's assembly plant at Rouge River, south of
Detroit - then the largest manufacturing plant in the world.
This architectural style emerged in Germany and the Low Countries. Expressionist architects rebelled against the
functionalist industrial-style structures of modernist architecture, preferring more sinuous or highly articulated forms.
These included curves, spirals and non-symmetrical elements, as well as structures in which the expressive values of
certain materials are emphasized. A contemporary example of expressionist architecture is the Sydney Opera House
(1973), designed by Jorn Utzon (1918-2008).
One of the European avant-garde art groups that had a significant influence on the development of modernist
architecture, was the Dutch-based group known as De Stijl, founded in Leiden in 1917 by Theo van Doesburg(18831931), its active members included the abstract painter Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), as well as a number of architects,
designers, painters and sculptors. Influenced by Concrete art and Cubism, as well as radical left-wing politics, its main
objective was to establish a compositional methodology applicable to both fine and decorative art. De Stijl designs are
characterized by austere geometrical shapes, right-angles, and primary colors.
Famous New York Skyscrapers
- Park Row Building NYC, (1899–1901) by Robert Henderson Robertson.
- Flat-iron Building NYC, (1902) by Daniel H. Burnham & Company.
- Philadelphia City Hall (1908) by John McArthur, Thomas U.Walter.
- Singer Building NYC, (1908) by Ernest Flagg.
- Metropolitan Tower NYC, (1909) by Napoleon Le Brun & Sons.
- Woolworth Building NYC, (1913) by Cass Gilbert.
- Empire State Building NYC, (1929) by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.
- Daily News Building NYC, (1929) by Howells & Hood.
- Chanin Building NYC, (1929) by Sloan & Robertson.
- Lincoln Building NYC, (1930) by J.E. Carpenter & Associates.
- Bank of Manhattan Trust Building NYC, (1930) by Craig Severance.
- Chrysler Building NYC, (1931) by William Van Alen.
- Rockefeller Center NYC, (1940) by Hofmeister, Hood, Godley, Fouilhoux.
Famous Early Modernist Architects
• Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
Designed Robie House, Chicago (1910); Fallingwater, Bear Run, PA (1937).
• Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
Built the AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin (1909).
• Adolf Loos (1870-1933)
Designed Steiner House, Vienna (1910); Moller House, Vienna (1928).
• Eliel Saarinen (1873-1950)
Designed Helsinki Train Station (1904-14).
• Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
Designed Fagus Factory, Alfeld-an-der-Leine (1911).
• Le Corbusier (1887-1965) (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret)
Designed Villa Savoye (1931); Unite d'Habitation, Marseille (1952).
Famous Expressionist Architects
• Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925)
Famous for his Goetheanum, Dornach (1914).
• Hans Poelzig (1869-1936)
Designed Grosses Schauspielhaus, Berlin (1919).
• Max Berg (1870-1947)
Designer of the Centenary Hall, Beslau-Scheitnig (1913).
• Bruno Taut (1880-1938)
Designed the Glass Pavilion (1914) at the Cologne Deutsche Werkbund Exposition.
• Michel de Klerk (1884-1923)
Co-designed the Scheepvaarthuis, Amsterdam (1918).
• Johannes Friedrich (Fritz) Hoger (1887-1949)
Designed Chilehaus, Hamburg (1921-4).
• Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953)
Designer of Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1924).
Famous De Stijl Architects
• Robert van’t Hoff (1887-1979)
Preoccupied during his De Stijl period with Communist politics and designs for prefabricated mass
housing, worked out in collaboration with the Utrecht architect P.J.C.Klaarhamer (1874-1954).
• Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964)
His most famous designs included his Rietveld Schroder House, Utrecht (1924), now a UNESCO
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENT
DESCRIPTION
ARCHITECTS
World Heritage Site, and his Red and Blue Chair (1917).
• J.J.P. Oud (1890–1963)
Highly influential, the Municipal Housing Architect for Rotterdam, JJP Oud was a key participant in
the influential modernist Weissenhof Estate Exhibition (1927).
Social Housing
Architecture
(1918-30)
Bauhaus Design School
(1919-1933)
One response to the European post-war housing crisis in the 1920s was a series of minimal cost social housing projects
developed in several major urban centers. On the Continent, these took the form of large-scale apartment blocks.
The Bauhaus design school was a hugely influential centre of inter-war modernist architecture. Its design ethos was
propagated by several key members of its teaching staff who immigrated to the United States during the 1930s.
Combining ideas from Russian Constructivism movement, the Dutch De Stijl group, and the American architect Frank
Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), as well as an attitude to crafts modeled on the Arts & Crafts movement and the Deutscher
Werkbund, Bauhaus design - with its clean lines and deliberate absence of ornamentation - eventually developed into
the International Style of modern architecture, and later spread to the United States, where it was developed by Walter
Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, and other European emigrants like Richard Neutra.
Art Deco Architecture
(1925-1940)
Art Deco was influenced by a combination of sources, including the geometrics of Cubism, the "movement" of Futurism,
as well as elements of ancient art, such as Pre-Columbian and Egyptian art. Its architecture was also inspired by the
ziggurat designs of Mesopotamian art. Art Deco, like Art Nouveau, embraced all types of art, but unlike its predecessor,
it was purely decorative, with no theoretical or political agenda.
Totalitarian
Architecture
(1933-60)
Architectural design under dictators like Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and Chairman Mao was designed to awe their political
subjects and impress foreign vistors. Buildings therefore had to be conceived and built on a gargantuan scale, and often
incorporated elements of Greek architecture. Above all, Totalitarian architecture embodied the fantasies and
megalomania of the political leader.
International Style of
Modern Architecture
(1940-70)
The International Style first appeared in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before being introduced
into American architecture in the 1930s, where it became the dominant fashion during the major post-war urban
development phase (1955-1970). Predominantly used for "corporate office blocks" - despite the efforts of Richard
Neutra, William Lescaze, Edward Durrell Stone and others, to apply it to residential buildings - it was ideal for skyscraper
architecture, because of its sleek "modern" look, and use of steel and glass. The International style was championed by
American designers like Philip Johnson (1906-2005) and, in particular, by the Second Chicago School of Architecture,
led by the dynamic emigrant ex-Bauhaus architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969).
Famous Examples of Social Housing
• Eigen Haard Estate, Amsterdam (1920) designed by Michel de Klerk (1884-1923).
• Works Housing Estate, Hoek van Holland (1924) designed by JPP Oud (1890–1963).
• Britz Horseshoe Estate, Berlin (1925-33) designed by Bruno Taut (1880-1938).
• Pessac Housing Estate, Bordeaux (1926) designed by Le Corbusier (1887-1965).
• Bruchfeldstrasse Estate, Frankfurt am Main (1927) designed by Ernst May (1886-1970).
• Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart (1927) designed by Mies van der Rohe.
• Siemensstadt, Berlin (1929) designed by Hans Scharoun (1893-1972) and others.
• Karl Marx Hof, Vienna (1930) designed by Karl Ehn (1884–1957).
Bauhaus Style Architects
• Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
Designed Bauhaus Complex, Desau (1925); MetLife Building, NYC (1963).
• Laszlo Moholy-Nagy
Taught the Bauhaus's vorkurs; director of New Bauhaus (1937-8), Chicago.
• Hannes Meyer (1889-1954)
Swiss Marxist Professor of architecture, later director, at the Bauhaus.
• Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969)
Succeeded Meyer as director of the Bauhaus in 1930.
Art Deco Buildings
- Chanin Building, NYC (1927-9) by Sloan and Robertson.
- McGraw-Hill Building, NYC (1929-30) by Raymond Hood.
- Empire State Building, NYC (1929-31) by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon.
- Chrysler Building, NYC (1930) by William van Alen (1883-1954).
- Entrance Foyer, Strand Palace Hotel (1930) by Oliver Bernhard.
- El Dorado Apartment Building, NYC (1931) by Emery Roth (1871-1948).
- Entrance Plaza to Rockefeller Center, NYC (1932-9) by various.
Examples of Totalitarian Architectural Design
• City University, Rome (1935) by Marcello Piacentini.
• Olympic Stadium, Berlin (1934-6) by Werner March.
• New Reich Chancellery, Berlin (1938-9) by Albert Speer.
• Moscow State University (1953) designed by Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev.
• Great Hall of the People, Beijing (1959) by Zhang Bo.
Famous International Style Buildings
- Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago (1948-51) by Mies van der Rohe.
- The Graduate Center, Harvard University (1950) by Walter Gropius.
- Seagram Building, New York (1954-58) by Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson.
- Inland Steel Building, Chicago (1957) by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENT
High-Tech Architecture
(1970 onwards)
Deconstructivism
(1980-200)
Blobitecture
(1990s)
Late 20th-Century
Supertall Towers
DESCRIPTION
ARCHITECTS
Rooted in the avant-garde structures of the 19th century, like the Eiffel Tower and Cystal Palace, hi-tech architecture is
based on the expressive qualities of cutting-edge technologies and materials. As demonstrated by James Stirling (192692) - see his glass structure of the Engineering Faculty, Leceister University (1959-63) - traditional construction methods
(like brickwork) are abandoned in favour of new materials and techniques, such as steel, light metal panels, glass, and
plastic derivatives. New building shapes are determined by the shape of the components used. An important exhibition
which affirmed this new approach was Expo 67, held in Montreal. Hi-tech architecture is symbolized by the Pompidou
Centre in Paris, designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers in collaboration with engineers Ove Arup & Partners.
Famous High-Tech Buildings
• USA Pavilion (Expo 67, Montreal) by Buckminster Fuller.
• Olympiapark, Munich (1968-72) by Gunter Behnisch and Frei Otto.
• Pompidou Centre, Paris (1971-78) by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.
• Lloyds of London (1978-86) by Richard Rogers.
• Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong (1979-86) by Foster & Partners.
• Channel Tunnel Waterloo Terminal, London (1993) by Nicholas Grimshaw
• Kansai Airport Terminal, Osaka (1994) by Renzo Piano.
• Allianz Arena, Munich (2005) by Herzog & de Meuron.
An iconic style of three-dimensional postmodernist art, opposed to the ordered rationality of modern design,
Deconstructivism emerged in the 1980s, notably in Los Angeles California, but also in Europe. Characterized by nonrectilinear shapes which distort the geometry of the structure, the finished appearance of deconstructivist buildings is
typically unpredictable and even shocking. These unusual shapes have been facilitated by the use of design software
developed from the aerospace industry. The exhibition which first introduced this new approach to the public was
the Deconstructivist Architecture exhibition, curated by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley, and held at the Museum of
Modern Art, New York, in 1988. the most famous deconstructivist designer in America is probably Frank O.
Gehry (b.1929); in Europe the top architects are probably Daniel Libeskind (b.1946), and the firm Coop Himmelblau,
founded by Wolf Prix, Helmut Swiczinsky and Michael Holzer.
A style of postmodernist architecture characterized by organic, rounded, bulging shapes, Blobitecture (aka blobism or
blobismus) was first christened by William Safire in the New York Times in 2002 (although architect Greg Lynn used the
term "blob architecture" in 1995) the style first appeared in the early 1990s. Developed by postmodernist artists on both
sides of the Atlantic, the construction of blobitecture's non-geometric structures is heavily dependent on the use of
CATID software (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application).
Structural techniques developed by US architects like Fazlur Khan (1929-82) of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, have led to
the construction of a new generation of supertall buildings or 'towers'. These new tubular designs, which have also
significantly reduced the amount of steel required in skyscrapers, have enabled architects to break free from the regular
"box-like" design. With modern towers now regularly exceeding 100 storeys, the biggest limitation on upward growth
remains safety and the lack of emergency evacuation procedures.
Famous Examples of Deconstructivism
- Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles (1988-2003) by Frank O Gehry.
- Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1991-97) by Frank O Gehry.
- Multiplex Cinema, Dresden (1993-8) by Coop Himmelblau.
- Nationale Nederlanden Building, Prague (1992-97) by Frank O Gehry.
- UFA-Kristall Filmpalast, Dresden (1998) by Coop Himmelblau.
- Seattle Central Library, Seattle (2004) by "Rem" Koolhaas.
- Imperial War Museum North, Manchester (2002) by Daniel Libeskind.
- Royal Ontario Museum (extension), Toronto (2007) by Daniel Libeskind.
Famous Examples of Blobitecture
• Water Pavilion (1993–1997) by Lars Spuybroek and Kas Oosterhuis.
• Experience Music Project, Seattle (1999-2000) by Frank O Gehry.
• Kunsthaus, Graz (2003) by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier.
• Bus Station at Spaarne Hospital (2003) by NIO Architecten.
• The Sage Gateshead (2004) by Norman Foster.
• Philological Library, Free University, Berlin (2005) by Norman Foster.
Tallest Towers Built in the 20th-Century
(1) Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998) (452m/ 1,483 feet)
(2) Willis Tower, Chicago (1973) (442m/ 1,450 feet)
(3) Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai (1999) (421m/ 1,380 feet)
(4) One World Trade Center, NYC (1974) (destroyed) (417m/ 1,368 feet)
(5) CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou (1997) (391m/ 1,283 feet)
(6) Shun Hing Square, Shenzhen (1996) 384m/ 1,260 feet)
(7) Empire State Building, NYC (1931) (381m/ 1,250 feet)
(8) Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (1997) (378m/ 1,240 feet)
(9) Central Plaza Hong Kong (1992) (374m/ 1,227 feet)
(10) Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong (1990) (367m/ 1,205 feet)
Trust in God with all your heart, and don't lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make your paths straight.
-Proverbs 3:5-6
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY
ISMS
DESCRIPTION
ART NOUVEAU
(1890 to1910)
An ornament of undulating waves, flowers and flower stalks developed in France and Belgium towards the end of the 19th century. In France (Style Nouville) was initiated by Guimmard; Belgium (CoupDe-Joulet) – Van De Velde and Horta; Spain( Modernismo) – Gaudi: Austria(Sezzession); Scotland (Fin-De-Schism) – Mackintosh); Italy(Modern Isme Or Stile Liberte); and
Germany(Judgenstil) – Vande Velde,Olbrist and Endell, and America (Tiffany Style) – Louis Tiffany
 Exaggerated, flowing, undulating lines
 Rich ornamentation
 Emphasis on the decorative and structural properties of materials, especially glass and ironwork
 Use of colour and gilding
Asymmetrical composition
BAUHAUS
(1919 to 1933)
Creative center of artistic experiment during the 1920’s. Gropius was its founder who would rather close shop than be dictated by the German ruler. The school existed in three German
cities: Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932 and Berlin from 1932 to 1933, under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, Hannes
Meyer from 1928 to 1930 and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi-led government which had
claimed that it was a centre of communist intellectualism.
Refers to the works of Van Der Rohe which displayed the use of glass and steel; display of service systems of a building like air conditioning ducts, plumbing, pipes, etc.
Brutalism is a style with an emphasis on materials, textures and construction, producing highly expressive forms
Consider Brutalism as architecture in the raw, with an emphasis on materials, textures and construction, producing highly expressive forms. Seen in the work of Le Corbusier from the late 1940s with the
Unite d’Habitation in Marseilles, the term Brutalism was first used in England by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954.It referred to the work of Alison and Peter Smithson’s school at
Hunstanton in Norfolk because of its uncompromising approach to the display of structure and services, albeit in a steel building rather than reinforced concrete.
Also called New Brutalism, it encouraged the use of beton brut (raw concrete), in which patterns created by wooden shuttering are replicated through board marking, as can be seen in the work of Denys
Lasdun, or where the aggregate is bush or pick-hammered, as at the Barbican Estate in London. Scale was important and the style is characterized by massive concrete shapes colliding abruptly, while
service ducts and ventilation towers are overtly displayed.
BRUTALISM
(1950s to the mid-1970s)
The best known early Brutalist architecture is the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier, in particular his 1952 Unité d' Habitation and the 1953 Secretariat Building
(Palace of Assembly) in Chandigarh, India.
Examples are typically massive in character (even when not large),fortress-like, with a predominance of exposed concrete construction, or in the case of the "brick brutalists," ruggedly combine detailed
brickwork and concrete.
In the Philippines, Leandro Locsin designed massive brutalist structures, including the Cultural Center of the Philippines and the Philippine International Convention Center.
 Rough, unfinished surfaces
 Unusual shapes
 Heavy-looking materials
 Massive forms
 Small windows in relation to the other parts
 Exposed Steel Beams
CIAM or INTERNATIONAL
MODERNISM
(1928 to1959)
The Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne(CIAM), or International Congresses of Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959, responsible for a
series of events and congresses arranged across Europe by the most prominent architects of the time, with the objective of spreading the principles of the Modern Movement focusing in all the main
domains of architecture (such as landscape, urbanism, industrial design, and many others).
The International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) was founded in June 1928, at the Chateau de la Sarraz in Switzerland, by a group of 28 European architects organized by Le Corbusier,
Hélène de Mandrot (owner of the castle), and Sigfried Giedion (the first secretary-general). CIAM was one of many 20th centurymanifestos meant to advance the cause of "architecture as a social art".
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY
ISMS
DESCRIPTION
Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin launched the constructivist movement when he proposed the futuristic, glass-and-steel Tatlin's Tower.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
(1920 to 1930)
ARCHITECTS
Vladimir Tatlin
Konstantin Melnikov
Nikolai Milyutin
Aleksandr Vesnin
Leonid Vesnin
Viktor Vesnin
El Lissitzky
Vladimir Krinsky
Iakov Chernikhov
DECONSTRUCTIVISM
(1980)
ARCHITECTS
Peter Eisenman
Daniel Libeskind
Zaha Hadid
Frank O. Gehry
Rem Koolhaas
FUNCTIONALISM
ARCHITECTS
Alvar Aalto
Erik Bryggman
P.E. (Paul Ernsti) Blomstedt
Hilding Ekelund
Erkki Huttunen
Uno Ullberg
Ragnar Ypya
DEFUNCTIONALISM
During the 1920s and early 1930s, a group of avant-garde architects in Russia launched a movement to design buildings for the new socialist regime. Calling themselvesconstructivists, they believed
that design began with construction. Their buildings emphasized abstract geometric shapes and functional machine parts.
Constructivist architecture combined engineering and technology with political ideology.
Constructivist architects tried to suggest the idea of humanity's collectivism through the harmonious arrangement of diverse structural elements.
The most famous work of constructivist architecture was never actually built. In 1920, Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin proposed a futuristic monument to the 3rd International in the city of St. Petersburg
(then known as Petergrado). The unbuilt project, called Tatlin's Tower, used spiral forms to symbolize revolution and human interaction. Inside the spirals, three glass-walled building units - a cube, a
pyramid, and a cylinder - would rotate at different speeds.
Soaring 400 meters (about 1,300 feet), Tatlin's Tower would have been taller than the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The cost to erect such a building would have been enormous. But, even though Tatlin's Tower
wasn't built, the plan helped launch the Constructivist movement. By the late 1920s, Constructivism had spread outside the USSR. Many European architects called themselves constructivists.
However, within a few years Constructivism faded from popularity and was eclipsed by the Bauhaus movement in Germany.
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Glass and steel
Machine-made building parts
Technological details such as antennae, signs, and projection screens
Abstract geometric shapes
A sense of movement
Deconstructivism, or Deconstruction, is an approach to building design that attempts to view architecture in bits and pieces. The basic elements of architecture are dismantled. Deconstructivist buildings
may seem to have no visual logic. They may appear to be made up of unrelated, disharmonious abstract forms. Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French philosopher Jacques Derrida.
In the summer of 1988, architect Philip Johnson was instrumental in organizing a Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) exhibit called "Deconstructivist Architecture." Johnson gathered works from seven
architects (Eisenman, Gehry, Hadid, Koolhaas, Libeskind, Bernard Tschumi, and Coop Himmelblau) who "intentionally violate the cubes and right angles of modernism."
Deconstructivist architects reject Postmodernist ways for an approach more akin to Russian Constructivism.
"The hallmark of deconstructivist architecture is its apparent instability. Though structurally sound, the projects seem to be in states of explosion or collapse....Deconstructivist architecture, however, is not
an architecture of decay or demolition. On the contrary, it gains all of its force by challenging the very values of harmony, unity, and stability, proposing instead that flaws are intrinsic to the structure."
The principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. This statement is less self-evident than it first appears, and is a matter of confusion and controversy within the
profession, particularly in regard to modern architecture. Functionalism had the strongest influence in Germany, Czechoslovakia, the USSR and the Netherlands.
In 1896, Chicago architect Louis Sullivan coined the phrase 'form ever follows function' to capture his belief that a building's size, massing, spatial grammar and other characteristics should be driven solely
by the function of the building. The implication is that if the functional aspects are satisfied, architectural beauty would naturally and necessarily follow.
Sullivan's credo is often viewed as being ironic in light of his extensive use of intricate ornament, since a common belief among functionalist architects is that ornament serves no function. The credo also
does not address whose function he means. The architect of an apartment building, for instance, can easily be at cross-purposes with the owners of the building regarding how the building should look and
feel, and they could both be at cross-purposes with the future tenants. Nevertheless 'form follows function' expresses a significant and enduring idea. Sullivan's protégé Frank Lloyd Wright is also cited as
an exemplar of functional design.
In the mid-1930s, functionalism began to be discussed as an aesthetic approach rather than a matter of design integrity. The idea of functionalism was conflated with lack of ornamentation, which is a
different matter. It became a pejorative term associated with the most bald and brutal ways to cover space, like cheap commercial buildings and sheds, then finally used, for example in academic criticism
of Buckminster Fuller's geodesic domes, simply as a synonym for 'gauche'.
A style ignoring the classic approach to design disregarding functionalisms that have failed in many instances
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY
ISMS
ECLECTICISM
(19TH & 20TH CENTURY)
ARCHITECTS
Daniel Burnham
Alexander Jackson Davis
Antonio Gaudi
Richard Morris Hunt
Charles Follen McKim
William Mead
Richard Norman Shaw
Stanford White
EXPRESSIONISM
(1910 to 1930)
ARCHITECTS
Adolf Behne
Hermann Finsterlin
Antoni Gaudí
Walter Gropius - early period
Hugo Häring
Fritz Höger
Michel de Klerk
Piet Kramer
Carl Krayl
Erich Mendelsohn
Hans Poelzig
Hans Scharoun
Rudolf Steiner
Bruno Taut
FUTURISM
ARCHITECTS
DESCRIPTION
A nineteenth and twentieth-century architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original.
In architecture and interior design, these elements may include structural features, furniture, decorative motives, distinct historical ornament, traditional cultural motifs or styles from other countries, with the
mixture usually chosen based on its suitability to the project and overall aesthetic value.
The term eclecticism is used to describe the combination, in a single work, of elements from different historical styles, chiefly in architecture and, by implication, in the fine and decorative arts. The term is
sometimes also loosely applied to the general stylistic variety of 19th-century architecture after Neo-classicism (c. 1820), although the revivals of styles in that period have, since the 1970s, generally been
referred to as aspects of historicism.
The church of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona designed by Antonio Gaudi is a notable example of eclecticism. Elements of the style were merged with oriental motifs and forms found in the natural
world, resulting in a structure that was distinctive and original.[2] Although it was designed during the peak of the eclectic period (1883–1926), it remains under construction today.
An architectural movement that developed in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts, that especially developed and dominated
in Germany.
The term "Expressionist architecture" initially described the activity of the German, Dutch, Austrian, Czech and Danish avant garde from 1910 until 1930. Subsequent redefinitions extended the term
backwards to 1905 and also widened it to encompass the rest of Europe. Today the meaning has broadened even further to refer to architecture of any date or location that exhibits some of the qualities of
the original movement such as; distortion, fragmentation or the communication of violent or overstressed emotion.
The style was characterised by an early-modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation, and very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new
technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel and especially glass.
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Distortion of form for an emotional effect.
Subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic expression of inner experience. An underlying effort at achieving the new, original, and visionary.
Profusion of works on paper, and models, with discovery and representations of concepts more important than pragmatic finished products.
Often hybrid solutions, irreducible to a single concept.
Themes of natural romantic phenomena, such as caves, mountains, lightning, crystal and rock formations. [ As such it is more mineral and elemental than florid and organic which characterized its
close contemporary art nouveau.
 Utilizes creative potential of artisan craftsmanship.
 Tendency more towards the gothic than the classical. Expressionist architecture also tends more towards the Romanesque and the rococo than the classical.
 Though a movement in Europe, expressionism is as eastern as western. It draws as much from Moorish, Islamic, Egyptian, and Indian art and architecture as from Roman or Greek.
Conception of architecture as a work of art.
An early-20th century form of architecture born in Italy, characterized by strong chromaticism, long dynamic lines, suggesting speed, motion, urgency and lyricism: it was a part of Futurism, an artistic
movement founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first manifesto, the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. The movement attracted not only poets, musicians, and artists (such
as Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Fortunato Depero, and Enrico Prampolini) but also a number of architects. A cult of the machine age and even a glorification of war and violence were among the
themes of the Futurists (several prominent futurists were killed after volunteering to fight in World War I). The latter group included the architect Antonio Sant'Elia, who, though building little, translated the
futurist vision into an urban form.
Tadao Ando
Archigram
Louis Armet
Welton Becket
Santiago Calatrava
Le Corbusier
Arthur Erickson
Future Systems
Michael Graves
Zaha Hadid
Denis Laming
John Lautner
Anthony J. Lumsden
Virgilio Marchi
Wayne McAllister
Oscar Niemeyer
Cesar Pelli
William Pereira
Patricio Pouchulu
Eero Saarinen
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY
ISMS
DESCRIPTION
A post-war Japanese architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth. It had its first international exposure during CIAM's 1959 meeting
and its ideas were tentatively tested by students from Kenzo Tange's MIT studio.
METABOLISM
During the preparation for the 1960 Tōkyō World Design Conference a group of young architects and designers, including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki prepared the publication of
the Metabolism manifesto. They were influenced by a wide variety of sources including Marxist theories and biological processes. Their manifesto was a series of four essays entitled: Ocean City, Space
City, Towards Group Form, and Material and Man, and it also included designs for vast cities that floated on the oceans and plug-in capsule towers that could incorporate organic growth. Although the
World Design Conference gave the Metabolists exposure on the international stage their ideas remained largely theoretical.
ARCHITECTS
Kenzo Tange
Kisho Kurokawa
Moshe Safdie
Kiyonuri Kikotake
Walter Jonas
Some smaller, individual buildings that employed the principles of Metabolism were built and these included Tange's Yamanashi Press and Broadcaster Centre and Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower.
The greatest concentration of their work was to be found at the 1970 World Exposition in Osaka where Tange was responsible for master planning the whole site whilst Kikutake and Kurokawa designed
pavilions. After the 1973 oil crisis, the Metabolists turned their attention away from Japan and toward Africa and the Middle East.
MONUMENTALISM
ARCHITECTS
Rf Schinklel,
P. Behrens,
H. Polezig,
M. Van Der
Rohe,
Le Corbusier,
T. Garnier,
A. Perret.
Based on the notion that the form of the object should last and implicitly there are forms which have external validity.
Construction, especially of buildings, on a grand scale.
National Romantic style was a Nordic architectural style that was part of the National Romantic movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is often considered to be a form of Art Nouveau.
The National Romantic style spread across Finland; the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; and Russia (mainly St. Petersburg). Unlike much nostalgic Gothic Revival
style architecture elsewhere, National Romantic architecture expressed progressive social and political ideals, through reformed domestic architecture. [1]
Designers turned to early Medieval architecture and even prehistoric precedents to construct a style appropriate to the perceived character of a people. The style can be seen as a reaction to
industrialism and an expression of the same "Dream of the North" nationalism that gave impetus to renewed interest in the eddas and sagas.
NATIONAL ROMANTICISM
 Finnish National Theatre (Suomen Kansallisteatteri) (1902,
 House With Owls (Дом с совами) (1907, Russia)
 Stockholm Court House (Stockholms Rådhus) (1915,
Finland)
 Norwegian Institute of Technology (Norges tekniske
Sweden)
 Vålerenga Church (Vålerenga kirke) (1902, Norway)
høgskole) (1910, Norway)
 Röhss Museum (Röhsska konstslöjdsmuseet) (1916, Sweden)
 Copenhagen City Hall (Rådhus) (1905, Denmark)
 Tolstoy House (Толстовский дом) (1912, Russia)
 Stockholm City Hall (Stockholms stadshus) (1923, Sweden)
 National Museum of Finland (Suomen Kansallismuseo) (1905,
 Tarvaspää, (1913, Finland) the house and studio built for
Church of the Epiphany (Uppenbarelsekyrkan) (1913,
Finland)
himself by Finnish painter Akseli Gallen-Kallela
Sweden)
 Frogner Church (Frogner kirke) (1907, Norway)
 Bergen Station (Bergen stasjon) (1913, Norway)
De Stijl (/dә ˈstaɪl/; Dutch pronunciation: [dә ˈstɛil]), Dutch for "The Style", also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artisticmovement founded in 1917 in Amsterdam. The De Stijl consisted of artists and
architects [1] In a narrower sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands.
NEO-PLASTICISM
De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg(1883–1931) that served to propagate the group's theories. Next to van
Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), Vilmos Huszár(1884–1960), and Bart van der Leck (1876–1958), and the architects Gerrit Rietveld (1888–
1964), Robert van 't Hoff(1887–1979), and J. J. P. Oud (1890–1963). The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the group's work is known as neoplasticism—the new plastic art (or Nieuwe Beelding in
Dutch).
ARCHITECTS
Cornelis van Eesteren (1897–1981)
Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979)
Frederick John Kiesler (1890-1965)
J. J. P. Oud (1890–1963)
Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964)
Jan Wils (1891–1972)
Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used
only primary colors along with black and white. Indeed, according to the Tate Gallery's online article on neoplasticism, Mondrian himself sets forth these delimitations in his essay "Neo-Plasticism in
Pictorial Art". He writes, "this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour. On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and
colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour". The Tate article further summarizes that this art allows "only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles,
only straight and horizontal or vertical line." TheGuggenheim Museum's online article on De Stijl summarizes these traits in similar terms: "It [De Stijl] was posited on the fundamental principle of the
geometry of the straight line, the square, and the rectangle, combined with a strong asymmetricality; the predominant use of pure primary colors with black and white; and the relationship between positive
and negative elements in an arrangement of non-objective forms and lines".
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY
ISMS
DESCRIPTION
ORGANISM
ARCHITECTS
Frank Lloyd Wright
Alvar Aalto
Arthur Dyson
Antoni Gaudi
Hector Guimard
Hugo Häring
Hans Scharoun
John Lautner
Bruce Goff
Eero Saarinen
Louis Sullivan
Vittorio Giorgini
Eric Lloyd Wright (born
1929)
Eugene Pandala
Nari Gandhi
Kendrick Bangs Kellogg
Terunobu Fujimori
Gustav Stickley
Rudolf Steiner
Paul Laffoley
Hundertwasser
Anton Alberts
Laurie Baker
Claude Bragdon
Douglas Cardinal
Neville Gruzman
Imre Makovecz
Javier Senosiain
Bruno Zevi
Toyo Ito
Chen Kuen Lee
POST-METABOLISM
RADICALISM
Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site,
that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.
The term organic architecture was coined by Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959), though never well articulated by his cryptic style of writing:
"So here I stand before you preaching organic architecture: declaring organic architecture to be the modern ideal and the teaching so much needed if we are to see the whole of life, and to now serve the
whole of life, holding no traditions essential to the great TRADITION. Nor cherishing any preconceived form fixing upon us either past, present or future, but instead exalting the simple laws of common
sense or of super-sense if you prefer determining form by way of the nature of materials ..."[1]
Organic architecture is also translated into the all inclusive nature of Frank Lloyd Wright's design process. Materials, motifs, and basic ordering principles continue to repeat themselves throughout the
building as a whole. The idea of organic architecture refers not only to the buildings' literal relationship to the natural surroundings, but how the buildings' design is carefully thought about as if it were a
unified organism. Geometries throughout Wright's buildings build a central mood and theme. Essentially organic architecture is also the literal design of every element of a building: From the windows, to
the floors, to the individual chairs intended to fill the space. Everything relates to one another, reflecting the symbiotic ordering systems of nature.
A well-known example of organic architecture is Fallingwater, the residence Frank Lloyd Wright designed for the Kaufmann family in rural Pennsylvania. Wright had many choices to locate a home on this
large site, but chose to place the home directly over the waterfall and creek creating a close, yet noisy dialog with the rushing water and the steep site. The horizontal striations of stone masonry with
daring cantilevers of colored beige concrete blend with native rock outcroppings and the wooded environment.
Architect and planner David Pearson proposed a list of rules towards the design of organic architecture. These rules are known as the Gaia Charter for organic architecture and design. It reads:
"Let the design:
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Be inspired by nature and be sustainable, healthy, conserving, and diverse.
Unfold, like an organism, from the seed within.
Exist in the "continuous present" and "begin again and again".
Follow the flows and be flexible and adaptable.
Satisfy social, physical, and spiritual needs.
"Grow out of the site" and be unique.
Celebrate the spirit of youth, play and surprise.
Express the rhythm of music and the power of dance."
Interest in explaining things as the nature of the house in the city and are concerned with intricate designs on small houses and potential schemes, has a larger context of the relationships between houses
with society.
A radical shift in emphasis from buildings of the past, to designs of those which met the demands of modern life. Van de Velde and Gropius are some of its proponents.
Structuralism as a movement in architecture and urban planning evolved around the middle of the 20th century. It was a reaction to CIAM-Functionalism (Rationalism) [1] which had led to a lifeless
expression of urban planning that ignored the identity of the inhabitants and urban forms.
STRUCTURALISM
Structuralism in a general sense is a mode of thought of the 20th century, which came about in different places, at different times and in different fields. It can also be found in linguistics, anthropology,
philosophy and art. At the beginning of the general article Structuralism the following explanations are noted:
"Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm emphasizing that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure."
Alternately, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, "Structuralism is the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a
structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture."
UTILITARIANISM
Refers to low cost housing; this was set at a time when search for economic solutions for low value sites were considered. In England this refers to prefabricated units
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY
ISMS
DESCRIPTION
Rejecting ornament and embracing minimalism, Modernism became the dominant global movement in 20th-century architecture and design.
Modernism is the single most important new style or philosophy of architecture and design of the 20th century, associated with an analytical approach to the function of buildings, a strictly rational use of
(often new) materials, an openness to structural innovation and the elimination of ornament. It has also been called International Modern or International Style, after an exhibition of modernist architecture
in America in 1932 by Philip Johnson. Modernism also encompasses Futurism, Constructivism, De Stijl and Bauhaus. The style is characterized by:
MODERNISM
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asymmetrical compositions
use of general cubic or cylindrical shapes
flat roofs
use of reinforced concrete
metal and glass frameworks often resulting in large windows in horizontal bands
an absence of ornament or mouldings
a tendency for white or cream render, often emphasised by black and white photography
Plans would be loosely arranged, often with open-plan interiors. Walter Gropius (1883-1969) and Le Corbusier (1887-1965) were the leaders of the movement. The latter had a profound impact in Britain,
particularly after World War Two, with many public housing schemes. In Britain the term Modern Movement was used to describe the rigorous Modernist designs of the 1930s to the early 1960s.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR:
 Rectangular or cubist shapes
 Minimal or no ornamentation
 Steel and or reinforced concrete
 Large windows
 Open plan
Postmodernism describes the colourful styles of architecture and the decorative arts that appeared in the late 20th century in reaction to Modernism.
Postmodernism describes a style or styles of architecture and the decorative arts that were a reaction to Modernism and the Modern Movement and the dogmas associated with it. By the 1970s Modernism
had begun to seem elitist and exclusive, despite its democratic intentions. The failure of building methods and materials (shown in the collapse of Ronan Point, a tower block in east London in 1968) and
alienating housing estates was a focus for architects and critics in the early 1970s. A book published in 1966 by the American architect Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, was a
key influence on the development of Postmodernism. Venturi extolled the ambiguities, inconsistencies and idiosyncrasies of the Mannerist and Baroque architecture of Rome, but also celebrated popular
culture and the ordinary architecture of the American Main Street.
POST MODERNISM
A later work, Learning from Las Vegas (1972), deconstructed the signs and symbols of the Las Vegas strip and divided buildings into ‘ducks’, the sculptural buildings that embodied their message within
the structure, and the ‘decorated shed’, which used signs to communicate its message. In practice, it meant the rediscovery of the various meanings contained within the mainly classical architecture of the
past and applying them to modern structures. The result was an architecture that embodied historical allusion and dashes of whimsy.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR:
 Classical motifs
 Literary allusions
 Bright colours
 Structural variety
 Variety of materials and shapes
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
PERIOD
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION
Palawan
Served as shelters for the early Filipinos
PRE-HISTORIC
Caves and Rock Shelter
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Tabon Cave
 First form of man-made dwelling made from indigenous materials
 Windshield or one-sided lean-t0 with or without flooring
 Single pitched roof supported by rafters
2000-year-old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao by the ancestors of indigenous
people. Commonly referred to as the “Eight Wonder of the World”
Located approximately 1500 meters (5000 ft) above sea level.
Fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces
Lean-To
Banaue Rice Terraces
CLASSICAL PERIOD
The architecture of the early Filipinos are also the skills that were used at the time of war and on the battlefield. Due to the creation of various thalassocratic states within the archipelago,
trade began to flourish. Neighboring tribes would often wage war for territory and trade rights in certain areas, thids ultimately led to the fortification of villages and towns. Another reason
for the development of these fortifications skills was that of prestige and intimidation, petty chiefs, Datus and Rajahs as they were called, often built forts and fortifications to intimidate
other chiefs in their area.
With the arrival of Muslim scholars from nearby Indonesia, the native Filipinos were introduced to the concept of the Kota or fort. The Muslim Filipinos of the south built
strongfortresses called kota or moong to protect their communities. Usually, many of the occupants of these kotas are entire families rather than just warriors. Lords often had their
own kotas to assert their right to rule, it served not only as a military installation but as a palace for the local Lord. It is said that at the height of theMaguindanao Sultanate's power, they
blanketed the areas around Western Mindanao with Kotas and other fortifications to block the Spanish advance into the region. These kotas were usually made of stone and bamboo or
other light materials and surrounded by trench networks. As a result, some of these kotas were burned easily of destroyed. With further Spanish campaigns in the region, the
Sultanate was subdued and majority of Kotas dismantled or destroyed. Kotas were not only used by the Muslims as defense against Spaniards and other foreigners, renegades and
rebels also built fortifications in defiance of other chiefs in the area.[2] During the American occupation, rebels built strongholds and the Datus, Rajahs or Sultans often built and reinforced
their kotas in a desperate bid to maintain rule over their subjects and their land.[3] Many of these forts were also destroyed by American expeditions; as a result, very very few kotas still
stand to this day.
SKILLS IN FORTIFICATION
The Kota
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Kota Selurong
An outpost of the Bruneian Empire in Luzon and later became the City of Manila.
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Kuta Wato / Kota Bato
Literally translates to "stone fort" the first known stone fortification in the country, its ruins exist as the "Kutawato Cave Complex"
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Kota Sug / Jolo
The capital and seat of the Sultanate of Sulu. When it was occupied by the Spaniards in the 1870s they converted the kota into the world's smallest walled city
Batanes Castles
The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called idjangs on hills and elevated areas. These
fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers
and could be kept away when invaders arrived.
Igorot Forts
The Igorots built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC
THE CLASSICAL FILIPINO HOUSE
Lawig
Small House
Mala-A-Walai
Torogan
Lanao del Norte and
Lanao del Sur
 The Large Houses / Big House of Datu Inuc
 Made of nipa, bamboo and wood
A prominent structure in the Moro Settlement, typically a one-room dwelling area without a ceiling and with no permanent partitions except for mats, chests or woven cloths. The house is
usually built on nine posts and has a porch linking the house proper to the kitchen. Maguindana houses have a steep roof and use the okir and other local artistic elements. Ventilation is
an important concern due to the hot climate on the Cotabato plane.
 The House of the Kings / Datu House / Royal House
 Elevated by 0.30m to 2.20m high above the ground with a single room structure without partitions
 Ancestral house for Datu and his family used for social and political ceremonies
An ornately decorated ancestral house for the datu and his extended family or the houses for the upper-class. It is the house of Maranao’s who speak the Austronesian Language.
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
PERIOD
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 The windows of torogan are slits and richly framed in wood panels with okir designs located in front of the house.
 The communal kitchen is half a meter lower than the main house is both used for cooking and eating.
 The distinct high gable roof of the torogan, thin at the apex and gracefully flaring out to the eaves, sits on a huge structures enclosed by slabs of timber and lifted more than two meters
above the ground by a huge trunk of a tree that was set on a rock.
 The house was built to sway during earthquakes. Twenty-five post of huge tree trunks were not buried but are freestanding. Sometimes, if needed, wooden pegs were used to secure the
wood members. These were all used to prevent the house from collapsing
DECORATIONS
 DIONGAL – apex of the roof
 TINAI-A-WALAI / RAMPATAN– intricate carvings, central beams that serves as intestines of the house
 MALONG – bright colored weaves hanging from the rafters to signify privacy
 PANOLONG – A wing-like beam located at the ends of the floor. Its usual motifs or designs ar Pako Rabong or Fern, Naga or Serpent. These are chiseled and painted with bright colors
Ifugao House
Mountains of
Cordillera
Badjao House
Coast of TawiTawi
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Single room of 4.00m x 6.00m rectangular plan, elevated by 1.50m – 2.00m high on four tree trunks as columns
Trunks are made from Amugawan Tree
Roof is covered with reed and grass resting on a brace supported by a kingpost
Two doors on both sides of the house accessed by a ladder
 Houses on stilts above shallow water with flooring made of bamboo
 Each house in the community was made accessible to eachother by means of bamboo planks laid out as streets
 Interior space was enclosed by wooden walls nailed permanently for protection
PARTS OF BAHAY NA KUBO
Nipa Hut / Bakay Kubo
Lowlands all over
the Philippines
 Originally a one-room dwelling and evolved into more sophisticated type of dwelling
 Walls are made of nipa leaves or flattened split bamboo cut into fine strips and were
woven in herringbone pattern forming tha sawali silid
 Roof is covered with cogon grass, rice stalks, sugar cane leaves, split bamboo, anahaw
leaves or nipa shingles
Bulwagan
Reserved for ntertaining guests
Silid
Private room for sleeping
Gilir / Paglutuan
Kitchen or cooking area
 Dapogan
Table on top where the river stone shoe-shaped stove is located
 Bangahan /
Banggerahan
Place for drying and storing pots and pans, drinking glasses,
plates and other kitchen utensils
 Batalan
Unroofed area where water jars were kept
Silong
Space underneath the house used as storage space for the
farming and fishing implements and where small animals were
also kept
Kamalig
Separate structure used for the storage of rice
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
Bahay Na Bato
Influence from the Spaniards
Stone at ground floor and wood at second floor
Improved version of the Bahay Kubo
Wooden posts of Molave and Ipil are used as supports for floors, beams and roof rafters
Yakal is used as floor joists while narra is used for floor boards
Overhanging eaves surround the house for protection of upper storey against the
heatand glare of the sun and heavy rains
GROUND FLOOR
PARTS OF BAHAY NA BATO






Zaguan
Carriages and Saint’s Floats are kept
Cuadra
Horse stable
Bodega
Storage room for keeping old furniture and palay bins
Entresuelo
Mezzanine elevated above a meter from the ground, can only be
accessed from the masters bedroom on the second floor
Patio
Enclosed courtyard open to the sky and adjacent to the zaguan
Aljibe
Cistern used for storage of collected rainwater underneath the
azotea
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION
SECOND FLOOR
PERIOD
Caida
Ante-Sala; immediate room from the ceremonial
Sala
Living room where balls and dances during fiestas and other
special occasions takes place
Comedor
Dining room
Cocina
Kitchen
Dispensa
Room adjacent to the Cocina used as food storage
Comun / Latrina
Toilet adjacent to the service area
Banyo / Paliguan
Bathroom often built separately from the toilet
Azotea
Open terrace open to toilet, bath and kitchen; also used as
laundry and service area
Cuarto / Alcoba /
Dormitorio
Bedroom
Balcon
Overhanging balcony fronting the main street
Intramuros
 Intramuros is the old walled city of Manila located along the southern bank of the Pasig River. The historic city was home to centuries-old churches, schools, convents, government
buildings and residences, the best collection of Spanish colonial architecture before much of it was destroyed by the bombs of World War II. Of all the buildings within the 67-acre city,
only one building, the San Agustin Church, survived the war.
Fort Santiago
 Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago) is a defense fortress established by Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi. The fort is the citadel of the walled city of Intramuros, in Manila.
The location of Fort Santiago was also once the site of the palace and kingdom of Rajah Suliman, king of Maynila of pre-Spanish era. It was destroyed by the conquistadorsupon arriving
in 1570, encountering several bloody battles with the Muslims and native Tagalogs. The Spaniards destroyed the native settlements and erected Fuerza de Santiago in 1571.
Paco Park
 Paco Park was planned as a municipal cemetery for the well-off and established aristocratic Spanish families who resided in the old Manila, or Intramuros. The cemetery is circular in
shape, with an inner circular fort that was the original cemetery with niches on the hollow walls. As the population continued to grow, a similar second outer wall was built with the thick
adobe hollow walls with niches, the top of the walls made into a walkway circumnavigating the park. A Roman Catholic chapel was built inside the inner walls, dedicated to St. Pancratius.
The landscape design was done by Ildefonso Santos from 1967 to 1969.
Lighthouses
 During the Spanish and American era many lighthouses were constructed around the Philippine Islands. The most Northeastern Lighthouse can be found in Burgos, Ilocos Norte.
Churches
 ANTIPOLO CHURCH
Antipolo, Rizal




 BACLAYON CHURCH
Bohol




Built by Fr. Juan de Torres and Fr. Gabriel Sanchez in 1595
Oldest church in Bohol
Oldest church mad of stone in the Philippines
Simple lines of Early Decorated Style
Bulacan





First built by Augustinian priests in 1859
Combination of Romanesque and Renaissance
Romanesque – recessed door jambs with orders and concentric arches
Renaissance – fluted flat pilasters used for relieving walls
Baroque – crowning pediment emphasized by the sweeping concave lines of the upper side walls
Las Piñas




First constracted by Fr. Diego Cerra in 1972
First stone church built in Las Piñas city and reconstructed by Architect Francico Mañosa
Church façade is Early Renaissance
House of the famous Bamboo Organ
 BARASOAIN CHURCH
 BAMBOO CHURCH
Began by Fr. Juan de Salazae in 1630
Bishops declared the church as the National Shrine of the Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage or Nuestra Señora de Paz y Buen Viaje
Circular Plan covered by a huge dome with three main entrances
Gothic influence in the facade
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
PERIOD
 LOBOC CHURCH
 OUR LADY OF MANAOAG
 MANILA METROPOLITAN
CATHEDRAL – BASILICA
(Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate
Conception)
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION
Bohol
 Constructed by Fr. Juan de Torres
 Contains the biggest number of murals on religious subjects done on its ceiling and walls
 Early Renaissance façade – circular windows filling the tympanum
Pangasinan
 Firs built by the Dominicans
 In 1880, the belfry demolished the church due to some cracks caused by an earthquake
 Church was completed in 1932
Manila
 First Church (1571) – When the church was raised to a cathedral in 1579, a new structure made from nipa, wood, and bamboo was constructed in 1581 by Domingo de Salazar, the first
bishop of Manila. The new structure was consecrated on December 21, 1581, formally becoming a cathedral. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1583
 Second Cathedral (1592) – The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1600.
 Third Cathedral (1614) – The new structure, consisting of three naves and seven chapels, was blessed in 1614. It was toppled by another earthquake which shook Manila in 1645.
 Fourth Cathedral (1654) – The fourth cathedral was constructed from 1654 to 1671. In 1750, a media naranja ("half orange") dome was added to the crossing by the Florentine friar Juan
de Uguccioni, who also introduced a transept to the structure. It was severely damaged in 1863 by a very strong earthquake that also damaged the palace of the Governor General of the
Philippines. In 1880, another earthquake toppled its bell tower, rendering the cathedral towerless until 1958.
 Seventh Cathedral (1870) – The seventh cathedral was constructed from 1870 to 1879.
 Present Cathedral (1954) – The present cathedral was constructed from 1954 to 1958 underCardinal Rufino Jiao Santos and under the supervision of the notable Filipino architect
Fernando H. Ocampo.




 MIAGAO CHURCH
(Santo Tomas de Villanueva Parish
Church)
 PAOAY CHURCH
(San Agustin Church of Paoay)
Iloilo
Declared as “National Landmark” in August 01, 1973
It is included in the UNESCO’s World Heritage List
Façade displays an example of Filipino Folk Art
The church's over-all architectural style falls under the Baroque Romanesque architectural style. Its ochre color is due to the materials used in constructing the church, adobe,
egg, coral and limestone. The church's foundation is 6 meters deep and the massive stone walls at 1.5 meters thick are intensified through the use of 4 meter thick flying buttresses as
protection to the Moro invaders as stipulated under Royal Decree 111 of 1573 (Law of the Indies).
 Façade – the façade of Miagao church consists of an ornately decorated bas-relief in the middle of two huge watchtower belfries on each side. The bas-relief is a mixed influence of
Medieval Spanish, Chinese, Muslim and local traditions and elements, a unique characteristic of the church façade. A prominent part of the façade is a coconut tree depicted as the tree
of lifewhere St. Christopher holds on. St. Christopher is dressed in local and traditional clothing carrying the Child Jesus on his back. The rest of the façade features the daily life of the
people of Miagao during that time including native flora (like papaya, coconut and palm tree) and fauna. Above the wooden door entrance at the center of the façade just below the image
of St. Christopher is a carved image of the town's patron saint, St. Thomas of Villanueva. At each side of the door are the images of St. Henry of Bavaria on the left and Pope Pius VI.
Above the images of St. Henry and Pope Pius VI is their respective coat-of-arms.
 Belltower – The two huge unequal belltowers directly attached to the main church serve as watchtowers to defend the town against invasion of Moros. It has two different designs since
it was commissioned by two different priests. On the left side is the older belfry, the tallest was the west belfry with four levels. Originally, the east belfry was constructed with only two
levels. It was in 1830 when Father Francisco Perez decided to add another storey to the east belfry (3 levels) is one level shorter than the west be;fry (4 levels).
Ilocos Norte
 Paoay church is the Philippines' primary example of a Spanish colonial earthquake baroque architecture dubbed by Alicia Coseteng, an interpretation of the
European Baroqueadapted to the seismic condition of the country through the use of enormous buttresses on the sides and back of the building. The adaptive reuse of baroque style
against earthquake is developed since many destructive earthquakesdestroyed earlier churches in the country. Javanesearchitecture reminiscent of Borobudur of Java can also be seen
on the church walls and facade.
 Buttresses – The most striking feature of Paoay Church is the 24 huge buttresses of about 1.67 metres (5.5 ft) thick at the sides and back of the church building. Extending
from the exterior walls, it was conceived to a solution to possible destruction of the building due to earthquakes. Its stair-like buttresses (known as step buttresses) at the sides of the
church is possibly for easy access of the roof.
 Walls – The walls are made of large coral stones on the lower part and bricks at the upper levels. The mortar used in the church includes sand and lime with sugarcane juice boiled
with mango leaves, leather and rice straw. Its walls suggest Javanesearchitectural styles.
 Façade – The stone facade appears as massive pediment rising from the ground and is built leaning towards the front. Square pilastersand stringed cornices divide the facade vertically
and horizontally respectively. Its bottom part is plain. Gothic features are also present through the use of finials while the triangular pediment shows Chinese elements and Oriental
strokes. Crenellations, niches, rosettes and the Augustinian coat of arms can also be seen. Facade is made of brick on the lower level and coral stones on the upper level.
 Belltower – Adjacent to the facade is a three-storey coral belltowerconstructed separately from the church building on the right side resembling a pagoda.[3][6] It was in 1793 when the
cornerstone of the belltower was laid.[4] It stands at some distance from the church as a protection against earthquake.[7]It served as observational post for Filipino revolutionariesagainst
the Spaniards in 1898 and by Filipino guerrillas against Japanese soldiers during World War II.
 Declarations – By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 260, Paoay Church was declared as a National Cultural Treasure by the Philippine government in 1973. The church was designated
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
PERIOD
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION
as aUNESCO World Heritage Site on December 11, 1993.
 QUIAPO CHURCH
Quiapo
 Conferre the title “Basilica Minor de Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno” in 1988
 Baroque façade with twisted columns on both levels
 SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH
Manila
 Designe after the High Renaissance
 Characterized by the super positioned columns of the Tuscan order on the first level and the Corinthian columns on the second level
 Iglesi San Pablo de Manilaq
 SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH
Manila
 52 tons of steel were transported to Manila
 “The First All-Iron Church in the World”
 First pre-fabricated structure to be erected in the Philippines
 SANTO DOMINGO CHURCH
Quezon City
 also known as National Shrine of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila (Spanish: Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario de La Naval de
Manila; Filipino: Pambansang Dambana ng Mahál na Birhen ng Santísimo Rosario ng La Naval), is the largest church in Metro Manila and one of the biggest churches in Asia.
 Early Church (1587) – A small church was erected on August 6, 1587, made from light materials. In January 1, 1588, the chapel was inaugurated and it enshrined the Miraculous image
of Our Lady of the Rosary from Mexico
 Second Church (1592) – the church was partially destroyed by an earthquake. Because the roof has collapsed, the Dominican friars decided to build a larger church made from stronger
materials. Through the direction of Father Alonzo Jiménez, the second church was made from stone. The church was inaugurated on April 9, 1592.
 Third Church (Early 17TH Century) – a fire of April 30, 1603, which destroyed a third of a city, consumed both the church and the convent. Almost immediately built a third church was
built, bigger and more costly. It contained a stone vault as precaution against fire and earthquake. Though made of stone, it was destroyed by another earthquake on November 30, 1645.
Only the high altar remained.
 Fourth Church (1862) – A fourth church of stone and hardwood was built. There were wooden arches and three naves inside the church. This time, wooden posts supported the roof and
divided the church into a central nave with side aisles. The artistic interior designs were executed under the direction of Father Francisco Gainza. The church took two years to build. The
structural soundness of the church made it last for 250 years. Initiated by Father Castro, A new façade flanked by two towers and patterned after London’s St. Paul’s Cathedral designed
by Christopher Wren, was built for the church. The façade lasted almost a year. The church was inaugurated on June 15, 1862 with great festival. On June 3, 1863, the Philippines
experienced one of the strongest earthquakes in its history. The church was ruined by an earthquake of the same intensity as that which hit Manila in 1645.
 Fifth Church (1887) – A few months after the 1863 earthquake, Felix Roxas presented a plan for the church’s reconstruction, partly following the plan of the previous church and utilizing
some of its salvageable parts. On August 30, 1864, the cornerstone of the present church was laid. In it was placed a lead box, containing art objects, gold coins, medals of saints and
other things belonging to the “Orden de Predicadores” Construction occurred from 1864 to 1887 in the gotico fingido (neogothic) style, using Philippine building materials. The immense
columns resembling spreading tree branches, were of acle, molave and ipil. The vault was of zinc or galvanized iron. The colored glass windows were ordered from Europe. These gave a
beautiful light inside the church. The four retablos were made under the direction of Father Joaquín Sabater, a professor of drawing at the University of Santo Tomás. Alberoni directed
the painting of the main altar.
The church measured 70 by 31 by 22 metres (230 ft × 102 ft × 72 ft) at the central aisles, and 16.6 metres (54 ft) high at the lateral aisles. Its towers rose to 23.3 metres (76 ft).
Although Fr. Sixto and Fr. Ristoro would supervise construction of the church, the Dominicans contracted the services of the European-trained architect Félix Roxas Sr. Roxas,
adapting the seismic realities, designed a church with story of stone an upper story of wood. He worked closely with Isabelo Tampinco who decorated the interior with carving imitating
the fan vault reminiscent of the English gothic; the walls and ceiling of the sacristy were similarly treated. Even the furniture in the sacristy was treated in the gothic manner. The chapel
of the Nuestra Señora de Rosario had an altar with lancet arches and gothic-inspired ornamented pinnacles. Its floor was made of native molave and narra and the pulpit was of fine
carving, with the images representing the different saints of the Order. A dove was attached to the sounding board of the pulpit, above which, there was an angel. The choir-loft was
spacious and was protected by wrought from railing manufactured in the Philippines. Over the central doorway, on the roof was enclosed in a glass case original Virgin of the Rosary,
which had been there for many centuries. The cupola above had many colored glass windows. Inside, was a balcony surrounded by iron railing.
The church incurred damage over time and was repaired. In 1887, the vault and the rose windows of batikuling were restored. The main altar was almost totally renovated, and the
columns repaired. The roof of the bell towers was renovated to assume a crown-like form. In 1941, the Gothic church of Santo Domingo in Intramuros was destroyed at the advent of the
Second World War. On December 21, 1941 the church and the Dominican monastery beside it were hit by Japanese bombs. This was the first church to be ruined during the Pacific
War. The friars, archives, the image of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval and other movable property like ivory statues, gala vestments of the Virgin; jewelry, and sacred vessels
were the only survivors of the war. The image was transferred to Santísimo Rosario Church at the University of Santo Tomás (UST) in España, Manila.
 Sixth Church – Current Building (1954) – After the Second World War, the Dominicans constructed the sixth church in a new location. They built it on a portion of land they had
purchased in Quezon City. The Dominicans commissioned José Ma. Zaragoza to design the building while he was still a student of architecture at UST.
The new Santo Domingo church was built in the Spanish Modern style, which was unlike the Baroque churches built during Spanish period. The church employed the latest technique
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
PERIOD
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION
in reinforced-concrete building. The Mission-style architecture includes Romanesque and Gothic designs that accommodate more space. Measuring 85 by 40 metres (279 ft × 131 ft)
with a height of 25 metres (82 ft), there is a total floor area of 3,300 square metres (36,000 sq ft). It is the biggest church in Metro Manila and one of the biggest churches in Asia.The
Santo Domingo church complex was inaugurated on October 12, 1954.
The church façade has receding planes with leaves designed in corbel arches. Over the triple portals of the church is a high-relief frieze depicting the story of the La Naval. The giant
bas-relief of Santo Domingo was designed by the Italian sculptor and expatriate Francesco Monti.
In the nave of the church there are eight colorful murals by National Artist Carlos “Botong” Francisco depicting the life and times of Santo Domingo de Guzmán, the Spaniard who
founded the Order of Preachers. Francisco’s murals are just below the equally brilliant murals of the Four Evangelists in vivid brown tones by Vicente García Llamas.
Curved windows of the church frame masterful stained-glass designs by Galo Ocampo whose bases show different ecclesiastical seals. The windows depict the original 15 Stations of
the Holy Rosary as well as the Battle of Lepanto and La Naval de Manila; and the martyrdoms of San Vicente Liem de la Paz and San Francisco Capillas, Dominican protomartyrs of
Vietnam and China, respectively. Right behind Sto. Domingo Church’s facade are intricately carved panels and stained glass windows lie a treasure trove of the Philippines’ rich cultural
heritage and the object of centuries-old devotion, the image of Our Lady of the Rosary of La Naval, the oldest Marian icon in the country.
 SANTO NIÑO DE CEBU
 BAGUIO CHURCH
Cebu
Baguio City








Basilica Minore is the tile conferred on this church
Declared a National Landmark by President Marcos
Built by Fray Juan de Albarran about 400 years ago, on the site where a soldier found an image of the Sto. Nino in a settlement that the Spanish soldiers have burned down
the Convent was founded in 1565, making it the first to be built in the country
constructed with stones from Panay and Capiz
façade : blending of Moorish, Romanesque and NeoClassical elements; trefoils on the doorways; two levels divided into three segments and topped by pediment; retablo at the center
belltower has four-sided balustraded dome
interior : pierced screen with floral motifs, pineapple decors at the choirloft, corn cobs at the capital
 Rising above the city skyline are the pinkish hues of the Baguio Cathedral. The cathedral is but one of religious landmarks which dot the city. There is the Bell Temple, north of the city the
Maryhurst Seminary with its brilliant gardens, and Lourdes Grotto with its 252 steps to heaven.
 TAMAUINI CHURCH
Isabela





 ANGAT CHURCH
Bulacan
 begun 1756-1773 by Augustinian Gregorio Giner; completed in 1802 by Fray Joaquin Calvo
 Baroque Style : coupled Corinthian and Doric columns divide façade into levels or segments, statues ringed with wreath-like ornaments flank niches, windows with bas-relief “curtains”
 plain three-storey belltower with balustered top
Batangas




 TAAL CHURCH
 DRAGA CHURCH
 BACLARAN CHURCH
(National Shrine of Our Mother of
Perpetual Help Redemptorist Church)
begun 1783-1788 by Dominican Domingo Forto and town mayor Pablo Sason; 1803-1808 – circular belltower was completed
pampango artisans carved the hardwood molds for the clay insets that decorate the church
ultra-baroque : unique for its extensive use of baked clay both for wall finishes and ornamentation
ornamental details : serpentine reliefs, spiral curves, flowers, foliage, sunfaces, cherubs and saints
circular belltower with white limestone finish, decorated with bright red clay rosettes and festoons
1858 : Fray Marcos Anton, with the help of the architect Don Luciano Oliver, started construction; the church was completed in 1878
built on top of a hill and may be reached through flagstone steps, unobstructed by other buildings
façade : arched windows alternate with Ionic columns at first level, Corinthian at upper level; projected cornices and mouldings; three pediments
interior is cavernous bur drab with stout piers and semi-circular apse : mathematical exactness rather than ornamentation
Albay
 established by people who fled the eruption of Mt. Mayon form Cagsawa
 the Franciscan wanted a church with the best features of Romanesque and Gothic, but it was executed by the carvers in Baroque
 façade : a whole tablet without columns and cornices, only symmetrically positioned fenestrations, apertures and niches; whorls, twisted columns, foliage, medallions, statues and reliefs
Parañaque
 The present Modern Romanesque church is the third to be built on the same site. It was designed by architect César Concio.[1] It took six years to build because most of the money
came from small donations—the suggestion from the pulpit was 10 Philippine centavosper week—that often ran out requiring construction to stop.[1] The foundation stone was laid on
January 11, 1953 and on December 1, 1958 the new church was consecrated.[1] The church opened with a mass on December 5, 1958 and has been open 24 hours ever since, never
closing.
 The modern, Romanesque Revival building has a full seating capacity of 2,000, but as many as 11,000 people (including standing) can fit inside during Masses.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 17 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
PRITZKER LAUREATES (1979 to 2000)
YEAR
1979
NAME
NATION
JOHNSON Philip
USA
1980
BARRAGAN Luis
Mexico
1981
STIRLING James
UK
PRITZKER LAUREATES (2001 to 2018)
YEAR
2001
2002
ROCHE Kevin
Ireland
1983
PEI Ieoh Ming
China
2004
1984
MEIER Richard
USA
2005
1982
2003
The Order Of NATIONAL ARTISTS
Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining
NAME
NATION
HERZOG Jacques
Switzerland
YEAR
DE MEURON Pierre
Switzerland
1973
NAKPIL
MURCUTT Glenn
UK
1976
ANTONIO
NAME
Juan F.
Pablo S.
Denmark
1990
LOCSIN
Leandro V.
HADID Zaha
Iraq
2006
SANTOS
Ildefonso Jr.
MAYNE Thom
USA
2014
ZARAGOZA
Da ROCHA Paolo Mendes
Brazil
2018
MAÑOSA Francisco T. “Bobby”
UTZON Jørn
Jose Maria V.
1985
HOLLIEN Hans
Austria
1986
BÖHM Gottfried
Germany
2007
ROGERS Richard
Italy
1987
TANGE Kenzo
Japan
2008
NOUVEL Jean
France
LIKHA GOLD MEDAL AWARDEES
NIEMEYER Oscar
Brazil
2009
ZUMTHOR Peter
Switzerland
NO.
YEAR
BUNSHAFT Gordon
USA
SEJIMA Kazuyo
Japan
1
1982
1989
GEHRY Frank
Canada
NISHIZAWA Ryue
Japan
2
1987
1990
ROSSI Aldo
Italy
2011
De MOURA Eduardo Souto
Portugal
3
1990
1991
VENTURI Robert
USA
2012
SHU Wang
China
4
1995
1992
SIZA Alvaro
Portugal
2013
ITO Toyo
Japan
5
1996
1993
MAKI Fumihiko
Japan
2014
BAN Shigeru
Japan
6
2000
1994
de PORTZAMPARC Christian
Morocco
2015
OTTO Frei
Germany
7
2003
MAÑOSA Francisco T.
1995
ANDO Tadao
Japan
2016
ARAVENA Alejandro
Chile
8
2005
MANAHAN Geronimo V.
1996
MONEO Rafael
Spain
ARANDA Rafael
Spain
9
2006
1997
FEHN Sverre
Norway
2017
PIGEM Carme
Spain
10
2009
1998
PIANO Renzo
Italy
VILALTA Ramon
Spain
11
2013
HONG Froilan L.
1999
FOSTER Norman
UK
2018
DOSHI Balkrishna
India
12
2014
REYES Yolanda D.
2000
KOOLHAAS Rem
Netherlands
2019
ISOZAKI Arata
Japan
13
2017
1988
PURPOSE
To honor a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates a
combination of those qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, who has
produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built
environment through the art of architecture.
The international prize, which is awarded each year to a living architect/s for
significant achievement, was established by the Pritzker family of Chicago
through their Hyatt Foundation in 1979. It is granted annually and is often
referred to as “architecture’s Nobel” and “the profession’s highest honor.”
2006
2010
NAME
MENDOZA Felipe M.
LOCSIN Leandro V.
FORMOSO Gabriel P.
CANCHELA Cesar V.
MAÑOSA Manuel T.
LAZARO JR. Angel
FLORENTINO Edilberto F.
NUKE Norberto M.
LUIS Prosperidad C.
LIKHA GOLD MEDAL AWARD
MEDAL
The laureate receives $100,000 and also a bronze medallion. The bronze medallion
awarded to each Laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize is based on designs of
Louis Sullivan, famed Chicago architect generally acknowledged as the father of the
skyscraper. On one side is the name of the prize. On the reverse, three words are
inscribed, “firmness, commodity and delight,” recalling Roman architect Vitruvius'
fundamental principles of architecture of firmitas, utilitas, venustas.
The highest distinction to be bestowed upon a fellow, who has
adhered to the highest standards of professional and ethical
conduct, practiced in excellence and prestige the architectural
profession, has rendered distinguished contribution and
service to the UAP, and has performed exceptional
achievements and active participation in the concern of the
community, government and country.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 18 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
UAP PRESIDENTS (Past & Present)
NO.
CH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
NAME
NUKE Norberto M.
HERRERA Jose V.
GAITE Ruperto C.
MENDOZA Felipe M.
ARELLANO Otillo A.
LOCSIN Leandro V.
MAÑOSA Manuel T.
CANCHELA Cesar V.
HISTORY OF UAP
YEAR
1975
1976
1977-1978
1979-1980
1981
1981-1982
1983-1984
1985-1986
8
HONG Froilan L.
1987-1988
9
LAZARO Angel R. Jr.
1989
10
ALCORDO Richeto C.
1990-1991
11
MARQUEZ Jaime C.
1992-1994
12
MANGIO Nestor S.
1994 -1996
13
CUNTAPAY Emmanuel P.
1996-1998
14
REYES Yolanda D.
1998-2000
15
LUIS Prosperidad C.
2000-2002
16
SAC Robert S.
2002-2004
17
OLONAN Enrique O.
2004-2005
18
FLORENTINO Edric Marco C.
2005-2007
19
20
21
ROLDAN Medeliano T. Jr.
LING Ana M.
MENDOZA Ramon S.
2007-2009
2009-2010
2011-2012
22
ROSAL Rozanno C.
2012-2014
23
REGALA Ma. Benita O.
2014-2016
24
HISANCHA Guillermo H.
2016-2018
25
PANGANIBAN Benjamin K. Jr.
2018-Present
During the Spanish era there were no schools of Architecture in the Philippines.
The first Filipino recorded architect was Felix Roxas y Arroyo, born circa
1820 in Manila, studied in Spain and stayed for many years in England and
France. Previous to this, a Filipino could aspire to erect an architectural structure
through the help of a Maestro de Obras or master builder. The first formal school
for master builders was opened only during the last decade of the 19th century.
On 14 September 1902, many of the graduates of this school joined the civil
engineers and surveyors in the country and founded the first professional
organization of architects and allied professionals ~ the Academia de
Arquitectura y Aguimensura de Filipinos (AAAF). It maintained direct
consultation with the American Institute of Architects (AIA). A year after, its name
was changed to Academia de Inginieria, Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas
(AIAAF). In 1904 it founded the first school of Architecture in the Philippines, the
Escuela de Ingenieria y Arquitectura, which offered five-year courses in
Architecture and Civil Engineering.
In 1911, the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers withdrew to form their
own professional organization, but not before it has struggled for the passage of
an Engineers and Architects Law. In 1921, the Philippine National Assembly Act
No. 2985 passed, the first enabling law for the practice of the professions of
engineering and architecture, defined the unique and separate identities of the
two professions.
The profession of Architecture in the Philippines was given its first separate
statute on 17 June 1950 with the enactment of Republic Act 545, "An Act to
Regulate the Practice of Architecture in the Philippines."
From the early 1930's to late 1950's, associations of architects were founded,
but only three survived until the early 1970's ~ the Association of Philippine
Government Architects (APGA), League of Philippine Architects (LPA), and the
Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA). In June 1973, President Ferdinand E.
Marcos issued Presidential Decree 223, creating the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC) regulating all professions and accrediting only one
organization to represent each profession.
The newly integrated organization of architects was called the United Architects
of the Philippines (UAP). All 1300 members of the three organizations
automatically became members of the UAP and during its first year, 700
members officially registered for active membership.
On 26 March 1975, the UAP was registered with the Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) and on 12 May 1975, the PRC issued
Certificate No. 001 to the UAP as the duly accredited professional organization
of architects in the Philippines. The organization has been participating in the
activities of local government units, in civic and in related professional fields. The
UAP received many professional awards including the highly acclaimed
Excellence Award given by the Government of the Republic of the Philippines
and the Most Outstanding Professional Organization of the Year awarded by the
PRC in 2002.
The UAP has been instrumental in the passing of Republic Act 9266: The Architect's
Law of 2004, effective April 26, 2004. On 22 June 2004, the PRC, through its Board
of Architecture, accredited the UAP as the Integrated and Accredited Professional
Organization of Architects (IAPOA). The new law granted Filipino architects more
definitive rights, benefits and distinction as against other professionals in the
construction industry
The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) was born on December 12, 1974
out of the noble vision of unifying the three (3) existing architectural associations at
that time - the Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA), the League of Philippine
Architects (LPA) and the Association of Philippine Government Architects (APGA).
Through the concerted efforts of the officers and members of the three
organizations, the vision officially materialized on March 26, 1975, where the UAP
was registered with the Philippines' Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). On
May 12, 1975, the UAP was granted Certificate No. 001, the first professional
organization to be accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).
The PRC is the central agency of the Philippine Government charged with the
licensing and regulation of professionals and the professions, as well as the
Accredited Professional Organizations (APOs).
Since its registration, UAP has received many awards, including the highlyacclaimed PRC's Most Outstanding Accredited Professional Organization. To date, it
is still the first and only APO to win the award four times in the Award's eighteenyear history. These were in years 2002, 2007 and 2008 and this year 2011. The
award is presented annually to recognize the achievements, services and
commitments of the APO to the profession. UAP bested forty two (42) other
professional organizations, through 12 stringent criteria set for the award.
For its volunteer works, UAP was chosen in addressing housing problems, urban
degradation, environmental conservation and promotion of volunteerism for socioeconomic development; the UAP was a Regional Nominee to the "Search for
Outstanding Volunteers" by the Philippine National Service Coordinating Agency
(PNVSCA) in its celebration of National Volunteer Month last December 2005.
PNVSCA takes the lead in advocating and recognizing the contributions of
volunteers to nation-building and international cooperation.
Last April 2009, in celebration of the Earth Day, the UAP, through its advocacy group
"Green Architecture Movement", was awarded the 2009 Father Neri Satur Award for
Environmental Heroism - the only accredited professional organization in the
Philippines to receive such a prestigious environmental award.
Last November 2010, UAP received its First International Award ~ in Adelaide,
Australia, the EAROPH 50th Golden Jubilee Award in recognition of the
organization's substantial contribution to the advancement of Planning, Development
and Management of Human Settlements in the Philippines.
As impressive as UAP record is, an even more important metric of our success is
the large number of awards and honors earned by our members through the years.
We feel privileged to have our members received these honors and recognition.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 19 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
ANTONIO, PABLO SEBRERO
ARELLANO, OTILIO A.
ARELLANO, OTILIO A.
DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO CRUZ
 National Artist In Architecture
 National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue
 National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue
 Mindanao State University, Marawi City,
 Far Eastern University, Philippine National Bank, Manila
Railroad Company
 Sining Kayumanggi at Mehan Gardens
CAUDAL, ALEJANDRO YELAB
 Paseo de Roxas
 Palacio del Gobernador Intramuros
 Jacinto Residence, Bustos, Bulacan
 Church of Jesus Christ and the latter day Saints projects
 Major Work: Ideal Theater In Rizal, Manila
 Philippine School of Business
 Luis Santos House, Malolos
 FEU Building In Quezon Boulevard
 Administration, Aurora Boulevard
 Lopa Residence, Pasay
 Central Luzon State University buildings, Munoz, Nueva
Ecija
 Apartments In Roxas Boulevard
 Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation, Buendia, Makati
 Lerma House, New Manila, Quezon City
 National Science Development Board, Taguig
 Ramon Roces Publications Building
ARGUELLES, TOMAS FERNANDEZ
 Tiongco House, Pandacan, Bulacan
 Atomic Research Center complex, Quezon City
 White Cross Preventorium
 Elizalde Building on Muelle de la Industria, Manila
CONCIO, CESAR HOMERO
 Asian Development Bank (DFA), Roxas Boulevard
 Manila Polo Club
 Heacock’s Building, Escolta
 UP Diliman Palma Hall and Melchor Hall
FORMOSO. GABRIEL PAPA
 Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building On
ARGUELLES, CARLOS D.
 Protestant Chapel and Fellowship Center, UP Diliman
 Central Bank complex
 Rizal Avenue, Carriedo
 Philamlife Building
 Buildings in Silliman University
 Metropolitan Museum
 FEU Administration And Science Buildings
 Manila Hilton (now Manila Pavillion), United Nations
Avenue
 UP College of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna
 Valley Golf Club, Victoria Valley, Antipolo, Rizal
 Galaxy Theater In Rizal Avenue
 Insular Life Building, Makati
 Alabang Golf and Country Club, Alabang
ARANETA, LUIS MARIA GONZAGA
 Holiday Inn, Roxas Boulevard
 Children’s Memorial Hospital, Quezon City
 Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City
 Times Theater, Quezon Boulevard
 Philippine National Bank, Escolta
 Mother of Perpetual Help, Baclaran
 Club Filipino, Greenhills
 Manila Doctors’ Hospital, UN Avenue
 Urdaneta Apartments
 Union Church of Manila
 Pacific Star Building, Makati
 Makati Medical Center, Makati
 Tuscany Apartments
 Ramona Apartments, Adriatico Street, Manila
 Anerica-Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas
 Santa Catalina College, Legarda, Manila
 Development Bank of the Philippines, Makati
COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM VARGAS
 Botica Boie Building, Escolta, Manila
 Chronicle Broadcasting Network Studios, Quezon City
 Robinson’s Commercial Complex, Pasig
 Bikko Manila Garden Hotel, Epifanio delos Santos
Avenue
ARELLANO, ARCADIO DE GUZMAN
BELLOC, VICENTE B.
 Ayala Twin Towers, Makati
 Manila Peninsula Hotel, Ayala Avenue
 Roman Ongpin’s Bazaar
 Cemetery of Nagcarlan
 Alexandra (11 buildings), Pasig
 Asian Institute of Management, Paseo de Roxas
 El 82, Plaza Calderon de la Barca
BERENGUER-TOPACIO, CHED
 One Beverly Place, Greenhills, San Juan
 Dona Narcisa de Leon Building
 Hotel de Francia
 Interiors of hotels, restaurants, etc.
 Wack-Wack Twin Towers
HERVAS, JUAN
 Carmelo and Bauermann Building, Azcarraga
BURNHAM, DANIEL HUDSON
 Skyland Plaza Twin Towers, Makati
 Manila Railroad Station, Tutuban
 Gota de Leche Building, S.H.Loyola
 Proposed grand plan for Manila involving a gridiron
street pattern.
 Atrium, Makati
 Arranque and Herran Markets
 Casino Espanol, Taft Avenue
 Galeria de Magallanes, Makati
 Assumption Convent, Herran Street
ARELLANO, JUAN DE GUZMAN
CALMA, LORENZO LICAD
 Alabang 400, Muntinlupa
 Estrella del Norte, Escolta
 Legislative Building (senate and national museum)
 Interiors of DBP, Makati
 Quezon City Sports Club
 Heacock Store Building
 Post Office Building
 Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City
 Centro Escolar University Complex, Malolos
 Paris-Manila Building
 Villamor Hall, UP Campus in Taft
 Silahis Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
 Magellan Hotel and Resort complex, Cebu
HONG, FROILAN BAUTISTA
 Metropolitan Theater
 Midtown Ramada Hotel, Pedro Gil
 Shoemart City, Cebu and Quezon City
 Manila Film Center, Pasay, Manila
 Master plan of UP Diliman Campus
 Puerto Azul Hotel and Beach Resort, Ternate, Cavite
DE UGUCCIONI, JUAN
PALAFOX, FELINO JR
 Landscaping plans for Padre Burgos Avenue, Harrison
Park, North and South Port Areas, Roxas Boulevard and
Malacanang.
 Benguet Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila
 Proposed repairs for Colegio de Santa Potenciana
 Rockwell Center
 Hidalgo Palace
 PNB, Escolta
 Overseer reconstruction of Manila Cathedral
 The Rizal Tower
 Luna Gardens
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 20 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
HUBILLA, JOHNNY
LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES
MAÑOSA, JOSE TRONQUED
OCAMPO, FERNANDO HIZON
 Philippine Trade House, Bangkok
 Legarda Elementary School
 SMC Head Office, Mandaluyong
 Manila Metropolitan Cathedral
 Philippine Trade Center, Toronto, Canada
 Alfonso Zobel house, Roxas Boulevard
 BPI Head Office, Makati
 Paterno Building, Sta. Cruz, Manila
 Philippine House, Mainz, Germany
 San Vicente de Paul Chapel, San Marcelino Street
MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELO
 Oriental Club
 Philippine Pavilion, World Trade
 Rafael Fernandez House, Arglegui Street
 Batasang Pambansa Buildings, Quezon City
 Cu Un Jieng Building, Escolta
 Exposition in Leipzig Germany
 Perez-Samantillo Building, Escolta
 Development Avcademy of the Philippines, Pasig
 Central Seminary Building, UST
 Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Fair in Spokane,
Washington DC
 Fernandez Martinez House, San Miguel, Manila
 RCBC, Buendia
 Arguelles Building, Rizal Avenue
 St. Cecilia’s Hall, St. Scholastica’s College
 E.A. Perkins Residence, Roxas Boulevard
 Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank Building
(Antonino Building), Kalaw Street
 Sacred Heart Novitiate Building, Novaliches
LOCSIN, LEANDRO V.
 National Artist in Architecture
 Basa Residence, Lepanto Street, Manila
 FEU Hospital, Nicanor Reyes Street, Manila
 Cathedral of the Immaculate Concepcion restoration
 Main Theater, CCP Complex
 Evangelista Residence, Rizal Avenue Extension
 Church of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary
 Folk Arts Theater, CCP Complex
 Sy Cong Bieng Mausoleum, Manila
 Library and Science Center, Xavier University, Cagayan
de Oro
 Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibitions
(PHILCITE)
 North Cemetery
 Manila Cathedral reconstruction
LUZ, ALFREDO J. DIMAYUGA
 San Jose Seminary Building, Ateneo de Manila
University
 Philippine Convention Center, CCP Complex
 Ramon Magsaysay Building, Roxas Boulevard
 Assumption School Buildings, Antipolo
 Philippine Plaza Hotel
 Far East Bank and Trust Head Offices, Intramuros
 Mormon Temple, Green Meadows, Quezon City
 Hyatt Regency Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
 WHO Regional Headquarters, Taft Avenue
NAKPIL, ANGEL E. SANCHO
 Makati Stock Exchange Building
 IRRI, Los Banos
 National Press Club Building, Magallanes Drive
 Designed parks in Alaala Park, Pagsanjan
 Ayala Museum, Makati Avenue
 666 T.M. Kalaw
 PLDT Former Head Opffice, De la Rosa Street, Makati
PARSONS, WILLIAM E.
 Manila Hotel renovation
 1414 Roxas Boulevard
 Lopez Museum Building, Pasay
 Implementing Burnham’s plans for Baguio and Manila
 Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Makati
 1515 Roxas Boulevard
 Picache Building, Quiapo
 Preparing City plans for Cebu and Zamboanga
 National Arts Center, Laguna
 1010 A. Mabini
 Roche Building, Pasong Tamo
PENASALES, SERGIO VILLAR
 Manila International Airport (NAIA)
 Dole Philippines, Polomolok, South Cotabato
 Petrona Apartments,. Taft Avenue
 Museo Iloilo, Iloilo City
 Istana Nurul Iman, Palace of the Sultan of Brunei
 Standard Vacuum Refining Corporation, Limay, Bataan
NAKPIL, JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS
 Tinucuan Chapel, Passi
MAÑOSA BROTHERS
 General Milling Corporation, Mactan, Cebu
 Geronimo de los Reyes Building
 Barbaza Church, Barbaza Antique
 Sierra Lake Resorts, Laguna
 Republic Cement Corporation, Norzagaray, Bulacan
 Capitan Pepe Building
 Landscaping of UI, University Mall, Iloilo
 Hidden Valley Springs Resort, Laguna
MAÑOSA, FRANCISCO TRONQUED
 Quezon Institute Administration Building and Pavilions
 Memorial Park, Amphitheater Green, Oton
 Maya-maya Resort, Batangas
 Tahanang Pilipino, CCP Complex
 Manila Jockery Club
 Makiling Conference Center, Laguna
 Shrine of our Lady Queen of Peace, Ortigas Avenue
 Avenue Hotel and Theater
 Prepared master plans for development of town plazas of
Molo, Jaro and Lapaz.
 Colegio de San Agustin, Makati
 Mary Immaculate Parish Church,
 Quiapo Church
RAMIREZ, EDGARDO P.
 Guadalupe restoration
 Moonwalk Subdivision, Las Pinas
 Gen. Vicente Lim Residence, Vito Cruz
 Interiors of Philippine Embassy and
 Andres Soriano Memorial Hospital
 Las Pinas Church restoration
 Philippine Trust Building in Plaza Gotti
 Palace Hotel in Beijing China
 Bislig Bay Lumber Co. in Surigao del Sur
 Stations of Light Rail Transit (LRT)
 Security Bank and Trust Building
 Sulo Restaurant
 Development of Quezon Memorial Circle
 Rizal House reconstruction., Calamba Laguna
 Interiors of the Defense Department, National Bank of
Abu Dhabi, Arab Monetary Fund, Amini Court, etc.
 San Miguel Corporation Head Office, Mandaluyong
Rizal
 Development, restoration and landscaping of Corregidor
Island
 UP Administration and Library Buildings
 Admiral Apartments, Roxas Boulevard
OLIVER, LUCIANO
OLIVEROS, EDITH L.
 Interiors of Admiral Hotel, Cebu Plaza Hotel, Wackwack
Golf and Country Club, Philippine House in Chicago,
Illinois, Philippine House, Houston, Texas
 Ever and State Theaters., Rizal Avenue
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 21 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
ROXAS, FELIX ARROYO
TOLEDO, ANTONIO MANALAC
 Enlargement and reconstruction of the parish church in
Bacoor, Cavite
 UP Padre Faura campus
 College of Medicine Annex and UP Library, Manila
Manila Hotel
Metro Manila
1912 - 1967
 Jesuit Church of Sa Ignacio, Intramuros
 Leyte Capitol
Ramon Maggsaysay Center
Metro Manila
1967 - 1968
RUANO, ROQUE
 Department of Agriculture and Commerce (Tourism)
Manila Pavilion Hotel
Metro Manila
1968 - 1989
90
22
 Dominican House, Baguio
 Department of Finance
Pacific Star Building
Metro Manila
1989 - 1991
112.5
29
 Dominican College, Lingayen
 Philippine Normal School
The Peak Tower
Metro Manila
1991 - 1992
138
38
 “Crucero” in the Church of our Lady of Manaoag
 Manila City Hall
Pacific Plaza Condominium
Metro Manila
1992 - 1994
150
44
 Santa Catalina College, Pampanga
VILLAROSA, ROGELIO GARCIA
Rufino Pacific Tower
Metro Manila
1994 - 1997
162
41
 Hospital of the Sacred Heart
 Edsa Shangri-la Hotel
Robinsons Equitable Tower
Metro Manila
1997 - 1998
175
45
 Santa Teresita Church, Yokohama Japan
 Edsa Plaza, Mandaluyong
Horizons 101 Tower 1
Cebu City
2016
185
55
 UST Main Building
 Tektite Towers, Pasig
Petron Megaplaza
Metro Manila
1998 - 2000
210
45
SANTOS, IDELFONSO PAEZ
 Alexandra (11 building complex)
PBCom Tower
Metro Manila
2000 - 2017
259
52
 Batulao Village Club, Batangas
 King’s Court II, Pasong Tamo
Grand Hyatt Manila
Metro Manila
2017 - Present
318
66
 Caliraya Lake Resort, Laguna
 Silahis International Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
TIMELINE OF TALLEST SKYSCRAPERS (World)
 Eternal Gardens Memorial Park, Manila
 National Bookstore Super Branch,
 Imus Town Plaza, Imus, Cavite
 Araneta Center Cubao
HEIGHT [m
(ft)]
INCREASE
 Raintree Sports Club, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 Puerto Azul clubhouse
The buildings that were the tallest skyscrapers – but still shorter than the tallest church or cathedral
 Artist’s Village, Garden for the Blind
 Makati Sports Club
Equitable Life Building
New York, USA
1870 - 1884
40 (130)
-
 Teodora Valencia Circle
ZARAGOSA, JOSE MARIA
Home Insurance Building
Chicago, USA
1884 - 1890
42 (138)
6.15%
 Rehabilitation of the Japanese Garden
 Meralco Building, Pasig
New York World Building
New York, USA
1890 - 1894
94 (308)
136.92%
SANTOS-VIOLA, CARLOS ANTONIO
 Santo Domingo Church and Convent, Quezon City
Manhattan Life Insurance Building
New York, USA
1894 - 1895
100 (330)
7.14%
 Iglesia ni Cristo structures (chief architect)
 Philippine Airlines building, Ayala Avenue
Milwaukee City Hall
Milwaukee, USA
1895 - 1899
108 (354)
7.27%
 Philippine Banking Corporation Building, Port Area,
Manila
Park Row Building
New York, USA
1899 - 1901
119 (390)
10.17%
 Franciscan churches of Singalong, Mandaluyong,
Tagaytay and Lipa City.
 St. John Bosco Parish Church, Pasay Road
Philadelphia City Hall
Philadelphia, USA
1901 - 1908
167 (548)
 Union Church, Makati
Singer Building
New York, USA
1908 - 1909
186.57 (612.1)
11.72%
 Nustra Senora de Guia, Ermita Manila
 Pius XII Catholic Center, UN Avenue
Metropolitan Life Tower
New York, USA
1909 - 1913
213.36 (700)
14.36%
SINDIONG, ANTONIO S.
MAPUA, TOMAS BAUTISTA
Woolworth Building
New York, USA
1913 - 1930
241 (791)
12.95%
 Megamall, Mandaluyong
 Manila Central Post Office Building, Ermita, Manila
Bank of Manhattan Trust Building
New York, USA
1930
283 (928)
17.43%
 Harrison Plaza Shopping Center, Manila
 St. La Salle Hall, St. La Salle University
Chrysler Building
New York, USA
1930 - 1931
319.9 (1,050)
13.04%
 Ali Mall II, Cubao
 Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar University
Empire State Building
New York, USA
1931 - 1972
381 (1,250)
19.1%
 New Farmers Plaza Shopping Center, Cubao
 Philippine General Hospital Nurses Home
World Trade Center
New York, USA
1972 - 1974
417 (1,368)
9.45%
 East Pakistan Rice Research Institute, Bangladesh
Sears Tower
Chicago, USA
1974 - 1998
442 (1,450)
6%
 Kebayoran Housing Project, Indonesia
Petronas Towers
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
1998 - 2003
451.9 (1,483)
2.24%
 Arabian Villas, Dubai
Taipei 101
Taipei, Taiwan
2003 - 2010
509.2 (1,671)
12.68%
Burj Khalifa
Dubai, UAE
2010 - Present
828 (2,717)
62.61%
 Templo Central
 Our Lady of Lourdes, Quezon City
TIMELINE OF TALLEST BUILDINGS (Philippines)
NAME
LOCATION
NAME
LOCATION
YEARS AS
TALLEST
YEARS AS
TALLEST
HEIGHT (m)
FLOORS
70
18
18
Since 1901, the world's tallest building has always been a secular skyscraper.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 22 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE
STRUCTURE
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
ARCHITECT
DATE
STRUCTURE
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE (Europe, Near East, North Africa) (15,000 BC–AD 400s)
c. 1300 BC
Citadel at Tiryns,
Prehistoric Architecture (Paleolithic and Neolithic)
Ancient Greek Architecture
LOCATION
Greece
c. 15,000 BC,
Mammoth-bone house
Mezhirich, Ukraine
Paleolithic
c. 550 BC
Temple of Hera I,
Paestum, Italy
c. 6500 BC, ,
Catal Huyuk, village
Turkey
Neolithic
c. 530 BC
Delphi
c. 3100 BC,
Skara Brae, village
Orkney Islands,
Scotland
Treasury of the
Siphnians,
Neolithic
500s BC
Sanctuary of Apollo,
Delphi
mid-400s BC
Acropolis,
Athens
c. 400 BC
Athenian Agora,
Athens
c. 400 BC
Temple of Athena
Pronaia, Delphi
c. 3100–1500 BC,
Stonehenge
Salisbury Plain,
Wiltshire, England
Neolithic
c. 3000–2500 BC
Newgrange, tombs,
Ireland
Neolithic
Ancient Near Eastern Architecture (Sumerian, Mari, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian)
300s BC
Miletos, city plan,
modern-day Turkey
c. 7200 BC
Ain Ghazal,
c. 200 BC
Theater at Epidauros
Epidauros
c. 7000 BC
Jericho, walls of the city
c. 6500 BC
Catal Huyuk,
Turkey
Neolithic
AD 132
Temple of the Olympian
Zeus,
Athens
c. 2100 BC
Nanna Ziggurat,
Ur, Iraq
Sumerian
Etruscan Architecture
2000s BC
Palace of Zimrilim,
Syria
Mari
480 BC
Tomb of the Lioness,
Tarquinia
late 900s BC–AD 70
Temple of Solomon,
Jerusalem
Jewish
200s BC
Tomb of the Reliefs,
Cerveteri
c. 720 BC
Citadel of Sargon II,
modern-day
Khorsabad, Iraq
Assyrian
c. 100s BC
Porta Augusta,
Perugia
c. 575 BC
Ishtar Gate
and throne room
c. 518–460 BC
Palace of Darius at
Persepolis,
Jordan
Neolithic
Neolithic
Neo-Babylonian
Iran
Persian
Ancient Egyptian Architecture
c. 2665 BC
King Djoser’s funerary
complex,
Pont du Gard,
Nimes, France
late 100s BC
Temple of Portunus,
Rome
13 BC
Ara Pacis,
Rome
AD 72–80
Colosseum,
Rome
AD 79
Pompeii, city plan
Arch of Titus,
Rome
AD 100s
Timgad,
Algeria
AD 113
Basilica Ulpia,
Rome
AD 113
Column of Trajan,
Rome
c. AD 125
Hadrian’s Villa,
Tivoli
AD 118–125
Pantheon,
Rome
AD 200s
Hadrian’s Wall,
Great Britain
AD 211
Baths of Caracalla,
Rome
AD 300s
Roman Forum,
Rome
AD 310
Basilica of Maxentius
and Constantine,
Rome
AD 315
Arch of Constantine,
Rome
Egypt
c. 2100 BC
Model from Tomb of
Meketra,
Thebes
1473–1458 BC
Temple of Queen
Hatshepsut,
Deir el-Bahri
Great Temple of Amun,
Karnak
Karnak
c. 1279 BC
Temple of Amun, Mut
and Khonsu,
Luxor
c. 1279 BC
Temple of Rameses II
and Temple of Nefertari,
Abu Simbel
c. 1295–1186 BC
late 100s BC
AD 81
Pyramids of Giza,
Ancient Aegean Architecture (Minoan and Mycenaean)
c. 1900–1400 BC
Palace at Knossos,
Crete
(Minoan)
c. 1600–1200 BC
Citadel at Mycenae,
Greece
Mycenaean
ARCHITECT
Ancient Roman Architecture
Saqqara
c. 2589–2503 BC
STYLE
Mycenaean
Vitruvius Pollio,
Marcus
(c. 80–25 BC)
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 23 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
STYLE
ARCHITECT
DATE
STRUCTURE
c. 1053
AD 240s
Dura-Europos, Syria
early 1600s
Katsura Palace,
Kyoto,
Himeji Castle, Hyogo,
near Osaka,
Yoyogi Gymnasium,
Tokyo (Olympics)
1976
Azuma House
Osaka
1988
Church on the Water,
Tomamu
1989
Church of the Light,
Ibaraki-shi, Osaka
1984
Silver Hut,
Tokyo
House-Church,
AD 320s
Saint Peter’s Church,
Rome
1600s
AD 350s
Santa Costanza,
Rome
1964
AD 420s
Santa Sabina,
Rome
AD 425
Mausoleum of Galla
Placidia,
Ravenna
ARCHITECTURE OF ASIA
Indian Architecture (and Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka)
c. 2600 BC
Mohenjo-Daro
200s BC
Ajanta Caves,
Deccan
200s–100s BC
Great Stupa,
Sanchi
100s BC
Rock-Cut Hall of Karla
c. AD 530
Vishnu Temple at
Deogarh
c. 1000
Kandariya Mahadeva
Temple,
Khajuraho, Madhya
Pradesh, India
c. 1000
Rajarajeshvara Temple
to Shiva,
Thanjavur, Tamil
Nadu, India
1057–1287
Bagan, temple complex,
Myanmar
1632–1648
Taj Mahal,
Agra, India
Kyoto Prefecture,
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Heian Period
by Kobori Enshu
Momoyama Period
Tange, Kenzo
(1913–2005)
Ando, Tadao (1941–
)
Ito, Toyo (1941–
Southeast Asian Architecture (Myanmar [Burma], Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia,
Thailand, Taiwan, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, etc.). See Indian Architecture
1100s
Angkor(begun)
Cambodia,
PRE-COLUMBIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE AMERICAS (900s BC–AD 1500s)
Mesoamerican Architecture (Aztec, Inca, Maya, Olmec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec)
Mughal Empire
Chinese Architecture
AD 618–907
Byodo-in, Uji,
LOCATION
Early Semitic and Christian Architecture
Chang’an, Capital of
Tang Dynasty
c. 900–600 BC
La Venta, Great Pyramid
and Ballcourt,
c. 500 BC
Teotihuacan, ceremonial
center,
AD 400s–700s
Tikal ceremonial center,
Guatemala
(Maya)
800s–1200s
Chichen Itza,
Yucatan, Mexico
(Maya)
1200s–1500s
Tenochtitlan, Great
Pyramid,
Mexico City
(Aztec)
1450–1530
Machu Picchu,
Peru
Mexico
(Olmec)
Mexico
Native American Architecture (North and South America)
AD 645
Great Wild Goose
Pagoda at Ci’en Temple,
Xi’an, Shanxi
Province, Tang
Dynasty (rebuilt 700s)
AD 782
Nanchan Temple,
Wutaishan, Shanxi
Province.
Tang Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
1368–1644
Forbidden City,
Beijing,
1986
Hong Kong and
Shanghai Bank,
Hong Kong
Foster, Norman
(1935– ):
1980s
Bank of China
Hong Kong
Pei, I. M. (1917– )
1998
Jin Mao Building,
Shanghai
Skidmore, Owings &
Merrill:
Japanese Architecture
early AD 100s
(rebuilt 1993)
Ise, Inner Shrine,
Mie Prefecture,
Yayoi Period
600s
Horyu-ji, Main
Compound,
Nara Prefecture,
Asuka Period
New Mexico,
Utah, Arizona,
and Colorado
900s–1400s
Anasazi “Great
Houses,”
900s–1400s
Chaco Canyon
New Mexico
c. 1150
Cahokia
East St. Louis,
Missouri
1450s
Pueblos at Taos,
New Mexico
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE (400s–1300s)
Byzantine Architecture
530s by and
Hagia Sophia,
Istanbul
AD 546
San Vitale,
Ravenna, Italy
early 1000s
Monastery of Hosios
Loukas,
near Stiris, Greece
c. 1017
Cathedral of Santa
Kiev, Ukraine
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 24 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Anthemius of Tralles
Isidorus of Miletus,
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
1063
Cathedral of San Marco,
Venice, Italy
Islamic Architecture (Moorish, Mughal, Ottoman, Seljuk)
692 begun
Dome of the Rock,
Jerusalem,
740s, begun
Mshatta Palace
Jordan,
785
Great Mosque,
Cordoba, Spain
847
Great Mosque,
Samarra
1350s
Alhambra,
Granada, Spain
1570s
Sinan, Selimiye Mosque,
Edirne, Turkey
1632–1648
Taj Mahal,
Agra, India
1980s
King Faisal Mosque,
Islamabad, Pakistan
1986–1993
King Hassan II Mosque,
Casablanca, Morocco
1550s
Suleyman Mosque,
Istanbul
Mughal Empire
Sinan, Mimar Koca
Agha (1489–1588)
Monastery of
Montecassino,
Italy
late 600s
Santa Maria de
Quintanilla de las Vinas,
Burgos, Spain
792–805
Palace Complex of
Charlemagne,
Aachen, Germany
Carolingian
799 Abbey
Church of St. Riquier,
Monastery of Centula
France
Carolingian,
dedicated
c. 817
Saint Gall Monastery
961
Church of Saint
Cyriakus,
Gernrode, Germany
Ottonian, begun
1001–1032
Church of Saint Michael,
Hildesheim, Germany
Ottonian
Carolingian
Romanesque Architecture; see also Castle
1030s
Krak des Chevaliers
Krak des Chevaliers
1060s
Pisa Cathedral
Complex
Italy
c. 1060s
Saint-Etienne, Caen
Normandy, France
c. 1075–1100s
Durham Castle and
Cathedral
England
1078
Tower of London
London, begun
1078–1122
Cathedral of Saint
James
Santiago de
Compostela,
Spain
1080
Sant’Ambrogio
Milan
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
1130s
Saint-Lazare
Autun
1130s
Cathedral of SaintLazare
Autun, begun
1240s
Castel del Monte
region of Puglia
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Gothic Architecture
Early Medieval Architecture (Carolingian and Ottonian)
529
DATE
ARCHITECT
Sophia,
c. 1130s
Chartres Cathedral
Chartres, France
1160s
Notre Dame
Paris
1211
Reims Cathedral
Reims, France, begun
1240s
Sainte-Chapelle
Paris, France
1240s
Cologne Cathedral
Cologne, Germany
1250s
Amiens Cathedral
Amiens, France
1300s
Milan Cathedral
Milan, Italy
PRE-MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE (1400s–1700s)
Renaissance Architecture
1290s
Florence Cathedral,
1290s,
Palazzo della Signoria
Florence, 1290s
1505
Saint Peter’s Church,
Rome, begun
1520s begun
Fontainebleau,
France,
1530s–2000s
Louvre,
Paris
1559
Escorial,
Madrid, begun
1420s
Florence Cathedral
Dome
Italy
1420s,
Ospedale degli Innocenti
(Foundling Hospital),
Florence;
1420s,
San Lorenzo,
Florence;,
1430s
Santo Spirito,
Florence;
1430s,
Pazzi Chapel,
Florence
1440s
Medici Palace
Florence
1450s,
Tempio Malatestiano,
Rimini;
1470,
Sant’Andrea,
Mantua
1480s,
Villa Medici at Poggio a
Caiano,
outside Florence;
1485,
Santa Maria delle
Carceri,
Prato, Italy
1501,
Italy, begun
Tempietto;
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 25 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Brunelleschi,
Filippo (c. 1377–
1446):
Michelozzo di
Bartolomeo (1391– c.
1472)
Alberti, Leon
Battista (1404–
1472):
Sangallo, Giuliano da
(c. 1443–1516):
Bramante, Donato
(1444–1514):
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Serlio, Sebastiano
(1475–1554)
1505–1513,
Saint Peter’s Church,
Rome
1520s,
facade, San Lorenzo,
Florence;
1530s–1540s,
Capitoline Hill,
Rome;
1530s–1560s,
Saint Peter’s Church,
Rome
1510s
Villa Madama,
Rome
1530s,
Farnese Palace,
Rome
1520s,
Library,
Venice
1560s,
Villa Rotunda;
Vicenza, Italy;
1560s–1570s,
San Giorgio Maggiore,
Venice,
1580–1585,
Teatro Olimpico (with
Vincenzo Scamozzi),
Vicenza
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Pieter Post),
1650s,
Santa Maria della Pace,
Rome
Cortona, Pietro da
(1596–1669):
1650s,
Sant’Andrea al Quirinale,
Rome
Bernini, Gian
Lorenzo (1598–
1680):
Raphael Sanzio
(1483–1520):
1630s–1665,
San Carlo alle Quattro
Fontane, Rome:
Sangallo, Antonio da
the Younger (1484–
1546):
Borromini,
Francesco (1599–
1667):
1640s,
Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza,
Rome
1660s,
Twin Churches at Piazza
del Popolo
Rome
Rainaldi, Carlo
(1611–1691):
1675–1710,
St. Paul’s Cathedral,
London
Wren, Christopher
(1632–1723):
1705,
Blenheim Palace,
Woodstock, England
Vanbrugh, John
(1664–1726):
Michelangelo
Buonarroti (1475–
1564):
Sansovino, Jacopo
(1486–1570):
Palladio, Andrea
(1508–1580):
Rococo Architecture
Mannerism
1696,
Schonbrunn Palace,
Vienna
Fischer von Erlach,
Johann Bernhard
(1656–1723):
1702–1736,
Benedictine Monastery
Church,
Melk, Austria
Prandtauer, Jakob
(1660–1726):
1520s,
Laurentian Stairs,
Florence;
1520s,
New Sacristy, San
Lorenzo,
Florence
1534,
Palazzo Massimo alle
Colonne,
Rome
Peruzzi, Baldassare
(1481–1537)
1732,
Salon de la Princesse,
Hotel de Soubise,
Paris
Boffrand, Germain
(1667–1754):
1520s,
Palazzo del Te,
Mantua
Romano, Giulio (c.
1499–1546):
1720s,
Hospicio de San
Fernando,
Madrid
Ribera, Pedro de (c.
1681–1742):
early 1500s
Arden House,
Stratford-Upon-Avon
1719–1744,
Residenz,
Wurzburg, Bavaria,
Germany;
1515–1521
Hampton Court Palace,
London
1743,
Vierzehnheiligen,
Staffelstein, Germany
1730s,
Amalienburg Pavilion,
Munich
1749–1754,
Church of Saint Andrew,
Kiev;
1752–1756,
Catherine Palace,
Tsarskoye Selo,
outside St.
Petersburg;
1754–1762,
Winter Palace,
St. Petersburg
Michelangelo
Buonarroti
(1475–1564)
Tudor Style
Baroque Architecture
1505–1650s
Saint Peter’s Church,
Rome
1620s–1650s
Piazza Navona papal
enclave,
Rome,
1660s
Versailles Palace,
Versailles, France
Francois Mansart
(1598–1666), Louis
Le Vau (1612–1670),
and Jules HardouinMansart,
1620s,
Banqueting House,
Whitehall Palace,
London
Jones, Inigo
(1573–1652):
1633
The Mauritshuis,
The Hague;
1648–1655,
Town Hall,
Amsterdam
Campen, Jacob van
(1595–1657): (with
Neumann, Johann
Balthasar (1687–
1753):
Cuvillies, Francois
(1695–1768):
Rastrelli, Francesco
Bartolomeo (1700–
1771):
Neo-Classical Architecture; also see below under Architecture of the United States
1722–1726,
Saint Martin-in-theFields,
London;
1739–1749,
Radcliffe Camera,
Oxford
1720s,
Chiswick House,
West London
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 26 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Gibbs, James
(1682–1754):
Boyle, Richard
(Lord Burlington)
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
DATE
ARCHITECT
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
1750s,
The Circus,
Bath, England
Wood, John the Elder
(c. 1704–1754):
1755–1792,
Sainte-Genevieve
(Pantheon),
Paris
Soufflot, JacquesGermain (1713–
1780):
1759,
Kedelston Hall,
Derbyshire,
commissioned;
1760s,
Syon House,
Middlesex,England;
1770s,
Osterley Park,
Middlesex, England
1770s,
Chaux city plan,
1780s,
funerary monument for
Isaac Newton
1822,
Altes Museum,
France
Adam, Robert
(1728–1792):
Ledoux, ClaudeNicolas (1736–1806):
Boullee, EtienneLouis (1728–1799):
Berlin
Schinkel, Karl
Friedrich (1781–
1841):
ARCHITECT
1947):
(1695–1753):
1896,
Secession House,
1899–1905,
Paris Metropolitan
stations
Vienna
Olbrich, Joseph
Maria (1867–1908):
Guimard, Hector
(1867–1942):
1904,
Purkersdorf Sanatorium,
Vienna;
1904–1911,
Stoclet Palace,
Brussels
Hoffmann, Josef
(1870–1956):
Arts and Crafts; also see below under Architecture of the United States
1893–1895,
Glasgow Herald
Building,
Glasgow, Scotland;
1897–1909,
Glasgow School of Art,
Glasgow, Scotland;
1902–1904,
Hill House,
Helensburgh,
Scotland
Mackintosh,
Charles Rennie
(1868–1928):
EARLY-20th-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE, ASIA, AND SOUTH AMERICA
Expressionism; also see below under Architecture of the United States
19th-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE
1912,
Falkenberg Housing
Estate,
Gothic Revival Architecture; see also Romantic Architecture; also see below under Architecture
of the United States
1914,
Glass Pavilion, Cologne
Werkbund Exhibition
Berlin;
Taut, Bruno (1880–
1938):
1749,
Strawberry Hill,
Twickenham, England
Walpole, Horace
(1717–1797):
1917,
Einstein Tower,
Potsdam
Mendelsohn, Erich
(1887–1953):
1830–1860s,
Houses of Parliament,
London
Barry, Charles
(1795–1860):
1950s,
Notre Dame du Haut,
Ronchamp
Corbusier, Le
(1887–1965):
1865,
Saint Pancras Railway
Station,
London
Scott, George Gilbert
(1811–1878):
Bauhaus Architecture; see also International Style
1925, ,
Bauhaus Building
Dessau, Germany
London
Pugin, Augustus
Welby Northmore
(1812–1852):
Gropius, Walter
(1883–1969):
1929,
German Pavilion,
Barcelona
Mies van der Rohe,
Ludwig (1886–
1969):
1830s,
Houses of Parliament,
Romantic Architecture; see also Gothic Revival Architecture; also see Architecture of the United States
1890s–1940s
1815–1832,
Cotswold Cottage;
Royal Pavilion,
Futurist Architecture; see also Constructivist Architecture
see Tudor Revival Style
Brighton, England
Nash, John (1752–
1835):
Beaux-Arts Architecture; also see below under Architecture of the United States
1860s,
Opera,
Paris
Palau Guell,
Barcelona;
1880s,
Sagrada Familia,
Barcelona;
1905,
Casa Mila,
Barcelona
1892,
Tassel House,
Brussels
Sant’Elia, Antonio
(1888–1916):
Città Nuova
International Style; also see below under Architecture of the United States
Garnier, Charles
(1825–1898):
Art Nouveau
1880s,
1914,
Gaudí, Antoni
(1852–1926):
Horta, Victor (1861–
1896–1903,
Amsterdam Stock
Exchange,
Amsterdam
Berlage, Hendrick
Petrus (1856–1934):
1909,
AEG Turbine Factory,
Berlin
Behrens, Peter
(1868–1940):
1910,
Steiner House,
Vienna;
1926,
Tristan Tzara House,
Paris;
1927,
Moller House,
Vienna;
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 27 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Loos, Adolf (1870–
1933):
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
1928–1930,
Villa Muller,
Prague
1911,
Fagus Shoe Factory,
Alfeld an der Leine,
Germany
1915,
Woodland Cemetery,
Stockholm, Sweden;
1920s,
City Library,
Stockholm, Sweden
1929,
Villa Savoye,
Poissy-sur-Seine,
France;
1946–1952,
Unite d’Habitation,
1950s,
Chandigarh, India, city
layout
1935,
Viipuir Library,
Vyborg, Finland;
1938–1939,
Villa Mairea,
Noormarkku, Finland
1953,
UNESCO World
Headquarters,
Paris
1949,
Hiroshima Peace
Memorial Park and
Museum;
1964
(Olympics) National
Gymnasium Complex,
1960s,
Palace of the National
Congress and Cathedral
Marseilles, France;
STYLE
DATE
ARCHITECT
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
Gropius,Walter
(1883–1969), and
Adolf Meyer:
Asplund, Erik
Gunnar (1885–
1940):
Le Corbusier
(1887–1965):
1903–1904,
25 bis Rue Franklin
apartments,
1922–1924,
Church of Notre Dame
du Raincy
1946–1952,
Unite d’Habitation,
Paris;
Marseilles
Perret, Auguste
(1874–1954):
Corbusier, Le
(1887–1965):
Colonial Architecture (1620–1820s)
Paul Revere House,
Boston,
Massachusetts
Aalto, Alvar (1898–
1976):
1683
Parson Capen House,
Topsfield,
Massachusetts
Breuer, Marcel
(1902–1981):
1700s
Turner-Ingersall House,
Salem, Massachusetts
Georgian Style (1690–1790)
Neo-Classical Architecture (1720s–1860s)
Tange, Kenzo
(1913–2005):
Yoyogi Park, Tokyo
Brasilia
1926–1928,
Zuev Worker’s Club,
1919,
design for “Tatlin’s
Tower” (never built)
1925,
Soviet Pavilion,
World’s Exposition,
Paris;
1927–1929,
Architect’s House,
Moscow;
Niemeyer, Oscar
(1907– ):
Moscow
1927–1929,
Kauchuk Factory Club,
Moscow;
1927–1929,
Rusakov Worker’s Club,
Moscow
1928–1932,
Narkomfin Building,
Golosov, Ilya (1883–
1945):
Tatlin, Vladimir
(1885–1953):
1803
United States Capitol,
Washington, D.C.,
begun
1770s,
Monticello,
Charlottesville,
Virginia
Jefferson, Thomas
(1743–1826):
1796,
Old State House,
Hartford, Connecticut
Bulfinch, Charles
(1763–1844):
1801,
Bank of Pennsylvania
Latrobe, Benjamin
Henry (1764–1820):
Gothic Revival Architecture (1760s–1840s)
1840s,
Trinity Church,
New York
Melnikov,
Konstantin
Stepanovich (1890–
1974):
Federal Style (1783–1830)
Moscow
Ginsburg, Moisei
(1892–1946):
Greek Revival Style (1820–1870); see Romantic Architecture
1924,
Schroeder House,
Utrecht,
Netherlands
Rietveld, Gerrit
(1888–1964):
1932–1936,
Casa di Fascio,
Como, Italy
Terragni, Giuseppe
(1904–1943):
Borgoricco, Italy
Rossi, Aldo (1931–
1997):
Rationalism (and Neo-Rationalism)
New Town Hall,
ARCHITECT
ARCHITECTURE OF THE UNITED STATES (1600s–1960s)
1680s
Constructivist Architecture; see also Futurist Architecture
1980s,
STYLE
Brutalism; also see below under Post-Modernism and Beyond
1796,
Old State House,
Hartford, Connecticut;
1798,
Massachusetts State
House,
Boston, begun
Upjohn, Richard
(1802–1878):
Bulfinch, Charles
(1763–1844):
Romantic Architecture (1830s–1870s); see also Gothic Revival Architecture
1890s,
Vanderbilt Mansion,
Newport, Rhode
Island
Italianate Style (1840–1890s); see Romantic Architecture
Second Empire Style (1855–1885); see Victorian Architecture
Stick Style (1860–1890); see Victorian Architecture
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 28 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Hunt, Richard
Morris (1827–1895):
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Victorian Architecture (1860–1900)
1880s,
Stoughton House,
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Tudor Style (1890–1940)
Cambridge,
Massachusetts
Richardson, Henry
Hobson (1838–
1886):
Colonial Revival (1890s–2000s); see Colonial Architecture
Prairie Style (1900–1920s)
Eastlake Style (1870–1890); see Victorian Architecture
1906–1909,
Richardsonian Romanesque (1870s–1900)
1870s,
Trinity Church,
Boston;
1885–1887,
Marshall Field
Warehouse,
Chicago
Richardson, Henry
Hobson (1838–
1886):
Frederick C. Robie
House,
Chicago
Wright, Frank Lloyd
(1867–1959) and
Marion Mahony
Griffin (1871–1961):
Expressionism (and Blobitecture) (1910s–1950s)
1947–1949,
Baker House, MIT,
Boston;
Shingle Style (1870s–1900); see Victorian Architecture
1959,
Opera House,
Essen, Germany
Queen Anne Style (1870s–1910); see Victorian Architecture
1947,
Ledbetter House,
Norman, Oklahoma;
Mission Style (1890–1915); see Arts and Crafts
1950s,
Bavinger House,
Norman, Oklahoma
Beaux-Arts Architecture (1890s–1920s)
1940s–1950s,
Solomon Guggenheim
Museum
New York
Wright, Frank Lloyd
(1867–1959):
1956–1962,
Trans World Airport
(TWA) Terminal,
New York
Saarinen, Eero
(1910–1961):
Hood, Raymond
(1881–1934) and
John Mead Howells
(1868–1959):
1890s,
Biltmore Estate,
Asheville, North
Carolina;
1890s,
Vanderbilt Mansion, “The
Breakers,”
Newport, Rhode
Island;
1893,
World’s Columbian
Exposition,
Chicago;
1895,
Metropolitan Museum of
Art,
New York
1887–1895,
Boston Public Library;
1895–1903,
Rhode Island State
Capitol,;
1906,
Morgan Library,
New York;
1910,
Pennsylvania Station,
New York
1897–1911,
New York Public Library,
1903,
Grand Central Station,
Hunt, Richard
Morris (1827–1895):
Gamble House,
Goff, Bruce (1904–
1982):
Art Deco (1920s–1930s)
1924
Chicago Tribune Tower
Chicago
McKim, Charles
Follen (1847–1909),
William Rutherford
Mead (1846–1928),
and Stanford White
(1853–1906):
1929,
New York Daily News
Building,
New York;
1930s,
Radio City Music Hall,
Rockefeller Center,
New York
1930,
Chrysler Building,
New York
Alen, William Van
(1883–1954):
Carrere, John (1858–
1911) and Thomas
Hastings (1860–
1929):
1931,
Empire State Building,
New York
New York
Shreve, Lamb and
Harmon:
1942,
First Christian Church,
Columbus, Indiana
Saarinen, Eliel
(1873–1950):
New York
Wetmore, Charles
(1866–1941) and
Whitney Warren
(1864–1943):
1937,
Architect’s House,
Lincoln,
Massachusetts
Gropius,Walter
(1883–1969):
1931,
Philadelphia Savings
Fund Society Building
(PSFS),
Philadelphia
Howe, George
(1886–1955) and
William Lescaze
(1896–1969):
1938,
Breuer House I,
Lincoln,
Massachusetts;
1945,
Geller House,
Lawrence, Long
Providence
Pasadena, California
Greene, Charles
Sumner (1868–1957)
and Henry Mather
Greene (1870–1954):
Hood, Raymond
(1881–1934):
International Style (and Modernism) (1920s–1960s)
Arts and Crafts (Bungalow, Craftsman) (1890s–1930s)
1908,
Aalto, Alvar (1898–
1976):
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 29 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Breuer, Marcel
(1902–1981):
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
Vanna Venturi House,
Chestnut Hill,
Pennsylvania
1963,
Guild House
Philadelphia;
1991,
Seattle Art Museum,
Seattle
1977–1984,
World Trade Center
Financial Center,
New York;
1986–1988,
Wells Fargo Center,
Minneapolis;
1990,
Bank of America
Corporate Headquarters,
Charlotte, North
Carolina;
1998,
Petronas Twin Towers,
Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
1980s,
New Town Hall,
Borgoricco, Italy
1982,
Portland Public Service
Building,
Portland, Oregon;
1990s,
Dolphin Resort,
Orlando, Florida
1967,
Habitat ’67,
Saarinen, Eero
(1910–1961):
1967
World Exposition,
Pei, I. M. (1917– ):
1961–1967,
National Center for
Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, Colorado;
Skidmore, Owings
& Merrill (Gordon
Bunshaft):
1974–1978,
East Wing of the
National Gallery of Art,
Washington, D.C.
1974,
Hirshhorn Museum,
Washington, D.C.
Bunshaft, Gordon
(1909–1990):
1989,
Church of the Light,
Ibaraki-shi, Osaka
Ando, Tadao (1941):
Farnsworth House,
Plano, Illinois;
1951,
860–880 Lake Shore
Drive,
Chicago;
Mies van der Rohe,
Ludwig (1886–
1969):
1954,
Seagram Building,
New York
with Philip Johnson,
1946,
Kaufman House,
Palm Springs,
California
Neutra, Richard
(1892–1970):
1949,
“Glass House,”
New Canaan,
Connecticut;
1978–1983,
AT&T Corporate
Headquarters,
New York
1950s,
Yale University Art
Gallery,
New Haven,
Connecticut;
1967–1972,
Kimbell Art Museum,
Fort Worth, Texas
Irwin Union Bank,
Columbus, Indiana
1968–1974,
Christian Science
Center,
Boston;
1977,
Hancock Tower,
Boston
1952,
Lever House,
New York
Johnson, Philip
(1906–2005):
Kahn, Louis (1901–
1974):
Niemeyer, Oscar
(1907– ) with Le
Corbusier,
Ranch Style (1930–1970s)
1946,
Kaufman House,
Palm Springs,
California
Neutra, Richard
(1892–1970):
Usonian House (1930s–1960s)
1937,
Edgar Kaufmann House,
Mill Run,
Pennsylvania
ARCHITECT
Moore, Charles
Willard (1925–1993):
1960s,
1946,
1954,
STYLE
New Orleans
New Canaan,
Connecticut
New York;
LOCATION
Piazza d’Italia,
Breuer House II,
1952,1960s
STRUCTURE
1978,
1948,
United Nations
Headquarters
DATE
ARCHITECT
Island;
Wright, Frank Lloyd
(1867–1959):
Tudor Revival Style (1950s–1970s)
POST-MODERNISM AND BEYOND (1960s–2000s)
Montreal
Venturi, Robert
(1925– ) and Denise
Scott Brown (1931– )
Pelli, Cesar (1926– ):
Rossi, Aldo (1931–
1997):
Graves, Michael
(1934– ):
Safdie, Moshe
(1938– ):
Brutalism (1960s–1980s)
Pei, I. M. (1917– ):
Neo-Rationalism (1980s–1990s): See Rationalism
1995,
Barcelona Museum of
Contemporary Art;
1997,
Getty Center,
1999–2003,
Kyobo Tower, Seoul,
South Korea;
2003–2006,
Church of Santo Volto,
Turin
Los Angeles
Meier, Richard
(1934– ):
Botta, Mario (1943–)
Deconstructivism (1980s–2000s)
Post-Modern Architecture (1960s–1990s)
1978–1983,
AT&T Headquarters,
New York
Johnson, Philip
(1906–2005) and
John Burgee:
2006,
Suzhou Museum,
Suzhou, China
Pei, I. M. (1917– ):
1959,
Sydney Opera House,
Sydney, Australia
Utzon, Jorn (1918– ):
1991–2003,
Walt Disney Concert
Hall,
Los Angeles;
1993–1997,
Guggenheim Museum,
Bilbao, Spain
1989,
Wexner Center for the
Arts,
Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Gehry, Frank (1929)
Eisenman, Peter
(1932– ):
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
STYLE
ARCHITECT
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Milwaukee Art Museum,
Wisconsin;
2001–2005,
“Twisting Torso,”
Malmo, Sweden;
2007,
Transportation Hub,
World Trade Center,
(planning)
New York
Libeskind, Daniel
(1946– ):
1969,
John Hancock Center,
Chicago;
Skidmore, Owings
& Merrill: Fazlur
Khan,
Weil-am-Rhein,
Germany
Hadid, Zaha (1950– )
1970–1973,
Sears Tower,
Chicago;
Fazlur Khan and
Bruce Graham,
Dresden
Coop Himmelb(l)au:
2009,
Burj Dubai
United Arab Emirates
Adrian Smith
2000,
Tate Modern Art
Museum renovation,
London;
2002–2005
Allianz Arena
Munich, Germany
Herzog and De
Meuron Architekten:
2001–2005,
Casa di Musica,
Porto;
2004,
Seattle Central Library
Koolhaus, Rem
(1944– ):
1999,
Alfred Lerner Hall,
Columbia University,
New York
Tschumi, Bernard
(1944– ):
1999,
Jewish Museum,
Berlin;
2006,
Frederic C. Hamilton
Addition, Denver Art
Museum,
Denver, Colorado
1989,
Vitra Fire Station,
1993–1998,
UFA-Palast,
2005,
Walker Art Center
Expansion,
Minneapolis;
2005,
M. H. de Young
Museum,
San Francisco
Herzog and De
Meuron Architekten:
Green Architecture (1980s–2000s)
Critical Regionalism (1980s–2000s)
1934,
Chapel in Tlalpan,
outside Mexico City;
Barragán, Luis
(1902–1988):
1958,
Ciudad Satelite,
Mexico City
with Mathias Goeritz,
1976,
Azuma House,
Osaka;
1988,
Church on the Water,
Tomamu;
1989,
Church of the Light,
Ibaraki-shi, Osaka;
2002,
Modern Art Museum,
Fort Worth, Texas
1975,
Halawa House,
Agami, Egypt
Ando, Tadao (1941)
1935–1939,
Fallingwater,
Bear Run,
Pennsylvania
Wright, Frank Lloyd
(1867–1959)
1980,
Thorncrown Chapel,
Eureka Springs,
Arkansas
Jones, E. Fay
(1921–2004)
1991,
Tjibaou Cultural Center,
Noumea, New
Caledonia
Piano, Renzo
(1937– )
1994,
Foundation Cartier,
Paris
Nouvel, Jean
(1945– )
El-Wakil, Abdul
(1943– ):
High-Tech Architecture (1980s–2000s)
1980s,
Akasaka Prince Hotel,
Tokyo;
1996,
Fuji Television Building,
Tokyo
1992,
London Ark,
London
Erskine, Ralph
(1914–2005):
1986,
Hongkong and Shanghai
Bank,
Hong Kong
Foster, Norman
(1935– ):
1970s,
Pompidou Center,
Paris
Piano, Renzo (1937–
) and Richard Rogers
(1933– ):
2002–2003,
design for World Trade
Center,
New York
Libeskind, Daniel
(1946– ):
1992,
Montjuic
Communications
Towers,
Olympic Games,
Barcelona;
2001,
Quadracci Pavilion,
Milwaukee,
Tange, Kenzo
(1913–2005):
1 PETER 1:6-7
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
6 In this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while, if need be, you have
been grieved by various trials, 7 that the genuineness of your faith, being much
more precious than gold that perishes, though it is tested by fire, may be found
to praise, honor, and glory at the revelation of Jesus Christ
Calatrava, Santiago
(1951– ):
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 31 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
DATE
ARCHITECT
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
Ancient Near
Eastern
Architecture
Post-and-Lintel
Ancient Near
Eastern
Architecture
Column
c. 7000 BC
Jericho
c. 6500 BC
Catal Huyuk,
western Turkey
Mohenjo Daro,
Indus Valley
Civilization
Indian Architecture
c. 2600 BC
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Architecture
Brick
3100–1500 BC
Prehistoric
Architecture
Stonehenge, England
c. 2665 BC
Funerary Complex of
Djoser,
Saqqara
Ancient Egyptian
Architecture
1295–1186 BC
Great Temple of Amun,
Karnak
Ancient Egyptian
Architecture
c. 518–460 BC
Palace of Darius at
Persepolis,
Iran
Ancient Near
Eastern
Architecture
c. 2000 BC
Ziggurats,
Sumerian
Ancient Near
Eastern
Architecture
c. 575 BC
Ishtar Gate,
Neo-Babylonian
Ancient Near
Eastern
Architecture
447–438 BC
Parthenon,
Acropolis, Athens
Ancient Greek
Architecture
AD 211
Baths of Caracalla,
Rome
Ancient Roman
Temple of Athena Nike,
Acropolis, Athens
Ravenna
Early Christian
Architecture
c. 425 BC
AD 425
Galla Placidia
Mausoleum,
Ancient Greek
Architecture
AD 546
San Vitale,
Ravenna
Byzantine
1560s,
Villa Rotonda,
Vicenza
Renaissance
Architecture
Palladio, Andrea
(1508–1580):
1200s
Great Mosque of
Djenne,
Mali
Islamic
Architecture
1650s,
Saint Peter’s piazza,
Rome
Baroque
Architecture
1450s
Taos Pueblo
New Mexico
Native American
Architecture
Bernini, Gian
Lorenzo (1598–
1680):
1755–1792,
Church of SainteGenevieve,
Paris
Neo-Classical
Architecture
Soufflot, JacquesGermain (1713–
1780):
1803–1820s,
United States Capitol,
Washington, D.C.
Neo-Classical
Architecture
Latrobe, Benjamin
(1764–1820):
1420s
Florence Cathedral
dome
1891
Wainwright Building,
1903
Amsterdam Stock
Exchange
1906–1909
Frederick C. Robie
House,
1911
Fagus Shoe Factory,
1947–1949
1963
Baker House,
Guild House
Renaissance
Architecture
Sullivan, Louis
(1856–1924):
Arch
Berlage, Hendrick
Petrus (1856–1934):
c. 3100 BC
Skara Brae, village,
Orkney Islands,
Scotland
Prehistoric
Architecture
Chicago
Wright, Frank Lloyd
(1867–1959):
1250 BC
Lion Gate,
Mycenae, Greece
Ancient Aegean
Architecture
Alfeld an der Leine,
Germany
Gropius,Walter
(1883–1969) and
Adolf Meyer:
late 100s BC
Pont du Gard,
Nimes, France
Ancient Roman
Architecture
AD 100s
Market of Trajan,
Rome
MIT, Boston
Aalto, Alvar (1898–
1976):
Ancient Roman
Architecture
AD 211
Baths of Caracalla,
Rome
Philadelphia
Venturi, Robert
(1925– ):
Ancient Roman
Architecture
AD 310
Basilica of Maxentius
and Constantine,
Rome
Ancient Roman
Architecture
late 600s
Santa Maria de
Quintanilla de las Vinas,
Burgos, Spain
Early Medieval
Architecture
785,
Great Mosque at
Spain
Islamic
St. Louis
Stone
c. 3100 BC
Skara Brae, village,
3100–1500 BC
Stonehenge, England
Brunelleschi,
Filippo (c. 1377–
1446):
Orkney Islands,
Scotland
Prehistoric
Architecture
Prehistoric
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 32 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
Cordoba
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Architecture
1884,
Cathedral of Sagrada
Familia,
Barcelona
Gaudí, Antoni
(1852–1926):
1937, ,
Golden Gate Bridge
San Francisco
Strauss, Joseph
(1870–1938):
1960s,
St. Louis Gateway Arch,
Missouri
Saarinen, Eero
(1910–1961):
Marble
mid-400s BC
AD 118–125
Acropolis,
Pantheon,
Athens
Ancient Greek
Architecture
Rome
Ancient Roman
Architecture
Romanesque
Architecture
1200s
Abbey at Montecassino,
Italy
1632–1648
Taj Mahal,
Agra
Indian Architecture
“Marble House,”
Newport, Rhode
Island
Beaux-Arts
Architecture
Pantheon,
Rome
Ancient Roman
Architecture
Renaissance
Architecture
1888–1892,
Hunt, Richard
Morris (1827–1895):
Dome
AD 118–125
1505–1650s
Saint Peter’s Church,
Rome
2002,
Oklahoma State Capitol
Oklahoma City
1420s,
Florence Cathedral
dome
DATE
2000,
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Rogers, Richard
(1933– ):
Millennium Dome,
London
AD 118–125
Pantheon,
Rome
1930s,
Kaufmann House,
Mill Run,
Pennsylvania
Wright, Frank Lloyd
(1867–1959):
1903,
Apartment at 25 bis Rue
Franklin,
Paris
Perret, Auguste
(1874–1954):
1931,
Stadio Artemia Franchi,
Florence;
Nervi, Pier Luigi
(1891–1979):
1959,
Palazzetto dello Sport,
Rome
1958,
Xochimilco Restaurant,
Mexico City
Candela, Felix
(1910–1997):
1973,
Sydney Opera House,
Sydney
Utzon, Jorn (1918– ):
2000
Millennium Dome
London
Rogers, Richard
(1933– ) and Buro
Happold:
AD 711
Buddhist Shrine,
Horyu-ji, Japan
1125–1150
Borgund Stave Church,
Sogn, Norway
1368–1644
Forbidden City
Complex,
Beijing
1779,
Severn River Bridge,
Coalbrookdale,
England
Darby, Abraham III
(1750–1791):
1851,
Crystal Palace,
London Exhibition
Paxton, Joseph
(1801–1865):
Labrouste, Henri
(1801–1875):
Concrete
Ancient Roman
Architecture
Wood
Renaissance
Architecture
Brunelleschi,
Filippo (c. 1377–
1446):
Cast Iron
1560s,
Villa Rotonda,
Vicenza
Renaissance
Architecture
Palladio, Andrea
(1508–1580):
1720s,
Chiswick House,
West London
Neo-Classical
Architecture
Boyle, Richard
(1695–1753):
1840s,
Reading Room,
Bibliotheque
Sainte-Genevieve,
Paris
1770s,
Monticello,
Charlottesville,
Virginia
Neo-Classical
Architecture
Jefferson, Thomas
(1743–1826):
1860s
Opera
Paris
1889
Eiffel Tower
Paris
Eiffel, Gustav (1832–
1923):
1880s
Marshall Field
Warehouse,
Chicago
Richardson, Henry
Hobson (1838–
1886):
1851,
Crystal Palace,
London Exhibition
Paxton, Joseph
(1801–1865):
1938,
Architect’s House,
Lincoln,
Gropius,Walter
1803,
United States Capitol,
Washington, D.C.
begun
1959,
Palazzetto dello Sport,
Rome
Nervi, Pier Luigi
(1891–1979):
1945,
Dymaxion House, Henry
Ford Museum,
Dearborn, Michigan;
Fuller, Richard
Buckminster (1895–
1983):
1960s,
Geodesic Dome,
Expo ’67, Montreal
Neo-Classical
Architecture
Latrobe, Benjamin
Henry (1764–1820):
Beaux-Arts
Architecture
Garnier, Charles
(1825–1898):
Glass
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 33 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
DATE
1949,
STRUCTURE
Glass House,
LOCATION
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
STYLE
ARCHITECT
Massachusetts
(1883–1969):
New Canaan,
Connecticut
Johnson, Philip
(1906–2005):
Steel
1860s–1880s,
Brooklyn Bridge,
New York
Roebling, John
Augustus (1806–
1869) and
Washington
Augustus Roebling
(1837–1926):
1902,
Flatiron Building,
New York
Burnham, Daniel
(1846–1912):
1967,
Geodesic Dome,
Expo ’67, Montreal
Fuller, Richard
Buckminster (1895–
1983):
1990s,
Guggenheim Museum,
Bilbao, Spain
Gehry, Frank
(1929– ):
Skyscraper
1891,
Leiter II Building,
Chicago;
Jenney, William Le
Baron (1832–1907):
1891,
Manhattan Building,
1880s,
Marshall Field
Warehouse,
Chicago
Richardson, Henry
Hobson (1838–
1886):
1891,
Wainwright Building,
St. Louis;
Sullivan, Louis
(1856–1924):
1899,
Carson Pirie Scott
Department Store,
Chicago
early 1900s,
Woolworth Building,
New York
Gilbert, Cass (1859–
1934):
1952–1956, ,
Price Tower
Bartlesville,
Oklahoma
Wright, Frank Lloyd
(1867–1959):
1930, ,
Chrysler Building
New York
Alen, William van
(1883–1954):
1931,
Philadelphia Savings
Fund Society Building,
1950s
Seagram Building
Chicago
Philadelphia
New York
Howe, George
(1886–1955) and
William Lescaze
(1896–1969):
DATE
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
ARCHITECT
1969):
Yamasaki, Minoru
(1912–1986):
1973
World Trade Center
New York
1996,
Petronas Twin Towers
1986,
Hongkong and
Shanghai Bank,
Hong Kong
Foster, Norman
(1935– ):
1931,
Empire State Building,
New York
Shreve, Lamb and
Harmon:
2009,
Burj Dubai,
United Arab Emirates
Skidmore, Owings
& Merrill:
Pelli, Cesar (1926–
):
GREEK 4 METHODS OF WALLING SURFACE FINISHES
METHOD
PERIOD
DESCRIPTION
Cyclopean
Tirynus
Masonry made-up of huge stone blocks laid mortar
Polygonal
Mycenae
Masonry constructed w/ stones having polygonal faces.
Curvilinear
7 Century
Rectangular
5TH Century
TH
Block of stone cut into rectangular shapes.
1 CORINTHIANS 1:27-29
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
27 But God has chosen the foolish things of the world to put to shame the wise,
and God has chosen the weak things of the world to put to shame the things
which are mighty; 28 and the base things of the world and the things which are
despised God has chosen, and the things which are not, to bring to nothing the
things that are, 29 that no flesh should glory in His presence.
Johnson, Philip
(1906–2005) and
Ludwig Mies van
der Rohe(1886–
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 34 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ARRANGEMENT OF GREEK TEMPLES
INTERCOLUMNATION
STYLE
DIST
ILLUSTRATION
PYCNOSTYLE (Tight-Columned)
1.50

SYSTYLE
(Close-Columned)
2.00

EUSTYLE
(Well-Columned)
2.25

3.00

4.00

DIASTYLE
(Broad-Columned)
ARAEOSTYLE (Light-Columned)
ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS
Opus Quadratum
 Made up of rectangular blocks of stone with or w/ out
mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels and cramps.
 Masonry of squared stones in regular ashlar course
Opus Incertum
 Made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern roughly
assembling the polygonal work.
 Masonry formed of small rough stones set irregularly in mortar,
sometimes traversed by beds of bricks or tiles
Opus Recticulatum
 Fine joints were in diagonal lines like the meshes of a net.
 Backed by a concrete core, formed of small pyramidal stones
with their points embedded in the wall, their exposed square
bases, set diagonally, forming a net-like pattern
Opus Testaceum
 Triangular bricks (plan) specially made for facing the walls.
Opus Mixtum
 Consisted of bands of “tufa” introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick
facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with small squared stone
blocks. Formed from mix of wall surfaces
Opus Sectile
 Any mosaic of regularly cut material
Opus Alexandinum
 A form of opus sectile having geometric pattern formed with few colors
such as black and white, or dark green and red
1 column
Henostyle
4 columns
Tetrastyle
7 columns
Heptastyle
10 columns
Decastyle
2 columns
Distyle
5 columns
Pentastyle
8 columns
Octastyle
12 columns
Dodecastyle
Opus Vermiculatum
 A mosaic of tessera arranged in waving lines resembling the form or
tracks of a worm
3 columns
Tristyle
6 columns
Hexastyle
9 columns
Enneastyle
TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING TEMPLES: (rectangular)
a) According to the number of columns on the entrance front.
b) By the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to naos as below:
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
EGYPTIAN STRUCTURES (simplicity, monumentality, solidity or massiveness)/ (post & lintel; columnar or trabeated)
STRUCTURE
DESCRIPTION
Mastaba
Flat top or tapered solid temple
Pyramids
4 sides facing the cardinal points; Tomb of Pharaohs; built by 100 men in 100 years
Rock-Cut Tombs or Rock-Hewn Tombs
Tombs of Nobility; Tombs hewn out of native rock, presenting only an architectural front with dark interior chambers
Mortuary Temple
Built in honor of Pharaohs; Temples for offerings and worship of deceased person, usually a deified king
Cult Temple
Temple devoted to the worship of divinity; Built for the worship of gods
Obelisks
Tall, monumental, sour-sided stone shaft tapering to a pyramidal tip; Mostly covered with hieroglyphs; Originally erected as cult symbol to the sun god, Heliopolis
Height is usually 9-10 times the size of the base
Sphinx
A mystical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man (androsphinx), head of a hawk (heirasphinx); head of a ram (criosphinx)
Pylon
Massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisk known as gateways
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
ARCHITECT/BUILDER
DESCRIPTION
Mastaba of Thi
Sakkara
Thi
Well preserved and has been restored.
Thi held the position of Royal Architect and manager of pyramids
Step Pyramid of Zoser or Djoser
Saqqara
Imhotep
Oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world; 62m high
Meidum
Meidum Pyramid of Sneferu
Sneferu
92m high, First ground pyramid to have above ground burial chamber; originally a 7-step pyramid
Bent Pyramid of Sneferu
Dahshur
(First – Meydum)
Sneferu
105m high; First pyramid to use limestone casting
54 degrees on the lower portion and shifts to 42 degrees halfway to make the pyramid light and prevent it from collapsing
Red Pyramid of Sneferu
(Shining Northern Pyramid)
Dahshur
Sneferu
104m high; made from reddish limestone used to build most of its core
Great Pyramid at Giza
(Pyramid of Khufu or Cheops)
Giza
Khufu
Height: 146.64m (Now 137.20m); Base: 230.25m
2 times the area of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
Pyramid of Khafra or Chephren
Giza
Khafra
Height: 143.50m (Now 136.40m); Base: 215.50m
Pyramid of Menkaure or Mykerinos
Giza
Menkaure
Kharnak
Rameses III (Original)
Taharqo (Modifed)
Ptolemy III Euergetes (Gateway)
Nectanebo I (Hypostyle Hall)
East Bank of the Nile River
Amenhotep III (Built) /
Tutankhamun & Hormheb (Completed)
Rameses II (Added)
Kharnak, Thebes
Thutmosis II (Chapels) / Seti I /
Ramesses II
The grandest of all Egyptian temples, was not built upon one complete plan but owes its size, disposition and magnificence to
the work of many Kings, built from the XIIth Dynasty to the Ptolemaic period .
Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
Nubia
Amenemhat I / Rameses I to IV
It is one of the rock- hewn temples at this place commanded by the indefatigable Rameses II. An entrance forecourt leads to
the imposing façade, 36 m ( 119 ft. ) wide and 32 m (105 ft.) high formed as pylon, immediately in front of which are four rockcut seated colossal statues of Rameses, over 20 m (65 ft.) high.
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Mt. Deir-El-Bahri
West Bank of the Nile
Senenmut
Temple of Khonsu
Temple of Luxor
Temple of Amon, Karnak
Mammisi Temple
Nectanebo II
Height: 65.50m (Now 61.00m); Base: 103.40m
An example of an almost complete New Kingdom temple
Peristyle Court bordered with 28 columns
Taharqo added a porch of 4 rows of 5 papyrus-shaped columns in front of the temple’s pylon
The temple has been in almost continuous use as a place of worship right up to the present day. During the Christian era, the
temple’s hypostyle hall was converted into a Christian church, and the remains of another Coptic church can be seen to the west.
Then for thousands of years, the temple was buried beneath the streets and houses of Luxor. Eventually the mosque of Sufi
Shaykh Yusuf Abu al-Hajjaj was built over it. This mosque was carefully preserved when the temple was uncovered and forms an
integral part of the site today.
One of the “incomparable monuments of ancient Egypt” The temple was the site of the massacre of 62 people, mostly tourists, by
Islamist extremists that took place on 17 November 1997
“Birth House”; Became the prototype of the Greek Doric Temples
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
GREEK STRUCTURES [(1) simplicity & harmony, (2) purity of lines, (3) perfection of proportions, (4) refinement of details]
AGEAN
DESCRIPTION
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STYLE
Palace of Minos, Knossos
Heraklion, Crete
Aegean
Lion Gate
(Palace of Argamemnon)
Mycenae
Conglomerate Ashlar
Treasury of Atreus
(Tomb of Argamemnon)
Panagitsa Hill, Mycenae
Tholos
(beehive-corbelled
domed stone vault)
LOCATION
ARCHITECT
MASTER
SCULPTOR
Athens
Ictinus & Kallikrates
Phidias
Agrigentum
Libon of Elis
Bassae
Iktinos
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian,
Peripteral, Hexastyle
Athens (Acropolis)
Kallikrates
Ionic, Amphi-Prostyle, Tetrastyle
Athens
Menisicles
Phidias
Ionic, Apteral, Irregular Plan, No
side colonnades
Ephesus
Deinocrates
Under the time of
Alexander the Great.
Scopas
Hellenestic temple, Ionic,
Dipteral, Octastyle
One of the seven wonders of the world, Center of Pan – Ionic
festival of the Asiatic Colonies.
The Choragic Monument of
Lysicrates
Athens
Lysicrates
(choregos)
Corinthian
A type of monument erected to support a Tripod, as a prize for
athletic exercises or musical competitions in Greek festival.
The Olympion
Athens
Cossutius
Tower of the Winds
(Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes)
Athens
Minoan Palace
First Excavation, 1878, Minos Kalokairinos (West Magazines)
March 1900 to 1931, Sir Arthur Evans (whole of Knossos)
The Lion Gate is main entrance to citadel of Mycenae, located in NW wall of the fortress.
Gateway: 3.10 m. high and 2.95 m. wide at base. Lintel: 4.50 m long, 1.98 m. wide and 0.80 m. thick at center.
Largest and the best preserved of the nine tholos tombs in Mycenae.
The most architecturally advanced structure buit by the Mycenean Civilization It brings new concepts, such as corbelled vaults held together by a single
keystone, and it was the firt structure built without using columns or any support like that.
HELLENIC
STRUCTURE
The Parthenon
447 BC to 432 BC
The Temple of Zeus Olympus
460 BC
Temple of Apollo Epicurius
Temple of Nike Apteros
The Erectheion
421BC to 406 BC
The Temple of Arthemis
Rebuider: Cossutius
(Roman Architect)
STYLE
DESCRIPTION
Doric, Peripteral, Octastyle
Dedicated to the goddess Athena, largest Greek Temple.
Doric, Pseudo-Peripteral,
Heptastlye
2nd largest Doric Greek temple
Uses “Atlantes “, carved male figure.
104 Columns
Antiochus Epiphanes
Corinthian, Dipteral, Octastyle
Andronicus of Cyrrhus
Octagonal Structure
Dedicated to Apollo Epikourios
Dedicated to the “wingless victory“
Forms the imposing entrance to the Acropolis.
Uses “caryatid porch “(South Porch)
Uses “Egg & tongue “or “Egg & Dart “ornament.
Known as the Horologium of Andronikos Cyrhestes, Clepsydra or
water-clock internally, sundial externally.
Where famous Choragic competitions took place during the
Panathenaic festivals, prototype of all Greek temples.
The Theater Of Dionysus
Athens
The Theater of Epidaurus
Epidaurus
Polykleitus the Younger
Athens (Acropolis)
Mnesicles
Propylaea of Athens
BUILDER
Considered to be the prototype of all Greek theaters &
accommodating almost 18,000 spectators.
Most beautiful & preserved Greek Temple.
Pericles
forms the imposing entrance to Acropolis
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ROMAN STRUCTURES [(1) vastness & magnificence, (2) ostentation & ornateness]
TYPE
FORUM
STRUCTURE / EXAMPLES
LOCATION
Forum Romanum
in the small valley
between
the Palatine
and Capitoline Hills
Forum Boarium
RECTANGULAR
TEMPLES
BASILICAS
THERMAE
“Thermae” meant properly arm
springs or baths of warm water
ARCHITECT
It was for centuries the center of Roman public life: the site of triumphal
processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials,
and gladiatorial matches; and the nucleus of commercial affairs.
GENERAL
Used as Hippodrome; Site of Triumphal Processions; venue for
public speeches, criminal trials and gladiatorial matches, and
the nucleus of commercial affairs
The site of the first gladiatorial contest at Rome
Temple of Fortuna Virilis
(Temio di Portuno)
Forum Boarium,
Rome
Temple of Mars Ultor
Forum of Augustus,
Rome
Temple of Diana
Aventine Hill, Nimes
Temple of Vespasian
Rome, Italy
Temple of Jupiter
Spalato
Temple of Saturn
(Templum Saturni or Aedes Saturnus)
Forum Romanum,
Rome, Italy
An ancient building in Rome, Italy, the main temple dedicated to the
god Portunus in the city.
It is in the Ionic order with pronaos portico
The focal point of Roman military strategy. Corinthian order.
127 Ionic Columns
Cherisphron
Corithian Order, Hexastyle and prostyle
Titus and Domitian
The most important temple in Ancient Rome, located on the Capitoline Hill.
Tarquinis
Superbus
Rome
Ancient Rome's largest religious structure was built at the end of the Forum
Romanum, near the Colosseum. Designed by Emperor Hadrian in 135 AD,
this temple measured an impressive 100 meters by 145 meters. The
building contained two cellae (sanctuaries) with statues of the goddesses,
each located at one side of the temple.
Hadrian
Maison–Carrée
(Square House)
Nimes, France
82 feet (25 metres) long by 40 feet (12 metres) wide and is one of the most
beautiful monuments built in Gaul by the Romans. It houses a collection of
Roman sculpture and Classical fragments. The Maison Carrée is an
elevated, rectangular, hexastyle, pseudo-peripteral Roman temple of the
Corinthian order.
Agrippa (Builder)
Temple of Vesta
Rome, Italy
Temple of Venus
Baalbek, Lebanon
The Pantheon
Rome, Italy
Trajan’s Basilica
Rome, Italy
Basilica of Constantine
Forum Romanum,
Rome, Italy
Also known as Basilica of Maxentius or Basilica Nova
Baths of Caracalla
(Terme di Caracalla)
Rome, Italy
Second Largest, 1,600 bathers
Temple of Venus
CIRCULAR &
POLYGONAL
TEMPLES
DESCRIPTION
Used Pseudo – Peripteral ( half col. Attached to the naos
wall, raised in a “ podium”, oriented towards the south.
Roman temples were turned to all parts of the compass, their
orientation governed by their relationship to other buildings,
especially as many temples were often placed facing onto civic
spaces such as the forum.
The most sacred shrine & source of Roman life & power.
The Temple of Venus has six columns that probably once supported a
dome. It is carved everywhere with niches, sculptures (now lost) and other
elegant decorations.
derived from the temples of the Greeks & the Etruscans w/c
became the prototype of the Christian baptistery.
Most famous & perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome. It
was now converted into a Christian church named Sta. Maria Rotonda.
Apollodorus of
Damascus
Maxentius,
Constantine I
halls of justice or Assembly hall
Septimius Severus
Thermae of Diocletian
Rome, Italy
Largest, Grandest with 3,000 bathers
Commissioned by
Maximian
Baths of Titus
Rome, Italy
Mural Designs by Famullus (or Fabullus)
Titus
Large
Imperial
Baths
Tepidarium
warm room
Calidarium
hot room, or with hot water
bath
Frigidarium
cooling room
Sudatorium
moist steam bath
Laconium
dry sweating room (sauna)
Apodyteria
dressing room
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ROMAN STRUCTURES [(1) vastness & magnificence, (2) ostentation & ornateness]
TYPE
STRUCTURE / EXAMPLES
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION
ARCHITECT
(Thermae Titi)
Thermae of Grippa
BALNEUM
Hadrian’s Villa
Summer Bath
Theater of Marcellus
Rome, Italy
Tivoli, Italy
One of the most striking and best preserved parts of the Villa are a pool
and an artificial grotto which were named Canopus and Serapeum,
respectively. Canopus was an Egyptian city where a temple (Serapeum)
was dedicated to the god Serapis. However, the architecture is Greek
influenced (typical in Roman architecture of the High and Late Empire) as
seen in the Corinthian columns and the copies of famous Greek statues
that surround the pool.
Rome, Italy
The largest and most important theatre in Rome. The largest and
most important theatre in Rome. The theatre had a
capacity of between 15,000 to 20,500 spectators and its
semicircular travertine façade originally had two tiers, each composed of 41
arches. The lower tier had Doric columns, the second tier Ionic and the top
attic probably carried Corinthian pilasters.
THEATERS / ODEION
for physical exercise
Unctuaria
place for oils & perfumes
Spaeresteriu
m
game room
private bath in
Roman palaces &
houses containing
1. Tepidarium
2. Calidarium
3. Frigidarium
Open-air theatre built from level ground, richly decorated outer
facade with a colonnade gallery and vaulted entrances for the
public. Roman theaters were built up by means of concrete
vaulting, supporting tiers of seats; it was restricted to a semicircle.
One of the finest remains of the Roman Empire and, as such, has been
designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. It is, in fact, the best
preserved theatre in the whole of Europe.
Theater Orange
GENERAL
Palaestra
The elliptical building is immense, measuring 188m by 156m and reaching
a height of more than 48 meters (159 ft). The magnificent structure was
clad in marble and 160 larger-than-life statues graced the arches on the
upper floors.
AMPHITHEATERS /
COLOSSEUM
The Colosseum could accommodate some 55,000 spectators
who entered the building through no less than 80 entrances. Above
the ground are four stories, the upper story contained seating for lower
classes and women.
The Colosseum
(Flavian’s Amphitheatre)
Commenced by
Vespasian &
completed by
Domitian.
Circular, semi-circular or elliptical auditorium in which a central
arena Is surrounded by rising tiers of seats. Circus is a roof-less
enclosure for chariot or horse racing and for gladiator shows
and usually In oblong shape
The lowest story was preserved for prominent citizens. Below the ground
were rooms with mechanical devices and cages containing wild animals.
The cages could be hoisted, enabling the animals to appear in the middle
of the arena.
The Circus Maximus was a massive arena accommodating 250,000
spectators and providing various games, horse and chariot races
Circus Maximus
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
TOWN GATEWAYS
Recovery of the eagle standards (Aquila) that had been lost to Germanic
tribes by Varus in 9.
Arch of Tiberius
Orange, France
Arch of Titus
Rome, Italy
Capture of Jerusalem
Arch of
Septimius Severus
Rome, Italy
Victories against the Parthians
Arch of Constantine
Rome, Italy
Triumphs over Maxentius
Porta Nigra
Treves
Function is to commemorate imperial victories with reliefs,
inscriptions and statues
Part of the city walls and is one of the best preserved of such gateways.
The structure, 115 ft. wide and 95 ft. high at its highest part, has a double
As a protective wall & commemorative monument.
As a ornamental portals to forum or market places.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 39 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ROMAN STRUCTURES [(1) vastness & magnificence, (2) ostentation & ornateness]
TYPE
STRUCTURE / EXAMPLES
LOCATION
PILLARS OF VICTORY
OR MONUMENTAL
COLUMNS
PALACES
DESCRIPTION
ARCHITECT
archway defended by portcullises and leading to an unroofed court which
could be defended against besiegers. The facade has storeys of roughly
executed and unfinished Tuscan Orders.
AND ARCHWAYS
Port S. Andre
Autun
An unusual gateway with four archways—two for carriages and two for
foot-passengers—surmounted by an arcaded gallery, decorated by Ionic
pilasters, connecting the ramparts on either side. There is another gateway
in Autun, similar in design except that the pilasters to the arcaded gallery
are Corinthian.
Trajan’s Column
Rome
It is a Roman Doric Column, entirely of marble, w/ a total ht. of 115 ft.
7 inches & a shaft 12 in. Diameter w/ a spiral staircase.
Rostral Columns
Rome
Frequently erected in the time of the Emperors to celebrate naval
victories, and took their name from the rostra ,or rows of captured
ships.
Palace of Diocletian
Spalato
Golden House of Nero
(Domus Aurea)
Rome
ROMAN HOUSES
VILLA
Gateways were sometimes added either at the ends or in the
centre of bridges as at the Roman bridge, Alcantara, which has
a portal over the central pier.
A column built in honor of a naval triumph, ornamented with the
rostra or
prows of ship
largest palace & often called “ a city in a house” covered a total of 8
acres, almost the size of Escorial, Spain.
This palace contained 300 rooms and featured stuccoed ceilings set with
semi-precious stones and layers of ivory and gold leaf. There was even a
rotating ceiling. Was demolished and the Roman Colosseum was built on
this site.
Center of family apartments.
The type of house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy
freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras.
DOMUS
(Private House)
GENERAL
Arch built at main street intersection w/c were collonaded.
The rooms of the Pompeian domus were often painted in one of four
styles:
 the first style imitated ashlar masonry,
 the second style represented public architecture,
 the third style focused on mystical creatures, and
 The fourth style combined the architecture and
mythical creatures of the second and third
styles.
a luxurious country house with surrounding terraces and gardens,
colonnades, palasestae theaters, & thermae.
Use to house the Emperors.
Ostium
Small opening
Vestibulum
Main entrance hall
Fauces
Corridor from main door to atrium
Tabernae
Shops on outside, facing the street
Atrium
Large central hall (most important part)
Compluvium
Square roof opening in which rainwater could
come, draining inwards from the slanted tiled
roof
Impluvium
a drain pool, a shallow rectangular sunken
portion of the Atrium to gather rainwater,
which drained into an underground cistern
Tablinum
Living room / study or office for the dominus
Triclinium
Dining room with recliners
Alae
Open rooms on each side of the atrium
Cubiculum
Bedroom
Cullina
Kitchen
Posticum
Servants’ entrance
Peristylium
Small garden
Piscina
Fish pond
Exedra
Large communal dining room or a lounge
Lararium
A small shrine to the household gods
Villa Urbana
a country seat that could easily be reached
from Rome (or another city) for a night or two
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ROMAN STRUCTURES [(1) vastness & magnificence, (2) ostentation & ornateness]
TYPE
STRUCTURE / EXAMPLES
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION
ARCHITECT
GENERAL
(Country House)
Villa Rustica
Many storeyed tenements also called “Workmen’s Dwelling”.
A kind of apartment building that housed most of the urban citizen
population of ancient Rome, including ordinary people of lower- or middleclass status (the plebs)
INSULA
(Apartment Block)
AQUEDUCTS
BRIDGES OR PONS
Pont Du Gard
(Gard Bridge)
Nimes
The bridge is part of the Nîmes aqueduct, a 50 km-long (31 mi) structure
built by the Romans to carry water from a spring at Uzès to theRoman
colony of Nemausus (Nîmes).
Pons Sublicius
Rome
The earliest known bridge of ancient Rome, made entirely of wood
Rome
Bridge of Augustus
Rimini
In 2000s, the bridge began attracting couples, who use a lamppost on the
bridge to attach love padlocks as a token of love.
Gaius Claudius
Nero
Made to compliment the lavish Baroque facade Maderno designed for St.
Peter's Basilica. The Maderno fountain was built on the site of an earlier
fountain from 1490, and used the same lower basin. The Bernini fountain
was added a half-century later.
Carlo Maderno
(1614) and Gian
Lorenzo Bernini
(1677)
A masterpiece of Baroque sculpture, representing Triton,
half-man and half-fish, blowing his horn to calm the waters, following a text
by the Roman poet Ovid in the Metamorphoses.
Gian Lorenzo
Bernini
Piazza Navona
A grand theater of water – it has three fountains, built in a line
on the site of the Stadium of Domitian. The fountains at either end are
by Giacomo della Porta; the Neptune fountain to the north, (1572)
shows the God of the Sea sparing, an octopus, is surrounded by tritons,
sea horses and mermaids. At the southern end is La Fontana del Moro, a
figure either of an African (a Moor) or of Neptune wrestling with a dolphin.
In the center is the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, (The Fountain of the Four
Rivers) (1648–51), a highly theatrical fountain by Bernini, with statues
representing rivers from the four continents; the Nile, Danube, Plate
River and Ganges. Over the whole structure is a 54-foot (16 m) Egyptian
obelisque, crowned by a cross with the emblem of the Pamphili family,
representing Pope Innocent X, whose family palace was on the piazza.
Giacomo della
Porta
&
Gian Lorenzo
Bernini
Trevi Fountain
The largest and most spectacular of Rome's
fountains, designed to glorify the three different Popes who created it.
It was built beginning in 1730 at the terminus of the reconstructed Acqua
Vergine aqueduct, on the site of Renaissance fountain. It was the work of
architect Nicola Salvi and the successive project of Pope Clement
XII, Pope Benedict XIV and Pope, whose emblems and inscriptions are
carried on the attic story, entablature and central niche. The central figure
is Oceanus, the personification of all the seas and oceans, in an oystershell chariot, surrounded by Tritons and Sea Nymphs.
Leon Battista
Alberti.
Fountains of St. Peter's
Square
FOUNTAINS
Channel for supplying Water
Often underground but treated architecturally on high arches
when crossing valleys or low ground
Ancus Marcius
An economically and strategically important bridge in the era of the Roman
Empire and was the site of the famousBattle of Milvian Bridge.
Pons Mulvius
Triton Fountain
the farm-house estate permanently occupied
by the servants who had charge generally of
the estate
Piazza Barberini
Simple, solid & practical construction designed to resist the
rush of water.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 41 ●
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
The SEERS : Pioneer Thinkers in Urban Planning from
1880 - 1945
HISTORY OF PLANNING
THEORIES & PRACTICES
THE ANGLO AMERICAN TRADITION
Garden City of Tomorrow
EBENEZER HOWARD
(1850-1928)
RAYMOND UNWIN
(1863-1940)
BARRY PARKER
(1867-1947)
Three Magnets
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
(1869-1959)
Town, Country, Town & Country
Towns divided in to wards of 5,000
Letchworth (1920)
First Garden City; N. Hertfordshire
Wythenshawe (1930)
Nothing Gained by Overcrowding
SIR LESLIE PATRICK
ABERCROMBIE
(1879)
PATRICK GEDDES
(1854-1932)
New York Regional Plan (1920)
TONY GARNIER
EARNST MAY
GARDEN CITIES
Very Influential Pamphlet (1912)
One milestones of the 20th Century
The Neighborhood Unit
CITY BEAUTIFUL
MOVEMENT
Radburn, New Jersey
Town Planning and Traffic
Greater London Plan (1944)
Human Ecology
Cities In Evolution (1915)
Suburban Decentralization
Lewis Mumford
The Culture of Cities
Became almost the Bible of regional
planning movement
Broadacre City
A home in an acre of land
Mile High Tower
100,000 people
NEW CAPITALS
Robert Owens
Tony Garnier
Raymond Unwin & Barry Parker
Letchworth
(First Developed Garden City)
Daniel Burnham
Father of American City Planning
Chicago, Cleveland, San Francisco, Manila
& Baguio
Lucio Costa (Planner)
Oscar Niemeyer (Architect)
Brasilia, Brazil
Albert Myer (Original Planner)
Le Corbusier (Took Over)
Chandigarh, India
Super Blocks 800 x 1200
Walter Griffin (Planner)
Canberra, Australia
City Beautiful Movement
New Delhi, India
Low Garden City Type Density
Le Corbusier
Unite d’ Habitation, Marseilles, France
Le Contemporaine
Frank Lloyd Wright
Trabantenstadte (Satellite Towns)
The Radiant City
Garden City (Conceptualization)
The Cities of Tomorrow
Cite Industrielle (industrial City)
City of Tomorrow (1922)
Une Cite Industrielle
Welwyn
(Second Garden City)
Linear City
Chandigarf (1950-1957)
Reform Movement
Ideal City, New Lanark
Louis de Soisson
Sir Edward Lutyens (Planner)
CITY TOWERS
Unite d’ Habitation (1946-1952)
CHARLES-ÉDOUARD
JEANNERET-GRIS
(LE CORBUSIER)
(1877-1965)
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Ebenezer Howard
Third Garden City; City of Manchester
Father of City Planning
City of Miletus - First Planned City
Vienna – First University Town
Golders Green, NW London
THE EUROPEAN TRADITION
ARTURO SORIA Y MATA
Hippodamus of Miletus
The Neighborhood Unit
The Hampstead Garden Suburb (1905)
CLARENCE
PERRY (1872-1944)
CLARENCE STEIN
(1882-1975)
H. ALKER STRIP
(1883-1954)
Most Influential
Marseilles, France
Capital City of Punjab
RADICAL IDEAS
Arturo Soria y Mata
Paolo Soleri
Kiyonuro Kikutake
Two important books
Clarence Perry & Clarence Stein
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 42 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
Broadacres (1 Family in very acre of land)
Mile High Tower
Linear City
Arcology
Floating City
Neighborhood Unit
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS
ERA
ANCIENT TIMES
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS
CITIES
DESCRIPTION
ERA
CITIES
The PLOW and rectilinear farming
Circular and Radiocentric Planning
Decline of Roman Power
For herding and eventually for defense
Feudalism
Neolithic Cities
Jericho
7000 – 9000 BC
Catal Hoyuk
Khirokitia
MEDIEVAL AGES
Early settlement in Israel (9000 BC)
3 Hectares; 3,000 people
Early Settlement in Turkey (7000 BC)
13 hectares; 10,000 people
Eridu
Damascus
Babylon
Early settlement in Cyprus (5000 BC)
First documented settlements with streets
Oldest continually inhabited city
THE RENAISSANCE
& BAROQUE PERIOD
Cities along the Nile Valley
3000 BC
Thebes and Memphis
Tel-El-Amarna
2500 BC
1900 BC
800 BC
BC to AD
700 BC
Beijing
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
Zapotecs, Mextecs, Aztecs
Mesoamerican Cities built
Teotijuacan & Dzibilchatun
Largest Cities
Sparta & Athens
Arts & Architecture
Became a major element in Town Planning &
Urban Design
Geometrical Form Cities
Vienna
spread to Aegean Region
The English Renaissance
Charleston, Annapolis, Williamsburg
Most Famous
The Largest Cities (100,000 – 150,000)
New and Old Cities
Miletus (by Hippodamus)
3 Sections: Artisan, Farmers, Military
Public Market Place
The Spanish “Laws of the Indies”
Town
Savannah
Neopolis and Paleopolis
Roman Classical Cities
Display of Power
Medieval Bastide
SETTLEMENTS IN
AMERICA
THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
City of Culture & Arts; First University Town
Landscape architecture showcased palaces and
gardens
Taken after the “buog” (Military Town) and
“fauborg” (Citizen’s Town) of Medieval Age
taken from the French bastide (eventually referred
to as “new towns”)
King Philip II’s city guidelines that produced 3
types: Pueblo (Civil), Presidio (Military), Mission
(Religious)
The European Planned City
By James Oglethorpe
The world’s largest officially recognized historical
district
Col. Francis Nicholson
The Speculators Town
Developments were driven by speculations
Philadelphia
By William Penn, built between Delaware &
School Kill
The Machine Age
Change from Manpower to Assembly Lines
Reform Movements & Specialists
New Lanark Mills, Manchester, England
Greek forms with different scale
Population Concentrations created by world trade
and travel
15TH Century France
Medieval Organic City
Administrative & Religious Centers with 40,000
inhabitants; advanced civilization
Largest city of the Yellow River
Acropolis
Grew from military fortifications
Versailles, France
Typical Egyptian City
Anyang
Agora
400 BC
Monumental Architecture
Yellow River Valley of China
Greek Classical Cities
Coastal Port Towns
Karlsruhe, Germany
Indus Valley (Present Day Pakistan)
Mohenjo-Daro & Harrapa
Signified the rise of the church
Florence, Paris, Venice
Oldest City
Largest city with 80,000 inhabitants
Affected urban design of most towns
Sienna and Constantinople
Mercantilist Cities
Cities in the Fertile Crescent
2000 – 4000 BC
DESCRIPTION
Outposts were left all over Europe where growth
revolved
Republican Forum
Owenite Communities
Imperial Forum
Une Cite Industrielle
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PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
2 School of thought
800 – 1200 persons
New Harmony, Indiana by Owens Jr.
Brook Farm, Massachusettes, by New England Pl.
Icarus, Red River, Texas by Cabet
By tony Garnier
FIVE POINTS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE
By Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret)
POINTS
DESCRIPTION
Pilotis
Reinforced concrete stilts that lifted the bulk of the
structure off the ground
Free Facade
Non-supporting walls that could be designed as the
architect wished
Open Floor Plan
The floor space was free to configure into rooms
without concern for supporting walls.
Ribbon Windows
(Uninterrupted Views)
Long strips of ribbon windows that allow
unencumbered views of the large surrounding yard
Roof Garden
To compensate for the green area consumed by the
building and replacing it on the roof
Focuses on the physical improvement of the public
environment
URBAN PLANNING
Focuses on the management of private development
through established planning methods and programs
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
BUILDINGS
The most pronounced elements of Urban Design.
They shape and articulate space by forming the street
wall of the city
PUBLIC SPACE
Living rooms of the city. Makes high quality life in the
city. Forms the stage and backdrop to the drama of
life. Plazas, squares & neighborhood parks.
STREETS
TRANSPORTATION
Connections between cities and places. Designed by
their physical dimension and character, size, scale
and the character of the buildings that line them.
Ranges from grand avenues, intimate pedestrian
streets.
Connects the parts of the cities and help shape them.
Balance between transportation systems is what
helps define the quality and character of cities. They
include road, rail, bicycle and pedestrian networks.
by Constantinos Apostolou (CA) Dioxadis
by Kevin Lynch
A collective image – map or impressions – map of a city, a collective picture of what people
extract from the physical reality of a city.
TYPE
NATURE
There are five basic elements which people use to construct their mental image of a city:
Pathways, Districts, Edges, Landmarks and Nodes.
These five elements of urban form are sufficient to make a useful visual survey of the form
of a city. They are the skeletal elements of city form.
ELEMENT
DESCRIPTION
PATHWAYS
Major and minor routes of circulation
to move about, the city has a network of major
routes and a neighborhood network of minor
routes; a building has several main routes which
people use to get to it or from it. An urban
highway network is a network of pathways for a
whole city.
A ramp rising from ground level to the third floor roof terrace allows for an architectural promenade through the
structure. The white tubular railing recalls the industrial "ocean-liner" aesthetic that Le Corbusier much admired.
The driveway around the ground floor, with its semicircular path, measures the exact turning radius of a
1927 Citroën automobile.
URBAN DESIGN
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT
IMAGE OF A CITY
DISTRICTS
A city is composed of component
neighborhoods or districts; its center,
uptown, midtowns, its in-town
residential areas, train yards,
factory areas, suburbs, college
campuses, etc. Sometimes they are
considerably mixed in character and
do not have distinct limits like the midtown in
Manhattan.
EDGES
The termination of a district is its
edge. Some districts have no distinct edges at
all but gradually taper off and blend into another
district. When two districts are joined at an edge
they form a seam. A narrow park may be a
joining seam for two urban neighborhoods.
LANDMARKS
The prominent visual features of
the city; some are very large and are
seen at great distances; some are
very small and can only be seen up close (street
clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a park).
Landmarks help in orienting people
in the city and help identify an area.
NODES
A center of activity; distinguished from
a landmark by virtue of its active
function; it is a distinct hub of
activity. Times Square in New York City is
both a landmark and a node.
DESCRIPTION
the natural physical environment
An individual, Homo Sapiens – biological needs
(oxygen, nutrition), sensation and perception (five
senses), emotional needs (satisfaction, security,
sense of belonging), moral values.
MAN
SOCIETY
SHELLS
NETWORKS
a group of individuals sharing the same
culture, values, norms, mores, and traditions
buildings, the built component – housing,
hospitals, schools, town halls, commercial
establishments, recreational facilities, industrial
buildings, etc.
links within the settlement and
with other settlements, transportation
systems, communication systems, water supply
systems, power and electrical systems, etc.
HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
HAMLET
a neighborhood, a small village
COMMUNITY
a town
CITY
an urban area
METROPOLIS
the capital or chief city of a country or region; a very large and busy city
CONURBATION
A composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas.
MEGALOPOLIS
Merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10 million
or more, a 20th century phenomenon.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 44 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES
THEORY
(1)
SYNOPTIC
RATIONALISM
(2)
INCREMENTALISM
MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES
DESCRIPTION
In philosophy in general, rationalism is the foundation and embodiment of the scientific
method. It serves the same role in planning theory. The rationalist model of the planning
process generally contains the following steps.
• Goals and objectives are set.
• Policy alternatives are identified.
• The policy alternatives are evaluated – vis-à-vis effectiveness (in attaining the goals and
objectives), efficiency, and constraints – using scientific conceptual models and
evaluation techniques (e.g., cost benefit analysis).
• The selected policy alternative is implemented.
This theory – which was espoused by Charles Lindbloom in The Science of Muddling Through
– is a practical response to rationalism. Planning is seen as less of a scientific technique and
more of a mixture of intuition and experience. Major policy changes are best made in little
increments over long periods of time. Incrementalism very accurately describes what actually
occurs in most planning offices on a daily basis.
(3)
TRANSACTIVE
PLANNING
Like incrementalism, transactivism does not view planning purely as a scientific technique.
Transactivism espouses planning as a decentralized function based on face-to-face contacts,
interpersonal dialogues, and mutual learning. Transactivism is roughly behavioralist-style
planning.
(4)
ADVOCACY
PLANNING
Advocacism abandons the objective, non-political view of planning contained in rationalism.
Planners become like lawyers: they advocate and defend the interests of a particular client or
group (which is preferably economically disadvantaged and/or politically unorganized or
underrepresented).
• Paul Davidoff was an early champion of advocacy planning. He argued that there is no
one public interest for planners to serve, and thus, that planners have no choice but to
become non-objective advocates for specific interests and groups.
• Saul Alinsky developed an advocacist vision of planning that is centered around so-called
“organizations.” Alinsky’s organizations develop where people feel powerless. These
organizations then hire planners (which Alinsky largely sees as political organizers) to identify
problems, develop an awareness of these problems, and generate action.
• Alan Altshuler also argued for abandoning the objective, non-political view of planning.
He felt that to be effective, planners must become actively involved in the political process.
(5)
RADICAL
PLANNING
In a sense, radicalism takes transactivism to its logical extreme. Radicalism hates hierarchical
bureaucracies, centralized planning, and domineering professional planners. It argues that
planning is most effective when it is performed by non-professional neighborhood planning
committees that empower common citizens to experiment with solving their own problems.
The ideal outcomes of this process are collective actions that promote self-reliance. Much
of the radical planning literature that I have personally read is based on Marxist
interpretations and theories.
THEORY
THEORY
(6)
UTOPIANISM
Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping changes that
capture the public imagination. Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago, Frank Lloyd Wright’s
Broadacre City, and Le Corbusier’s La Ville Contemporaine are often cited as utopian works.
(7)
METHODISM
Methodism addresses situations in which the planning techniques that should be used are
known, but the ends that should be achieved by these techniques are not. Such a situation
would be making a population projection just to have it handy when it is needed. Methodism
views planning techniques as ends into themselves.
URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES
INVASION
 The entrance of a new population and / or facilities in an already occupied area.
 A term referring to the process by which social groups or activities which are better adapted
to a given environment than are its existing inhabitants or activities enter and eventually
dominate it.
CENTRALIZATION
 An increase in population at a certain geographic center
BLOCK-BOOSTING
 “Forcing” the old population out of the area because of social or racial differences
GENTRIFICATION
 Improving the physical set-up and consequently affecting the market for previously
run- down areas.
 The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or
affluent people into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer residents.
 The buying and renovating of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighborhoods
by wealthier individuals, which in effect improves property values but also can displace
low- income families and small businesses.
PSALM 139:16
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed.
And in Your book they all were
written, The days fashioned for me,
When as yet there were none of them
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 45 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
SLOPE AND LAND USE
DEGREE OF INCLINATION
SLOPE
SLOPE
DESCRIPTION
Broad to level to nearly level or flat
3 - 5%
Gently sloping with land sloping in one general direction
5 - 8%
8 - 15%
15 - 18%
>18%
Do not drain well
< 4%
Gently undulating and rolling; land sloping in more than one
general direction
Moderately undulating and gently rolling land sloping in more
than one direction
Usable for all kinds of activities
4% to 10%
>10%
Can be actively used only for hill sports or free play
17%
Approaches the limit that an ordinary loaded vehicle can
climb for any sstained period
20% to 25%
Normal limit of climb for pedestrians without resorting to
stairs
TYPE OF LAND USE
Permitted Angle of Slope
MINIMUM
> 50%
MAXIMUM
Streets and Drives
8%
1:12
1%
1:100
Parking Areas
5%
1:20
1%
1:100
Main Footpaths (Bitumen)
8%
1:12
5%
1:20
14%
1:07
Main Ramp on Footpath (Short)
1:25
1%
1:100
Minor Footpaths
14%
1:07
5%
1:20
Terrace (Paved)
2%
1:50
1%
1:100
Lawns
5%
1:20
1%
1:100
Mown Grass Banks
33%
1:03
Planted Slopes
50%
1:02
5%
1:20
8%
1:12
Ramps for Vehicles
N & S – Horizontal
Segmental shaped shading mask
Overhangs, Canopy, Light Shelf,
Lovers, Shutters & Awnings
N
W
═
═
Beside the Building
Coconut Tree
Acacia
1:25
15%
1:06
Shallow Roots
Sitting Areas
1%
1:100
4%
1:25
Hilltop
50%
1:02
2%
1:50
Coastal Area
ENTRANCE RAMPS
Grassed Playlots
Lawn
Palm Tree
Relatively Safe
4%
Pedestrian
E
NE – NW, SE – SW – Eggcrate
Composite of the Vertical and
Horizontal
S
Playgrounds
Paved Playlots
HABAGAT
(HA-SW-MO)
Heavy Forested Area
AIR MOVEMENT WITHIN BUILDINGS
WINDWARD
Positive pressure (+)
Air enters through openings located in the
positive pressure zone and lower level
openings
The direction upwind from the point of refernce
LEEWARD
Negative pressure (-)
Air exits through openings located at the
negative pressure zon and at higher level
openings
The direction downwind (or downward) from the
point of reference
E & W – Vertical
Sectoral shaped shading mask
Fins & Lovers
OTHER DESIGN FACTORS (Examples)
PEDESTRIAN RAMPS
Southwest (SW) Monsoon
Summer Monsoon
Apears early May
Maximum flows during August
Disappears gradually in October
Persists from November to December
SOLAR CONTROL DEVICES
═
4%
May require terracing or cribbling
═
Enrance Area
Northeast (NE) Monsson
Winter Monsoon
Appears in October
Attains maximum strength in January
Gradually weakens in March
Disappears in April
AMIHAN
(A-NE-NA)
Suitable for movement and informal activities
Steeply undulating and rolling land sloping in many directions
Very steeply sloping and rolling land in many directions
MONSOON: LARGE SCALE SEASONAL CURRENTS
DESCRIPTION
< 1%
0 - 3%
MONSOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Protruding Eaves / Balcony
Roof Deck
WIND SHADOWS
Well-Foliage
Tree
A Row of Closely
Spaced Tree
Steep Gable Roof
1%
1:100
4%
1:25
100% Ventilation
Jalousie
50%
1:02
4%
1:25
For Tropical
Awning
1%
1:100
25%
1:04
95% Ventilation
Louvers with 150mm blades
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 46 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
Approximately 2 times the Height of the tree (2H)
Row is 4 times the Height of the tree (4H) can
have a wind shadow of 3 times it’s height (3H)
Row is 8 times the Height of the tree (8H) can
have a wind shadow of 6 times it’s height (6H)
Major Theories in URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES
CITY CLASSIFICATION
STRUCTURE
The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) classifies all cities into one of three categories:
HIGHLY
URBANIZED
INDEPENDENT
CITIES
INDEPENDENT
COMPONENT
CITIES
COMPONENT
CITIES

Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants,
as certified by the National Statistics Office, and with the latest annual income of at least
five hundred million pesos (₱500,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices, as
certified by the city treasurer.

There are currently 35 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are
located in Metro Manila.

Cities of this type are independent of the province, and as such their charters ban
residents from voting for provincial elective officials. Cities with a minimum population of
150,000 and annual income of at least 350 million pesos (₱350,000,000)
based on 2008 constant prices, as certified by the City Treasurer.

There are five such cities: Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago.

Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in
which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the
boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which
it used to be a municipality.
AUTHOR
DESCRIPTION
E. W. Burgess
The city grows in a radial expansion from the
center to form a series of concentric zones or
circles such as in Chicago. As the city grows,
each ring invades and overtakes the next ring
out – a process called Invasion/ Succession
(thus, Concentric Theory is sometimes
referred to as Invasion/ Succession
Theory”).
SECTOR THEORY
Homer Hoyt
High-density residential, commercial, and
industrial uses radiate out from the central
business district (CBD) in “sectors” that follow
major transportation routes. More expensive
housing also radiates out from the CBD
– Towards large open spaces and higher
ground. Less expensive housing takes
whatever land is left over.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI
THEORY
(Polycentric)
Chauncy Harris
and
Edward Ullman
“The Nature of Cities”
Cities tend to grow around not one but several
distinct nuclei.
Certain land uses group together to take
advantage of unique facilities (e.g.
universities), specializations, codependencies, or externalities. This theory is
often applied to cities with more than one CBD
INVERSE CONCENTRIC
ZONE THEORY
Friedrich Engels
The preceding three theories apply primarily to
cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many
cities in the LDCs follow somewhat different
patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric
zone pattern.
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
(i.e. Polders of Netherlamds; the Fens of
East Anglia, UK)
Walter Christaller
(Developed)
Paul Peterson
(Advanced in “City Limits0)
CONCENTRIC ZONE
THEORY
(Monocentric)
CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU)
LGU
PROVINCE
AREA
(Square Kilometers)
2,000
POPULATION
250,000
INCOME
₱20M for the last
two (2) consecutive
years based on 1991
constant prices
LEGISLATIVE
BODIES
(create, merge, abolish, or
alter boundaries of LGU)
Congress
CITY
100
150,000
₱100M for the last
two (2) consecutive
years based on 2000
constant prices
Congress
MUNICIPALITY
50
25,000
₱2.5M for the last
two (2) consecutive
years based on 1991
constant prices
Congress
ARMM Regional
Assembly
BARANGAY
NONE
5,000 (Metro Manila
and Highly Urbanized
Cities)
2,000 (rest of the
country)
NONE
Congress / ARMM
Regional Assembly
Sangguniang
Panlalawigan (Bayan) /
Panglunsod
GRID / GRIDIRON MODEL /
HIPPODAMIAN PLAN
(i.e. The City of Priene)
Hippodamus of Miletus
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 47 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
It explains the reasons behind the distribution
patterns, size, and number of cities and towns
Tested in Southern Germany and came to the
conclusion that people gather together in cities
to share goods and ideas.
The center of the city contains the agora
(market place), theaters, and temples. Public
rooms surround the city’s public arena.
The plan can be laid out uniformly over any
kind of terrain since it is based on angles and
measurements
MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES
MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES
THEORY
(1)
SYNOPTIC
RATIONALISM
(2)
INCREMENTALISM
(3)
TRANSACTIVE
PLANNING
(4)
ADVOCACY
PLANNING
(5)
RADICAL
PLANNING
DESCRIPTION
In philosophy in general, rationalism is the foundation and embodiment of the scientific
method. It serves the same role in planning theory. The rationalist model of the planning
process generally contains the following steps.
• Goals and objectives are set.
• Policy alternatives are identified.
• The policy alternatives are evaluated – vis-à-vis effectiveness (in attaining the goals and
objectives), efficiency, and constraints – using scientific conceptual models and evaluation
techniques (e.g., cost benefit analysis).
• The selected policy alternative is implemented.
This theory – which was espoused by Charles Lindbloom in The Science of Muddling Through
– is a practical response to rationalism. Planning is seen as less of a scientific technique and
more of a mixture of intuition and experience. Major policy changes are best made in little
increments over long periods of time. Incrementalism very accurately describes what actually
occurs in most planning offices on a daily basis.
Like incrementalism, transactivism does not view planning purely as a scientific technique.
Transactivism espouses planning as a decentralized function based on face-to-face contacts,
interpersonal dialogues, and mutual learning. Transactivism is roughly behavioralist-style
planning.
Advocacism abandons the objective, non-political view of planning contained in rationalism.
Planners become like lawyers: they advocate and defend the interests of a particular client or
group (which is preferably economically disadvantaged and/or politically unorganized or
underrepresented).
• Paul Davidoff was an early champion of advocacy planning. He argued that there is no one
public interest for planners to serve, and thus, that planners have no choice but to become
non-objective advocates for specific interests and groups.
• Saul Alinsky developed an advocacist vision of planning that is centered around so-called
“organizations.” Alinsky’s organizations develop where people feel powerless. These
organizations then hire planners (which Alinsky largely sees as political organizers) to identify
problems, develop an awareness of these problems, and generate action.
• Alan Altshuler also argued for abandoning the objective, non-political view of planning. He
felt that to be effective, planners must become actively involved in the political process.
THEORY
THEORY
(6)
UTOPIANISM
Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping changes that
capture the public imagination. Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago, Frank Lloyd Wright’s
Broadacre City, and Le Corbusier’s La Ville Contemporaine are often cited as utopian works.
(7)
METHODISM
Methodism addresses situations in which the planning techniques that should be used are
known, but the ends that should be achieved by these techniques are not. Such a situation
would be making a population projection just to have it handy when it is needed. Methodism
views planning techniques as ends into themselves.
URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES
INVASION
 The entrance of a new population and / or facilities in an already occupied area.
 A term referring to the process by which social groups or activities which are better adapted
to a given environment than are its existing inhabitants or activities enter and eventually
dominate it.
CENTRALIZATION
 An increase in population at a certain geographic center
BLOCK-BOOSTING
 “Forcing” the old population out of the area because of social or racial differences
GENTRIFICATION
 Improving the physical set-up and consequently affecting the market for previously rundown areas.
 The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or affluent
people into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer residents.
 The buying and renovating of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighborhoods by
wealthier individuals, which in effect improves property values but also can displace lowincome families and small businesses.
In a sense, radicalism takes transactivism to its logical extreme. Radicalism hates hierarchical
bureaucracies, centralized planning, and domineering professional planners. It argues that
planning is most effective when it is performed by non-professional neighborhood planning
committees that empower common citizens to experiment with solving their own problems.
The ideal outcomes of this process are collective actions that promote self-reliance. Much of
the radical planning literature that I have personally read is based on Marxist interpretations
and theories.
PSALM 139:16
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed.
And in Your book they all were written,
The days fashioned for me,
When as yet there were none of them
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 48 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE AND ELEMENTS
T3 SUB-URBAN ZONE
T4 GENERAL URBAN ZONE
T5 URBAN CENTER ZONE
T6 URBAN CORE ZONE
General Urban: the sector that is mixed in
function, but principally residential. It has a
generalizes character, and is usually the
largest area of the neighborhood.
Urban Center: the dense multifunctional social
condenser of a neighborhood. It is usually at a
central location, within walking distance of the
surrounding, primarily residential areas.
Urban Core:the most dense business, service,
and institutinal center, It is usually shared by
several neighborhoods. It always straddles
thoroughfares at their most active intersection.
It is usually within walking distance of a large
residential catchment.
Land use is limited, permitting the controlled
combination of residential with other uses.
Land use is open, encouraging the combination of the residential and other uses.
Land use is open, encouraging the combination of residential and other uses.
Buildings of the medium-density freestanding
sideyard and edgeyard types.
Buildings of the higher-density attached courtyard, rearyard, and also sideyard types.
Buildings only of the high-density attached
courtyard and rearyard types.
FRONTAGE Frontages that weakly define the public
Frontages that are variegated with medium
setbacks: dooryard, and porch and fence.
Frontages that define continous streetwalls
with shallow setbacks: arcade, shopfront,
stoop, and forecourt.
Frontages that define continous streetwalls
with shallow setbacks: arcade, shopfront,
stoop, and forecourt.
STREETSCAPE Streetscapes that create the most rural con
Streetscapes that create a variety of conditions: road, residential street, and avenue.
Streetscapes that create urban conditions:
residential street, commercial street,
avenue, and boulevard.
Streetscapes that create the most urban
conditions: commercial street, avenue,
and boulevard.
Thoroughfares are avenues, streets, and
roads. Most buildings are served by rear
lanes.
Thoroughfares are avenues and streets. All
buildings are served by rear alleys.
Thoroughfares are streets and boulevards.
All buildings are served by rear alleys.
Open space is organized as parks and
greens.
Open space is organized as plazas or
squares.
Open space is organized as plazas or
squares.
Sub-Urban: the least dense, most purely resi
dential sector of the neighborhood. The size
varies in proportion depending on whether the
model is more rural (village-like) or more urban
(town-like).
LAND USE Land use is restricted, combining residential
with certain other used.
BUILDING Building of the low-density freestanding
edgeyard type.
space with deep setbacks: common lawn
and porch and fence.
ditions: parkway, road, and lane.
THOROUGHFARE Thoroughfares are roads and drives.
Buildings may be served by rear lanes,
though wider lots may dispense with them.
OPEN SPACE Open space may be parks within the
proximate greenbelt.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 49 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
STREET PATTERN TYPES
SAVANNAH PATTERN
Advantages
Excellent directional orientation
Controllable lot depth
Provides end grain of blocks for fast traffic
Even dispersal of traffic through the web
Straight lines enhance rolling terrain
Efficient double-loading of alleys and utilities
Disadvantages
Monotonous unless periodically
interrupted
Does not easily absorb environmental
interruptions
Unresponsive to steep terrain
Syn.: orthogonal grid, gridiron
NANTUCKET PATTERN
Hierarchy with long routes for through traffic
Even dispersal of traffic through web
Responsive to terrain
Easily absorbs environmental interruptions
Monotony eliminated by terminated vistas
Follows traces on the landscape
Uncontrollable variety of blocks and lots
VARIETY
Advantages
Syn.: unwin model, spider web
Hierarchy with diagonals for through traffic
Even dispersal of traffic through the grid
Diagonal focus on terrain features
Diagonal interrupt monotony of the grid
LEGIBILITY
Uncontrollable variety of lots
High number of awkward lot shapes
Diagonal intersections spatially ill-defined
RIVERSIDE PATTERN
RADBURN PATTERN
Advantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Highly disorienting
Uncontrollable variety of lots
No instrinsic hierarchy
The range of users that a place
provides
i.e. housing, shopping,
employment, recreation and so
forth
Relates to the ease with which
people can understand the
spatial layout of a place
Disadvantages
ROBUSTNESS
Syn.: city beautiful, haussmann model
Monotony interrupted by deflected vistas
Easily absorbs environmental interruptions
Highly responsive to terrain
Even dispersal of traffic through the web
Relates to the way that a design
affects where people can go
and cannot go within a city
district
Urban designer must consider this
first because it involves pedestrian
and vehicle circulation within the
city district as a whole
Syn.: sitte model, townscape
Advantages
Tends to be disorienting
PERMEABILITY
Disadvantages
WASHINGTON PATTERN
Disadvantages
by Ian Bentley, et. al
Advantages
MARIEMONT PATTERN
Hierarchy with diagonals for through traffic
Even dispersal of traffic through the grid
Monotony interrupted by deflected vistas
Diagonal intersections spatially well-defined
Criteria For
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
VISUAL
APPROPRIATENESS
Good street hierarchy for locals and collectors
Controllable variety of blocks and lots
Easily absorbs environmental interruptions
Responsive to terrain
RICHNESS
Disadvantages
Congestion of traffic by absence of web
Describes building and outdoor
spaces the design of which does not
limit users to a single fixed use but,
rather, supports many different
purposes and activities
The way in which the design
physically can make people aware
of the choices the place provides
Involves ways to increase the
choice of sense experience that
users can enjoy (experiences of
touch, sound, light, taste, and
so forth)
Syn.: cul-de-sac
Syn.: olmstedian
PERSONALIZATION
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 50 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
Refers to design that encourage
people to put their own mark on
the places where they live and
work
FRONTAGE TYPES
WIND EXPOSURE CATEGORY
SECTION
levered shed roof or an awning, The
absence of a raised ground story precludes residential use on the ground
floor, although this use is appropriate
above.
Stoop: a private Frontage wherein
the Facade is aligned close to the
Frontage Line with the first Story elevated from the Sidewalk for privacy,
with an exterior stair and landing at
the entrance. This type is suitable for
ground-floor residential uses at short
setbacks with rowhouses and apartments buildings. An easement may be
necessary to accommodate the
encroaching stoop.
Forecourt: a facade is aligned close
to the frontage line with a portion of
it set back. The forecourt created is
suitable for gardens, vehicular dropoffs. and utility off-loading. This type
should be used sparingly and in con-
junction with the two frontage types
above, as a continuous excessive
setback is boring and unsafe for pedestrians. Trees within the forecourts
should be placed to have their canopies overhanging the sidewalks.
Dooryard & Light Court: a private
Frontage type with a shallow setback and front garden or patio usually with a low wall at the Frontage Line.
This type effectively buffers residential quarters from the sidewalk while
removing the private yard from public
encroachment.
LOT
B
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or
other terrain with numerous closely spaced
obstructions having the size of single-family
dwellings or larger. Exposure B shall be
assumed unless the site meets the definition of
another type exposure.
C
Open terrain with scattered obstructions,
including surface undulations or other
irregularities, having heights generally less than
30 feet (9144 mm) extending more than 1,500
feet (457 m) from the building site in any
quadrant. This exposure shall also apply to any
building located within Exposure B type terrain
where the building is directly adjacent to open
areas of Exposure C type terrain in any
quadrant for a distance of more than 600 feet
(183 m). This category includes flat open
country, grasslands and shorelines in hurricane
prone regions.
D
Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind
flowing over open water (excluding shorelines
in hurricane prone regions) for a distance of at
least 1 mile (1.61 km). Shorelines in Exposure
D include inland waterways, the Great Lakes,
and coastal areas of California, Oregon,
Washington and Alaska. This exposure shall
apply only to those buildings and other
structures exposed to the wind coming from
over the water. Exposure D extends inland
from the shoreline a distance of 1500 feet (457
m) or 10 times the height of the building or
structure, whichever is greater.
T2 RURAL
T3 SUB-URBAN
D DISTRICT
Porch & Fence: a facade is set back
the demarcation of the yard. A great
from the frontage line with an envariety of porches is possible, but to
croaching porch appended. The
be useful, none should be less than
porch should be within a conversa8 ft. wide.
tional distance of the sidewalk, while
a fence at the frontage line maintains
Common Lawn: a facade set back sub- as social interaction from the enstantially from the frontage line. The front fronting throughfarfe is unlikely at such a
yard thus created should remain undistance. Common Lawns are suitable
fenced and be visually continuous with
frontages for higher-speed thoroughfares,
adjacent yards. The ideal is to simulate as the large setback provides a buffer
buildings sitting in a common rural
from the traffic.
landscape. A front porch is noe warranted,
Slip Lane: a facade no more than
sidewalk system are landscaped to
80 ft. from the right-of-way. Parking
provide shade and shelter and a
is placed within the first layer. Private
streetwall buffer. Appropriate transit
sidewalks are provided between the
stops are provided along the frontages,
public sidewalk and the building
directly linked to the private sidewalk
entrances. The parking and private
system.
A
Large city centers with at least 50 percent of
the buildings having a height in excess of 70
feet (21 336 mm). Use of this exposure
category shall be limited to those areas for
which terrain representative of Exposure A
prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of
at least 0.5 mile (0.8 km) or 10 times the height
of the building or other structure, whichever is
greater. Possible channeling effects or
increased velocity pressures due to the building
or structure being located in the wake of
adjacent buildings shall be taken into account.
ROW
T4 GENERAL URBAN
Shopfront & Awning: a facade is
aligned close to the frontage line with
the entrance at sidewalk grade. This
type is conventional for retail frontage.
It is commonly equipped with canti-
PLAN
DESCRIPTION
T5 URBAN CENTER
Frontage Line. An easement for private use of the right-of-way is usually
required. To be useful, the arcade
should be no less than 12 ft. wide
ROW
T6 URBAN CORE
Gallery & Arcade: a Private Frontage
conventionally for Retail use wherein
the Facade is a colonnade that overlaps the Sideealk, while the Facade
at the Sidewalk level remains at the
LOT
EXPOSURE
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 51 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
THE KEY HOUSING AGENCIES
AGENCY
URBAN LAND USE MAP COLORS
FUNCTION
CATEGORY
HUDCC
 An office mandated to coordinate and supervise the government’s housing agencies. It is also
tasked in monitoring the performance of the housing sector, and involved in policy formations.
The highest policy-making and coordinating office on shelter programs.
NHA
 The National Housing Authority is the sole government agency engaged in direct shelter production
focused on providing housing assistance to the lowest 30% of urban income-earners through slum
upgrading, squatter relocation, development of sites and services, and construction of core housing
units.
 Undertakes programs for the improvement of blighted urban areas and provides technical
assistance for private developers undertaking low-cost housing projects.
Housing and Urban
Development Coordinating
Council (EO90)
National Housing Authority
HGC
Home Guaranty Corporation
(formerly HIGC)
HLURB
Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board
(formerly Human Settlement
Regulatory Commission)
NHMFC
National Home Mortgage
Finance Corporation
HDMF
Home Development Mutual
Fund
SHFC
Social Housing Finance
Corporation (EO273)
 HGC mobilizes all necessary resources to broaden the capital base for the effective delivery of
housing and other related services, primarily for the low-income earners through a viable system of
credit insurance, mortgage guarantee, and securities.
HLURB is the sole regulatory for housing and land development.
Ensures rational land use for the equitable distribution and enjoyment of development benefits.
Charged with encouraging greater private sector participation in low-cost housing through
liberalization of development standards, simplification of regulations, and decentralization of
approvals for permits and licenses.
Extends comprehensive and productive planning assistance to provinces, cities, and municipalities
toward the formulation of Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs).
A national government agency tasked as the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial body for land
use development and real estate and housing regulation. These roles are done via a triad of
strategies namely, policy development, planning and regulation.
 NHMFC is the major government home mortgage institution.
 Initial main function is to a viable home mortgage market, utilizing long-term funds principally
provided by the Social Security System, the Government Service Insurance System, and the Home
Development mutual Fund to purchase mortgages originated by both public and private institutions
that are within government-approved guidelines.
 Charged with the development of a system that will attract private institutional funds into long-term
housing mortgages.
 HDMF focuses on the administration of a nationwide provident fund for the government’s housing
program, and formulates other investment strategies relative to housing as well as improve its
collection efficiency.
 (more commonly known as the Pag-Ibig Fund)
 The lead agency to undertake social housing programs that will cater to the formal and informal
sectors in the low-income bracket and shall take charge of developing and administering social
housing program schemes, particularly the Community Mortgage Program (CMP) and the
Amortization Support and Developmental Financing Programs of the Abot-Kaya Pabahay Fund
(AKPF)
RESIDENTIAL
By dwelling type
COMMERCIAL
Wholesale, Retail (Gen. Merchandise), Services (Auto Repair, Hotels, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL
Manufacturing, Fabricating, Assembly, Industries, etc.
INSTITUTIONAL
Schools, Church, Protective Services, Government Buildings, etc.
PARKS/PLAYGROUNDS
Golf Courses, Race Tracks, Country Club, etc.
INFRASTRUCTURE/ UTILITIES
Railroad, Land Transport, Water Transport, Air Transport, etc.
BUILT-UP AREAS
Cluster of at least 10 structures or if activity occupies sizable land
COLOR
YELLOW
RED
VIOLET
BLUE
GREEN
GRAY
YELLOW
AGRICULTURE
Cropland, Riceland, etc.
LIGHT GREEN
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL
Piggery, Poultry
LIGHT VIOLET
FOREST
Production Forest, Wildlife, Watershed, National Parks
DARK GREEN
MINING/QUARRYING
BROWN
GRASSLAND/PASTURE
OLIVE GREEN
SWAMPLAND/MARSHES
AQUA
OTHER LAND USE
Cemeteries, Dumpsite, Landfill, Reclamation, Idle Vacant Lots, etc.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 52 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
APPROPRIATE
COLORS
MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES
METRO MANILA
CITY/
MUNICIPALITY
POPULATION
as of 2010
AREA
(sq. km.)
DENSITY
(per sq. km.)
INCORPORATED
(City)
Manila
1,652,171
38.55
42,858
1571
Caloocan
1,489,040
55.80
26,685
1962
Las Piñas
552,573
32.69
16,903
1997
Makati
529,039
21.57
24,527
1995
Malabon
353,337
15.71
22,491
2001
Mandaluyong
328,699
21.26
15,461
1994
Marikina
424,150
21.52
19,710
1996
Muntinlupa
459,941
39.75
11,571
1995
Navotas
249,131
10.77
23,132
2007
Parañaque
588,126
47.69
12,332
1998
Pasay
392,869
13.97
28,122
1947
Pasig
669,773
31.00
21,606
1995
Pateros
64,147
2.25
28,510
Municipality
Quezon City
2,761,720
166.20
16,619
1939
San Juan
121,430
5.95
20,408
2007
Taguig
644,473
53.67
12,008
2004
Valenzuela
575,356
47.02
12,236
1998
WIND LOADS
ZONE
SPEED
I (NE)
250 kph
II (NW)
200 kph
III (SW)
125 kph
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 53 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
TEN MOST POPULOUS CITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
RANK
CITY
POPULATION
(2010)
DESCRIPTION
1
Quezon City
2,761,720
Former capital of the country (1948–1976). Largest city in Metro Manila in population and land area. Hosts the House of Representatives of the Philippines at the Batasang
Pambansa Complex and the metropolis' largest source of water, the La Mesa Reservoir.
2
Manila
1,652,171
Capital of the country (from 1571-1948 and 1976–present). Historically centered on the walled city of Intramuros, by the mouth of the Pasig River. Host to the seat of
the chief executive, the Malacañang Palace. By far the most densely populated city in the country.
3
Caloocan
1,489,040
Historic city where Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan held many of its meetings in secrecy. Much of its territory was ceded to form Quezon City, resulting in the formation of two noncontiguous sections under the city's jurisdiction. Caloocan is the third most densely populated city in the country, lying immediately north of the city of Manila. It serves as an industrial and
residential area inside Metro Manila.
4
Davao City
1,449,296
The largest city in Mindanao. Davao City is also the largest city in the Philippines in terms of land area and is also known as "the City of Royalties"
because of home of some of the prestigious kings and queens in flora and faunas like the durian and the Philippine. It is also the Eco Adventure Capital in the Philippines. The City Mayors
Foundation ranks Davao as the 87th fastest growing city in the world and the only Philippine city to make it in top 100 in the year 2011
5
Cebu City
866,171
Popularly nicknamed as "The Queen City of the South". First capital of the country. Capital of the province of Cebu and regional center of Region VII. Most
populous city in the Visayas. Core of Metro. Cebu City has been honored as the 8th Asian City of the Future owing to its expansive business districts, premier entertainment destinations, and
its pristine waters which attracts tourists worldwide. The city is home to the most popular Sinulogfestival celebrated every January which attracts tourists and Filipinos alike.
6
Zamboanga City
807,129
Nicknamed "Ciudad de las Flores" and marketed by its city government as "Ciudad Latina de Asia" for its substantial Spanish-Derived Creole-speaking population
called "Zamboangueño", the largest in the world. Former capital of the Moro Province and of the undivided province of Zamboanga. Former regional center of Zamboanga Peninsula. Former
Republic (1899–1903) under the leadership of President General.
7
Antipolo
677,741
Nicknamed "City in the Sky" for its location on the hills immediately east of Metro Manila. Well-known pilgrimage and tourist center, being host to a Marian shrine and the Hinulugang
Taktak National Park. Most populous city in Luzon outside of Metro Manila.
8
Pasig
669,773
Hosts most of the Ortigas Center. Part of the province of Rizal until 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Formerly hosted the capitol and other government buildings of that
province.
9
Taguig
644,473
Currently exercises fiscal jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio. Was part of Rizal Province until 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Lies on the western shores of Laguna de Bay.
10
Cagayan de Oro
602,088
Known as the "City of Golden Friendship" and famous for its whitewater rafting or kayaking adventures, that has been one of the tourism activities being promoted in the
Cagayan. Regional center of Northern Mindanao. Provincial capital city of the province of Misamis Oriental.
HABAKKUK 3:17-19
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
A HYMN OF FAITH
17 Though the fig tree may not blossom, nor fruit be on the vines; Though the labor of the olive may fail, And the
fields yield no food; Though the flock may be cut off from the fold,
And there be no herd in the stalls— 18 Yet I will rejoice in the Lord, I will joy in the God of my salvation.
19 The Lord God is my strength; He will make my feet like deer’s feet, And He will make me walk on my high hills.
To the Chief Musician. With my stringed instruments.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 54 ●
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
UAP DOC 202 (OLD)
SPP DOC 202 (NEW)
PHASE / STAGE
COMMUTATIVE
OPERATION
ACTUAL
PERCENTAGE
MBF of
PHP 1,000,000
PHASE / STAGE
COMMUTATIVE
OPERATION
ACTUAL
PERCENTAGE
MBF of
PHP 1,000,000
PRELIMINARY
Feasibility Study
5%
5%
50,000
MOBILIZATION
Feasibility Study
25,000
25,000
25,000
SCHEMATIC
DESIGN
Preliminary Design
15%
10%
100,000
SCHEMATIC
DESIGN
Preliminary Design
15%
15% -25,000
125,000
DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
Working Drawings
35%
20%
200,000
DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
Working Drawings
40%
25%
250,000
90%
50%
500,000
100%
10%
100,000
100%
1,000,000
CONTRACT
DOCUMENT
Specifications / Contract
Documents
85%
50%
500,000
CONTRACT
DOCUMENT
Specifications / Contract
Documents
COMPLETION
Part Time Supervision
100%
15%
150,000
COMPLETION
Part Time Supervision
100%
1,000,000
LIABILITY
10%
LIABILITY
5%
SUPERVISION
5%
SUPERVISION
5%
UAP DOC 203
UAP DOC 204
SPECIALIZED ALLIED SERVICES
UAP DOC 205
CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
POST-CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
12% - 20%
FULL TIME SUPERVISION
QC, Documentation, Reports
1.0% - 1.5%
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
10% - 15%
CONSTRUCTION MANAGER
Present only DURING construction of the project
1.5% - 3.0%
ACOUSTICS, LIGHTING,
ENGINEERING SERVICES
10% - 15%
PROJECT MANAGER
Present BEFORE-DURING-AFTER construction
of the project
2% - 5%
2%
Government Employee
As Architect-of-Record (AoR)
INCENTIVE PAY TO COVER CIVIL LIABILITIES
INTERIOR DESIGN
Interest rate per annum
in case of incomplete / non-payment
1.5%
of PCC &
not more than 50% of
Annual Salary
Salary Basis
Monthly
MANAGEMENT FEE
Percentage of Gross Rentals
4.0% - 6.0%
UAP DOC 207
DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES
DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES
By Administration
7%
DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES
With Guaranteed Maximum Project Construction
Cost
10%
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 55 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
+ RDS Fee
+ RDS Fee
ARCHITECT’S MINIMUM BASIC FEE (SPP 2010)
GROUP
TYPE
MBF
BUILDINGS
50M
50M
100M
300M
500M
500M
Php 50M
Php 50M to
100M
Php 100M
to 200M
Php 200M
to 500M
Php 500M
to1B
Over Php
1B
1
SIMPLE
6%
Armories
Bakeries
Habitable Agricultural Structures
Freight Facilities
Hangars
Industrial Buildings
Manufacturing / Industrial Plants
Packaging & Processing Plants
Parking Structures
Printing Plants
Public Markets
Service Garages
Simple Loft-Type Buildings
Warehouses
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
2
MODERATE
7%
Art Galleries
Banks, Exchange
Financial Institutions
Bowlodromes
Call Centers
Churches & Religious Facilities
City/Town Halls & Civic Centers
College Buildings
Convents, Monasteries & Seminaries
Dormitories
Exhibition Halls & Display Structures
Fire Sations
Laundries & Cleaning Facilities
Libraries
Malls / Mall Complexes
Motels & Apartels
Multi-Storey Apartments
Nursing Homes
Office Buildings / Office Condominiums
Parks, Playgrounds and
Open Air Recreational Facilities
Residential Condominiums
Police Stations
Postal Facilities
Private Clubs
Publishing Plants
Race Tracks
Restaurants / Fast Food Stores
Retail / Wholesale Stores
Schools
Serviced Apartments
Shopping Centers
Showrooms / Service Centers
Supermarkets / Hyper-markets
Welfare Buildings
Mixed-Use Buildings
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
3
EXCEPTIONAL
8%
Airports / Wet & Dry Ports & Terminals
Aquariums
Auditoriums
Breweries
Cold Storage Facilities
Convention Facilities
Gymnasiums
Hospitals & Medical Buildings
Hotels
Laboratories / Testing Facilities
Marinas & Resort Complexes
Medical Arts Offices & Clinics
Mental Institutions
Mortuaries
Nuclear Facilities
Observations
Public Health Centers
Research Facilities
Stadia
Telecommunication Buildings
Theaters & Similar Facilities
Transportation Facilities & Systems
Veterinary Hospitals
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
4
RESIDENTIAL
10%
Single-Detached
Single-Attached or Duplex
Row-houses or Shop-houses
Small Apartment Houses and
Townhouses
Exposition & Fair Buildings
Mausoleums, Memorials & Monuments
Museums
Specialized Decorative Buildings
5
MONUMENTAL
6
REPETITIVE
12%
100% (1st)
80% (2nd)
60% (3rd)
40% (4th)
Re-used Design & Contract Documents for the similar buildings without amending
the drawings and the specifications
JEREMIAH 29:11
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
11 For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, says
the LORD, thoughts of peace and not of evil, to give you a
future and a hope.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 56 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
ARCHITECT’S MINIMUM BASIC FEE (SPP 2010)
GROUP
TYPE
MBF
BUILDINGS
100% (1st)
60% (2nd-10th)
30% (11th + )
Several Residential Buildings on a single site with the use of one (1) set of plans /
designs, specifications and related documents
7
HOUSING
8
EXTENSIVE DETAILING
9
ALTERATIONS / RENOVATIONS
150%
10
CONSULTATION / ARBITRATION
PHP 200/hr
for technical
matters
PHP 500
as expert witness
15%
50M
Design for built-in components or elements, built-in equipment, special fittings,
screens, counters, Architectural Interiors, and Development Planning and / or
design
Alterations, renovations, rehabilitations, retrofit and expansion / additions to
existing buildings belonging to Groups 1 to 5
The Architect is engaged to render opinion or give advice, clarifications or
explanation on technical matters pertaining to architectural works
50M
100M
300M
500M
500M
MATTHEW 7:7-8
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
7 “Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find;
knock, and it will be opened to you. 8 For everyone who
asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who
knocks it will be opened.
ARCHITECT’S MINIMUM BASIC FEE
PHYSICAL PLANNING SERVICES (OLD SPP)
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
SCOPE
BASIC FEE
Moderately Flat
1
Industrial Estates
Commercial Centers
Sports Complexes
Resorts
Tourist Centers
Amusement Parks
Educational Campuses
Institutional & Government Centers
Site Planning of Complex Consisting of Several Structures within a
Contiguous Site
2
Subdivision Planning for housing on properties within Metro
Manila, Cities, Regional Centers, and Provincial Capitals
3
Subdivision Planning for housing on properties located on other
localities beside those under Type 2
First 50 Hectares or less
PHP 5,000 per Hectare
Over 50 Hectares up to 100 Hectares
PHP 250,000 + PHP 4,500 per Hectare in excess of 50 Hectares
Over 100 Hectares up to 200 Hectares
PHP 475,000 + PHP 4,000 per Hectare in excess of 100 Hectares
Over 200 Hectares
PHP 875,000 + PHP 3,000 per Hectare in excess of 200 Hectares
First 100 Hectares or less
PHP 3,000 per Hectare
Over 100 Hectares up to 200 Hectares
PHP 300,000 + PHP 2,300 per Hectare in excess of 100 Hectares
Over 200 Hectares
PHP 550,000 + PHP 2,000 per Hectare in excess of 200 Hectares
First 100 Hectares or less
PHP 2,000 per Hectare
Over 100 Hectares up to 200 Hectares
PHP 200,000 + PHP 1,500 per Hectare in excess of 100 Hectares
Over 200 Hectares
PHP 350,000 + PHP 1,000 per Hectare in excess of 200 Hectares
Rugged with Steep Terrain
Increase by 30%
Preparation of Detailed Engineering Drawings & Specifications on ROADS,
DRAINAGE, SEWERAGE, POWER & COMMUNICATION
4% of Development Cost
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 57 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
ARCHITECT’S RECOMMENDED PROFESSIONAL FEE (SPP 2016)
GROUP
TYPE
RPF
DAEDS
DADS
1
SIMPLE
5%
3%
2
MODERATE
6%
3.6%
3
EXCEPTIONAL
7%
4.2%
4
RESIDENTIAL
10%
6%
5
MONUMENTAL
12%
7.5%
6
R EPETITIVE
100% (1st)
50% (2nd)
40% (3rd)
30% (4th)
BUILDINGS
Armories
Bakeries
Habitable Agricultural Buildings
Hangars
Industrial Buildings
Manufacturing/ Industrial Plants
Packagingand ProcessingPlant
Art Galleries
Banks, Exchangeand other Buildings
Financial Institutions
Bowlodromes
Call Center
Churces and Religious Facilities
City/ Town Halls and Civic Centers
College Buildings
Convents, Monasteries and Seminaries
Correctional and Detention Facilities
Court Houses/ Halls of Justices
Dormitories
Exhibition Hall and Display Structures
Fire Stations
Laundries and Cleaning Facilities
Libraries
Mall/ Mall Complexes
Motels and Apartels
Multi ‐storey Apartments
Nursing Homes
Airports / Wet & Dry Ports & Terminals
Aquariums
Auditoriums
Breweries
Cold Storage Facilities
Convention Facilities
Gymnasiums
Hospitals & Medical Buildings Hotels
Laboratories / Testing Facilities
Marinas & Resort Complexes
Medical Arts Offices & Clinics
Residences
Single-Detached
Single-Attached or Duplex
Exposition & Fair Buildings
Mausoleums, Memorials & Monuments
Building of similar nature of use
Parking Structures
Printing Plants
Public Markets
Service Garages
Simple Loft‐ Type Buildings
Other similar Warehouses utilization
type buildings
Office Buildings
Office Condominiums Parks, Playground
Open‐Air Recreational Facilities
Residential Condominiums
Police Stations
Postal Facilities
Private Clubs
Publishing Plants
RaceTracks
Restaurants/ Fastfood Store
Retail/ Wholesale Stores
Schools
Serviced Apartments
Shopping Centers
Showrooms/ Service Centers
Specialty Shops
Supermarkets/ Hypermarts
Welfare Buildings
Mixed Used Buildings
Other Buildings of similar nature
Mental Institutions
Mortuaries
Nuclear Facilities
Observations
Public Health Centers
Research Facilities
Stadia
Telecommunication Buildings
Theaters & Similar Facilities
Transportation Facilities & Systems
Veterinary Hospitals
Other Buildings of similar nature or use
Row-houses or Shop-houses
Small Apartment Houses and
Townhouses
Specialized Decorative Buildings
Museums
Plan/design and related Contract Documents are re-used for the repetitive
construction of similar buildings without amending the drawing and the
specifications.
50M
50M
100M
300M
500M
Php 50M
Php 50M to
100M
Php 100M
to 200M
Php 200M
to 500M
Php 500M
to1B
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
0.5%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
500M
Over Php
1B
JEREMIAH 29:11
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
11 For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, says the
LORD, thoughts of peace and not of evil, to give you a future
and a hope.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 58 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
ARCHITECT’S RECOMMENDED PROFESSIONAL FEE (SPP 2016)
GROUP
RPF
TYPE
7
HOUSING
8
EXTENSIVE
DETAILING
9
ALTERATIONS /
DAEDS
DADS
100% (1st)
50% (2nd-10th)
40% (11th-30th)
25% (31st-50th)
15% (51st-)
100% (1st)
30% (2nd-10th)
24% (11th-30th)
15% (31st-50th)
9% (51st-)
RENOVATIONS
10
CONSULTATION
/ ARBITRATION
Alterations, renovations, rehabilitations, retrofit and expansion / additions to
existing buildings belonging to Groups 1 to 5
150%
PHP 1000/hr for consultation
(as Technical Adviser)
PHP 5000/appearance for
arbitration (as Expert Witness) witness
50M
Php 50M
to 100M
100M
300M
Php 100M
to 200M
Php 200M
to 500M
500M
500M
Php 500M
Over Php 1B
to1B
Several Residential Buildings on a single site with the use of one (1) set of plans /
designs, specifications and related documents
Design for built-in components or elements, built-in equipment, special fittings,
screens, counters, Architectural Interiors, and Development Planning and / or
design
15% PCC
50M
Php 50M
BUILDINGS
The Architect is engaged to render opinion or give advice, clarifications or
explanation on technical matters pertaining to architectural works
MATTHEW 7:7-8
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
7 “Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find;
knock, and it will be opened to you. 8 For everyone who
asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who
knocks it will be opened.
SPP 203 –SPECIALIZED ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES
METHOD OF COMPENSATION:
1.Arch’l. Interior
2.Landscape
3.Acoustics
4.Physical Planning
MODE OF PAYMENTS:
Upon Submission of Preliminary Design
Upon Submission of Final Design
Upon Completion of the Project
10% to 15% x Cost of Work (average =12%, coordination fee 5% x Cost of Work)
10% to 15% x Cost of Work (coordination fee 5% x Cost of Work)
10% to 15% x Cost of Work (coordination fee 5% x Cost of Work)
preparation of Detailed Engineering Drawings and Specifications on roads, drainage, sewerage, power, communication system and additional fee to
be charged by the Architect 4% x Development Cost of the Project
30% of the Fee
50% of the Fee
20% of the Fee
PHYSICAL PLANNING FOR BUILDING
The Recommended Professional Fee (RPF) is Php 50,000.00 per hectare for the first five (5Has) hectares net to the Architect.
SITES such as INDUSTRIAL ESTATES,
COMMERCIAL, RELIGIOUS,
INSTITUTION & GOVERNMENT
AREA
RECOMMENDED PROFESSIONAL FEE (RPF)
AMOUNT
P5.00 per sq. meter
P250,000.00
Basic rate for the first 5 hectares or less
(1 hectare : 10,000 sq.meters)
P4.00 per sq. meter
Over 5 hectares up to 10 hectares
P250,000.00 + P40,000.00 per hectare in excess of 5 hectares
P450,000.00 + P30,000.00 per hectare in excess of 10 hectares
Over 10 hectares up to 50 hectares
P3.00 per sq. meter
P1.50 per sq. meter
Over 50 hectares and above
P1,650,000.00 + P15,000.00 per hectare in excess of 50 hectares
The rate stipulated above is based on the assumption that the land to be developed is moderately flat. However,
if the land is rugged with steep terrain the fee shall increase by 20% to 30%.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 59 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
ARCHITECT'S RECOMMENDED PROFESSIONAL FEE
GROUP
1
2
3
TYPE
SIMPLE
MODERATE
EXCEPTIONAL
RPF
DAEDS
DADS
5%
3%
6%
7%
3.60%
4.20%
BUILDINGS
Armories
Bakeries
Habitable Agricultural Buildings
Hangars
Industrial Buildings
Manufacturing/ Industrial Plants
Packaging and Processing Plant
Art Galleries
Banks, Exchange and other Buildings
Financial Institutions
Bowlodromes
Call Center
Churces and Religious Facilities
City/ Town Halls and Civic Centers
College Buildings
Convents, Monasteries and Seminaries
Correctional and Detention Facilities
Court Houses/ Halls of Justices
Dormitories
Exhibition Hall and Display Structures
Fire Stations
Laundries and Cleaning Facilities
Libraries
Mall/ Mall Complexes
Motels and Apartels
Multi-storey Apartments
Nursing Homes
Parking Structures
Printing Plants
Public Markets
Service Garages
Simple Loft- Type Buildings
Other similar Warehouses utilization
type buildings
Office Buildings
Office Condominiums Parks, Playground
Open-Air Recreational Facilities
Residential Condominiums
Police Stations
Postal Facilities
Private Clubs
Publishing Plants
Race Tracks
Restaurants/ Fastfood Store
Retail/ Wholesale Stores
Schools
Serviced Apartments
Shopping Centers
Showrooms/ Service Centers
Specialty Shops
Supermarkets/ Hypermarts
Welfare Buildings
Mixed Used Buildings
Other Buildings of similar nature or use
Airports/ Wet and Dry Ports and
Terminals
Aquariums
Auditoriums
Breweries
Cold Storage Facilities
Convention Facilities
Gymnasiums
Hospitals and Medical Buildings
Hotels
Laboratories and Testing Facilities
Marinas and Resort Complexes
Medical Arts Offices and Clinics
Mental Institutions
Mortuaries
Nuclear Facilities
Observatories
Public Health Centers
Research Facilities
Stadia
Telecommunication Buildings
Theaters and Similar Facilities
Veterinary Hospitals
Other buildings of similar nature and
use
50M
Php 50M
DAEDS
DADS
5%
3%
50M
Php 50M
DAEDS
DADS
4%
2.40%
100M
Php 50M to 100M
DAEDS
DADS
3%
1.80%
300M
Php 200M to 500M
DAEDS
DADS
2%
1.20%
500M
Php 500M to 1B
DAEDS
DADS
1%
0.60%
500M
Over Php 1B
DAEDS
DADS
0.50%
0.60%
6%
3.60%
5%
3%
4%
2.40%
3%
1.80%
2%
1.20%
1%
0.60%
7%
4.20%
6%
3.60%
5%
3%
4%
2.40%
3%
1.80%
2%
1.20%
ARCHITECT'S RECOMMENDED PROFESSIONAL FEE
GROUP
4
RPF
TYPE
RESIDENTIAL
5
MONUMENTAL
6
REPETITIVE
7
HOUSING
DAEDS
DADS
10%
6%
12%
7.50%
100% (1st)
50% (2nd)
40% (3rd)
30% (4th)
1st
10% PCC 6% PCC
2 to 10
50%
30%
11 to 30
40%
24%
31 to 50
25%
15%
51 up
15%
9%
8
EXTENSIVE DETAILING
15% PCC
9
ALTERATIONS
150% PCC
CONSULTATION/
ARBITRATION
Php 1000/Hr
Technical Matters
Php 5000/Hr.
Expert Witness
10
BUILDINGS
Residences
Single Detached
Single Attached or Duplex
Row Houses or Shop Houses
Small Apartment Houses
Townhouses
Exposition and Fair Buildings
Specialized Decorative Buildings
Mausoleums, Memorials and
Museums
Monuments
Building of similar nature or use
Plan/design and related Contract Documents are re-used for the
repetitive construction of similar buildings without amending the drawing and
the specifications
Housing Project involving the construction of several residential units on a single
site with the use of one (1 ) set of plans/design, specifications and related
documents
Projects involving extensive detail such as designs for built-in components or
elements, built-in equipment, special fittings, screens, counters, architectural
interiors and development planning and/or design
Alterations, renovations, rehabilitations, retrofit and expansion/additions to
existing buildings belonging to GROUPs 1 to 5 enumerated above
Engaged to render opinion or give advice, clarifications or explanation on
technical matters pertatining to his profession
50M
Php 50M
DAEDS
DADS
50M
Php 50M
DAEDS
DADS
100M
Php 50M to 100M
DAEDS
DADS
300M
Php 200M to 500M
DAEDS
DADS
500M
Php 500M to 1B
DAEDS
DADS
500M
Over Php 1B
DAEDS
DADS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
1979 UAP DOC – 2010 SPP – 2016 SPP
1979 UAP DOCUMENTS
DOC #
2010 STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
201
202
203
204
DOCUMENT NAME
Pre-Design Services
Design Services
Specialized and Allied Services
Construction Services
205
206
207
208
Post-Construction Services
Comprehensive Architectural Services
Design-Build Services
Selection of the Architect and Method of Compensation
DOC #
201
202
203
204 - a
204 - b
205
206
207
208
209
DOCUMENT NAME
Annex “A”
Pre - Design Services
Specialized and Allied Services
Fulltime Supervision Services
Construction Management Services
Post‐Construction Services
Comprehensive Architectural Services
Design‐Build Services
Architectural Design Competition
Professional Architectural Consulting Services
2016 STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
DOC #
201
202
203
204‐a
204‐b
205
206
207
208
209
DOCUMENT NAME
Pre‐Design Services
Regular Design Services
Specialized and Allied Services
Fulltime Supervision Services
Construction Management Services
Post‐Construction Services
Comprehensive Architectural Services
Design‐Build Services
Architectural Design Competition
Professional Architectural Consulting Services
MODE OF PAYMENTS FOR SPP-202
1979 UAP DOC – 2010 SPP – 2016 SPP
PHASES
2010 STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL
PRACTICE
1979 UAP DOCUMENTS
Php 25,000
2016 STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL
PRACTICE
1.
Upon Signing of Contract
5% of MBF
5% of RPF
2.
Schematic Design Phase
15% of MBF or (15‐5 = 10% of MBF) 15%
3.
Design Development Phase
35% of MBF or (35‐15 = 20% of MBF)
40% of MBF or (40‐15 = 25% of MBF)
40% of RPF or (40‐20 = 20% of RPF)
4.
Contract Document Phase
85% of MBF or (85‐35 = 50% of MBF)
90% ofMBF or (90‐40 = 50% of MBF)
90% of RPF or (90‐40 = 50% ofRPF)
5.
Bidding Phase
6.
Construction Phase
Adjustment of 85% based on the winning bid
(within 15 days after the award to the
winning contractor)
10% Civil Liability
5% Periodic Construction Supervision (PCS)
Adjustment of 90% based on the winning bid
(within 15 days after the award to the
winning contractor)
5% Civil Liability
5% Periodic Construction Supervision (PCS)
Adjustment of 90% based on the winning bid
(within 15 days after the award to the
winning contractor)
5% Civil Liability
5% Periodic Construction Supervision (PCS)
of MBF or (15% of MBF – 25K)
20% of RPF or (20‐5 = 15% of RPF)
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 60 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
2010 SPP DOCUMENTS
DESCRIPTION
CONTENTS
TITLE
1
2
General Provisions
4 - 11
8
2
7
The Architect’s Responsibility in
Relation to the PEOPLE
12 - 24
13
3
12
The Architect’s Responsibility in
Relation to His / Her CLIENT
25 - 39
15
4
5
The Architect’s Responsibility in
Relation to the CONTRACTOR
40 - 47
8
2
The Architect’s Responsibility in
Relation to
MANUFACTURERS,
DEALERS & AGENTS
6
22
The Architect’s Responsibility in
Relation to His / Her
COLLEAGUES AND
SUBORDINATES
PHP 50,000 – PHP 500,000
6 months + 1 day to 6 years
7
1
Architect’s Credo
Without first executing a written CONTRACT/SERVICE AGREEMENT
8
3
Miscellaneous Provisions
1
Title, Policy Statement, Definition of
Terms and Scope of Practice
201
Pre-Design Services
2
Professional Regulatory Board
of Architecture (PRBOA)
Organization, Powers and Function
202
Design Services
3
Examination, Registration and
Licensure
203
Specialized Allied Services
4
Practice of Architecture
5
Final Provisions
RULES
S
3
The 2006 Code Of Ethical
Conduct (UAP)
204A
Full Time Construction
Services
204B
Construction Management
Services
Violation of IRR of RA9266
205
Post-Construction Services
PHP 100,000 – PHP 5,000,000
6 months to 6 years
206
Comprehensive Architectural
Services
207
Design-Build Services
208
Architectural Design
Competition (ADC)
209
Professional Architectural
Consulting Services (PACS)
301
General Conditions
METHODS OF COMPENSATION
A
1-3
200
SECTIONS
NO.
CODE OF ETHICS (UAP DOC 200)
IRR OF RA 9266
5
Any HEAD OF GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR OFFICER(S) of a Private Firm / institution
who violates – sub-paragraph of RA. No. 8981
Not less than PHP200,000
Not exceeding 6 years
Violation of the Code
PHP 100,000 – PHP 5,000,000
6 months to 6 years
APPLICATION
Percentage of Project Construction Cost (%PCC)
Used Worldwide
Multiple of Direct Personnel Expenses (MDPE)
Non-Creative Work
Professional Fee Plus Expenses (PFPE)
Continuing Relationship
Lump Sum or Fixed Fee (LS/FF)
Government Projects
Per Diem, Honorarium Plus Reimbursable Expenses
Personal Time (50km)
METHODS OF SELECTION
APPLICATION
BASIS / PROCESS
Direct Selection
Relatively Small Project
Reputation
Recommendation of a Friend
Recommendation of Former Client
Recommendation of Another Architect
Comparative Selection
Institutions, Corporations, Public
Agencies
Architectural Design Competition (ADC)
Civic or Monumental Projects
Mixed Method of Compensation
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 61 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
(1) Invitation
(2) PreQualification
(3) Interview
(4) Verification
(5) Evaluation &
Ranking
(6) Negotiation
Idea Competition
Design Competition
Design-Build Competition
SPP DOCUMENTS (201 – 209)
SPP DOCUMENTS (201 – 209)
DOC
201
DESCRIPTION
SCOPE
PRE-DESIGN SERVICES (12)
Consultation
Pre-Feasibility Studies
Feasibility Studies
Site Selection Analysis
Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies
Architectural Research
Architectural Programming
Space Planning
Space Management Studies
Value Management
Design Brief Preparation
Promotional Services
Methods of Compensation:
 MDPE (1.5 – 2.5)
 PFPE
 LS/FF
 PDHPRE
 MMC
Manner of Providing Services
 Architect of Record (AoR)
 Consulting Architect for SDP
202
REGULAR DESIGN SERVICES
(RDS) (6)
Methods of Compensation:
 PCC
 MDPE (1.5 – 2.5)
 PFPE
 LS/FF
 PDHPRE
 MMC
203
Manner of Providing Services
 Architect of Record (AoR)
 Consulting Architect for SDP
Project Definition Phase
Schematic Design Phase
Design Development Phase
Contract Document Phase
Bidding or Negotiation Phase
Construction Phase
 Single Contract / Sub-consultant
 Separate Contract
SPECIALIZED
ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES
(23)
 Architect of Record (AoR)
 Consulting Architect for SDP
204A
DOC
FULL-TIME SUPERVISION
SERVICES
Architect of Record (AoR)
Consulting Architect
Construction Supervision Group (CSG)
Architectural Interiors (AI) Services
Acoustic Design Services
Architectural Lighting Layout & Design
Site Development Planning (SDP) Services
Site & Physical Planning Services
 Master Development Panning,
 Subdivision Planning
 Urban Design
Comprehensive Development Planning (CDP) Services
Historic & Heritage Conservation and Planning
Security Evaluation & Planning
Building System Design
Facilities Maintenance Support
Building Testing & Commissioning
Building Environment Certification
Forensic Architecture
Building Appraisal
Structural Conceptualization
Preliminary Services
Contract Documentation and Review Services
Post-Design Services
(Including Construction Services)
Dispute Avoidance and Resolution
Architectural Research Methods
Special Building/Facility Planning & Design
Building Components
Management of Architectural Practices
DESCRIPTION
SCOPE
204B
CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT SERVICES (4)
 Construction Manager (CM)
Coordination and Supervision
Cost and Time Control
Quality Control of Work
Keeping of Records
205
POST-CONSTRUCTION
SERVICES (2)
Building & Facilities Administration
 Building Maintenance
 Grounds & Landscaping Supervision
 Building Equipment Maintenance
 Business Development and Management
Post-Construction Evaluation
206
COMPREHENSIVE
ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES
(5)
Pre-Design Services
Regular Design Services (RDS)
Specialized Architectural Services
Construction Services
Post-Construction Services
207
DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES
(DBS) (2)
Design-Build Services by Administration
Design-Build Services on Guaranteed Maximum Cost
208
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
COMPETITION (ADC)
 Project ADCs for actual Projects proposed for
implementation
 Ideas Competition of Competition of Ideas set as a design
planning exercise to elucidate the problem
209
PROFESSIONAL
ARCHITECTURAL
CONSULTING SERVICES
(PACS)
Program / Project Conceptualization & Development
Technical Advice, Consultation and/or Counseling
Schematic Design
Teaching, Lecturing, Coaching, Mentoring
Research & Development
Documentation
Pre-Investment/Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Studies
Marketing & Promotional Studies
Land Use and Multi-Sectoral Development Planning,
Development & Management
Site Selection, Analyses, Evaluation, Ranking &
Development
Construction
Project / Construction Management and/or Administration
Post-Construction Evaluation
Monitoring & Evaluation
Training, Capability Building
Continuing Professional Education (CPE)
Capital Investment Programming
Methods of Compensation:
 Per Diem / Hourly
 Retainer
 ( Salary Cost x
Multiplier) + Direct
Cost / Reimbursable
Expenses
 LS/FF
 PCC
Manner of Providing Services
 Professional Consulting Architect (PCA)
Quality Control
Evaluation of Construction Work
Preparation of Daily Inspection Reports
Filing of Documents
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 62 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
LAWS AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
LAWS AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
LAWS
LAWS
DATE
ARCHITECTURE LAWS
An Act Providing for a More Responsive and
Comprehensive Regulation for the Registration,
Licensing and Practice of Architecture, Repealing for
the Purpose Republic Act No. 545, as Amended,
Otherwise Known as “An Act to Regulate the Practice
of Architecture in the Philippines,” and for Other
Purposes
March 17, 2004
RA1581
Architecture Law of 1956
( 34 – Corporate Practice)
June 16, 1956
RA545
Architecture Law of 1950
June 17, 1950
RA9266
(34 )
REGULATORY AND ENFORCEMENT LAWS
DATE
RA9514
An Act Establishing A Comprehensive Fire Code
Of The Philippines, Repealing Presidential Decree
No. 1185 And For Other Purposes
“Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008”
December 19, 2008
PD1185
Fire Code of the Philippines
1977
RA9263
Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology Professionalization Act
March 10, 2004
BP344
Enhancing the Mobility of Disabled Persons
Feb 25, 1983
IRR latest revision
April 30, 2005
On Housing and Funding
PD957
Condominium and Subdivision Buyers’ Protective
Decree
July 12, 1976
RA 6552
Real Estate Buyers’ Protective Act
August 26, 1972
RA 4726
The Condominium Act
June 18, 1966
BP 220
Standards for Economic and Socialized Housing
projects
March 25, 1982
RA 8763
Home Guarantee Corporation Act
March 7, 2000
EO 538
Prescribing the Administration of the Home
Development Mutual Funds
June 4, 1979
EO 90
Creating the Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council
December 17, 1986
RA8981
Professional Regulation Commission Modernization Act
December 5, 2000
PD223
Creating the Professional Regulation Commission
June 22, 1973
LOI 1000
Letter of Instruction 1000
“…only PRC accredited bona fide professional organizations, and
their members to organize host, sponsor or represent the Filipino
professionals in national, regional and international forums,
conferences, conventions where the concerned professions are
involved, AND …all government agencies and any of its
instrumentalities shall give priority to members of the accredited
professional organizations in the hiring of its employees and in the
engagement of professional services.”
May 20, 1980
RA386
Civil Code of the Philippines
June 18, 1949
EO546
Creating a Ministry of Public Works and a Ministry of
Transportation and Communications
July 23, 1979
RA 3469
Allowing the Construction of Multi-Storey Tenement
Housing Projects for the Poor and Homeless
June 16, 1962
RA7160
Local Government Code of the Philippines
October 10, 1991
RA 7279
Urban Development and Housing Act
29 March, 1992
RA876
The Philippine Arbitration Law
June 19, 1953
RA 7835
Comprehensive and Integrated Shelter Finance Act
On Water and Plumbing
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REFERENCE LAWS
RA1378
On Safety and Protection
PD1096
RA6541
Adopting A National Building Code Of The Philippines
(NBCP) Thereby Revising R.A. No. 6541
Feb 19, 1977
IRR latest revision
April 30, 2005
An Act To Ordain And Institute
A National Building Code Of The Philippines
National Building Code Of 1972
August 26, 1972
National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
January 28, 1959
latest revision
December 21, 1999
RA6234
Creating the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage
System
June 19, 1971
RA9286
Latest Amendment to PD198 or Provincial Water
Utilities Act of 1973
April 2, 2004
PD1067
Water Code of the Philippines
1977
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 63 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
LAWS AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE
IN THE PHILIPPINES
LAWS
UAP DOC 301 & NBCP (PD1096)
DATE
DAYS
ACTION
15 days
 from date of change order, assertion of claims
 after receipt of any instructions, contractor to inform architect of extra cost for extra work
through written notice
 after expiration of certificate of completion, make good known defects
 after recognition of delay, contractor to issue a written notice
 from NTP, contractor to submit complete breakdown of work and corresponding value
 from Request of Payment, architect to issue or withhold certificate of payment
 from approval of Request for Payment & Issuance of payment, owner to pay certified amount
 from date of bidding, contractor to seek architect’s clarification
 after request for payment, architect/owner fails to act, contractor may suspend or terminate
work
 upon certification of the architect justifying owner’s action, owner to terminate contract
 contractor declares bankruptcy
 disregard/violate provisions of contract documents / schedule
 fail to provide qualified people & materials
 fail to make payment to sub-contractors, workmen or dealers
 from payment of required fees, issuance of Building Permit
 from receipt of advice of the non-issuance, suspension or revocation of permits, file an appeal
to the Secretary
30 days
(1 month)
 after award of arbitration, owner fails to pay contractor, contractor may suspend/terminate
work
 certificate of occupancy
 to make good of known defects after issuance of certificate of completion (expiration of
performance & payment bond)
On Environment Protection
RA9003
Ecological Waste Management Program Law
January 26, 2001
RA3931
National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission
June 18, 1964
PD1586
Establishing Environmental Impact Statement System
1978
PD1152
Philippine Environmental Code
June 6, 1977
PD984
Pollution Control Decree
1976
PD772
Penalizing Squatting And Other Similar Acts
1975
GOVERNMENT SERVICE AND ETHICS LAWS
RA8293
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
June 22, 1997 /
January 1, 1998
PD49
Decree on Intellectual Property
November 14, 1972
RA3019
Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act
1961
RA8974
Law on Acquisition of Right-of-Way, Site or Location for
National Government Infrastructure Projects
November 7, 2000
RA8439
Magna Carta for Scientists, Engineers, & Researchers
in the Government
December 22, 1997
60 days
(2 Months)
RA6713
Code of Ethical Conduct of a Public Official and
Employees
1972
90 days
(3 Months)
 suspension of work through no act of contractor and employees or order of court
 retention (3 months after acceptance of work)
EO525
Responsibility of the Public Estate Authority on
Reclamation Projects
February 14, 1979
120 days
(4 Months)
 building permit validity
 excavation shall not be left open without work being done
180 days
(6 Months)
 suspension of construction exceeds 6 months, the fee for the remaining works shall be
doubled
365 days
(12 months)
 contractor’s guarantee bond effectivity
 building permit validity if there was no construction
 Changes, alterations and repairs may be made provided that in any 12- month period, the
value of the work does not exceed 20% of the value of the existing building, and provided that,
such changes do not add additional combustible material, and do not, in the opinion of the
Building Official, increase the fire hazard;
UAP DOC 301 & NBCP (PD1096)
DAYS
ACTION
5 days
 after written notice, contractor agrees to make repairs to correct defective work
 from date of referral, C/M Fire Marshall shall submit recommendations to the BO
7 days
 from receipt of notice to proceed, computation of contract time
10 days




before date needed, contractor to make request on drawings & materials
before beginning, suspending or resuming work, contractor to issue written notice
before written notice, contractor’s insurance policy will not be cancelled
before commencing excavation, notify owner of adjoining property
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 64 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
IRR OF RA 9266
UAP DOC 301 – GENERAL CONDITIONS
ARCHITECT, OWNER & CONTRACTOR’S
SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF YEARS
OBLIGATION
Certificate Of Non Financial Obligation
(By Contractor)
After 65% completion of work, the contractor should
present
ARCHITECT shall
 Inspect the project and
 Issue Certificate Of Completion after
certification
CONTRACTOR will
 Finish outstanding work during period of making
good of all known defects of 60 days.
After 98% substantial completion of contract work
Owner fails to implement the plan, architect has
completed the Detail Design & Contract Document Phase
Architect is entitled to 90% of the Architect’s Fee
Payments
 on work completed minus 10% retention
 When 50% of the contract has been accomplished,
NO RETENTION shall be made
 No payment in excess of 65% unless notarized
statement is submitted
Performance Bond
(Guarantee to execute work)
15% of contract amount
Payment Bond
(Guarantee to pay obligations)
15% of Contract amount
 valid until replacement of Guarantee Bond
Guarantee Bond
(Guarantee to quality of materials and workmanship)
30% of contract amount
valid up to 1 yr from date of acceptance
Overruns and underruns
15 Years
(180 Months)
 Civil Liability on plans and specifications of Architect-of-Record under Article 1723 of the
Civil Code
10 Years
(120 Months)
 PRBOA Member COR & PID validity qualification and active practitioner
5 Years
(60 Months)
 PRBOA Member should not be a faculty member (at least) prior to nomination
3 Years
(36 Months)
 Validity of PID
 PRBOA Chairman to hold office
2 Years
(24 Months)
 Diversified Architectural Experience duly certified by RLA (3840 Hours)
 1 (one) PRBOA Member to hold office
1 year
(12 Months)
 Credited as Diversified Architectural Experience with Master’s Degree
 1 (one) PRBOA Member to hold office
IRR OF PD 1096
FINES
PHP 5,000
 Light Violations
PHP 8,000
 Less Grave Violations
PHP 10,000
 Grave Violations
PENALTIES (Without Building Permit)
10% of Building
Permit Fees
 Excavation for Foundation
Not to exceed 5%
25% of Building
Permit Fees
 Construction of foundation (including pile driving and laying of reinforcing bars)
If CONTRACTOR’s work is found defective
Defray all expenses
50% of Building
Permit Fees
 Construction of superstructure up to 2.00 meters above established grade
If CONTRACTOR’s work is found satisfactory
Actual cost of labor and materials plus 15%
100% of Building
Permit Fees
 Construction of superstructure above 2.00 meters
Value of EXTRA WORK
 Estimate and acceptance in lump sum
 Does not exceed 20% of original contract price
 Actual direct cost plus 15%
25% Surcharge
 Failure to pay the annual inspection fee within 30 days from prescribed date
Damage from fire or earthquake, typhoons or any
fortuitous event may be repaired, using the same kind of
materials of which the building or structure was originally
constructed,
Provided that, the cost of such repair shall not exceed 20%
of the replacement cost of the building or structure.
PENAL PROVISIONS
PHP 20,000
2 Years or Both
 Any person, firm or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions of the Code and/or
commit any act hereby declared to be unlawful
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 65 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
IRR OF RA 9266
IRR OF RA 9266
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Rule I
Title, Policy
Statement, Definition
of Terms and Scope
of Practice
3
Rule II
Professional
Regulatory Board of
Architecture (PRBOA)
Organization, Powers
and Function
8
Rule III
Examination,
Registration and
Licensure
13
01
02
Statement of Policy
03
Definition of Terms
04
Creation and Composition of the Professional Regulatory Board
05
Qualification of Members of the Professional Regulatory Board
06
Term of Office
15
33
Ownership of Plans, Specifications, t and Other Contract Documents
34
Non-Registered Person Shall Not Claim Equivalent Service
35
Positions in Government Requiring the Services of Registered and Licensed
Architects
36
37
07
Powers and Function of the Board
38
08
Administrative Supervision of the Board, Custodian of its Records, Secretariat &
Support Services
39
09
Grounds for Suspension or Removal of Members of the Board
10
Compensation and Allowances of the Board
11
Annual Report
12
Collection of Professional Fees
Limitation to the Registration of a Firm, Company, Partnership, Corporation or
Association
Coverage of Temporary / Special Permits
Liability Insurance of A Person or Entity Allowed to Practice Under Temporary /
Special Permit
40
Integration of the Architecture Profession
41
Implementing Rules and Regulations
42
Appropriations
Examination Required
43
Act Not Affecting Other Professionals
13
Qualification of Applicant Examination
44
Enforcement of the Act
14
Subjects for Examination
45
Separability Clause
15
Rating in the Licensure Examination
46
Repealing Clause
16
Report of Ratings (within 30 days)
47
Effectivity
17
Oath
18
Issuance of Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card
19
Roster of Architects
20
Seal, Issuance and Use of Seal (Prescribed by the Board)
21
Indication of Certificate of Registration / Professional Identification Card and
Professional Tax Receipt
22
23
24
Rule IV
Practice of
Architecture
(Sundry Provisions)
Rule IV
Practice of
Architecture
(Sundry Provisions)
Title
Rule V
Final Provisions
8
PD 1096 NATIONAL BULDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
CONTENTS
101
01
Title
102
02
Declaration of Policy
Refusal o Issue Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card
103
03
Scope and Application
Suspension and Revocation of Certificate of Registration, Professional
Identification Card or the Special / Temporary Permit
104
04
General Building Requirements
Re-Issuance or Replacement of Revoked or Lost Certificate of Registration,
Professional Identification Card or the Special / Temporary Permit
105
05
Site Requirements
106
06
Definitions
Rule I
General Provisions
6
201
07
Responsibility for Administration and Reinforcement
202
08
Technical Staff
203
09
General Powers and Function of the Secretary
Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
204
10
Professional and Technical Assistance
Prohibition in the Practice of Architecture and Penal Clause
205
11
Building Officials
30
Prohibition in the Practice of Architecture
206
12
Qualifications of Building Officials
31
Liability of Representatives and Non-Registered Persons
207
13
Duties and Responsibilities of Building Officials
32
Signing and Sealing of Architectural Plans, Specifications, Architectural Permit
and Other Contract Documents
208
14
Fees
209
15
Exemption
25
Registration of Architects Required
26
Vested Rights. Architects Registered When This Law Is Passed
27
Reciprocity Requirements
28
29
Rule II
Administration and
Reinforcement
13
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 66 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
PD 1096 NATIONAL BULDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
PD 1096 NATIONAL BULDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Rule II
Administration and
Reinforcement
Rule III
Permits and
Inspection
9
Rule IV
Types of
Construction
3
Rule V
Requirements of Fire
Zones
7
Rule VI
Requirements of Fire
Zones
Rule VII
Classification
and General
Requirements of All
Buildings By Use or
4
9
210
16
Use of Income from Fees
705
50
Allowable Floor Areas
211
17
Implementing Rules and Regulations
706
51
Allowable Floor Area Increases
212
18
Administrative Fines
707
52
Maximum Height of Buildings
213
19
Penal Provisions
708
53
Minimum Requirements for Group A Dwellings
214
20
Dangerous and Ruinous Buildings or Structures
709
54
Requirements for Other Group Occupancies
215
21
Abatement of Dangerous Buildings
801
55
General Requirements of Light and Ventilation
216
22
Other Remedies
802
56
Measurement of Site Occupancy
301
23
Building Permits
803
57
Percentage of Site Occupancy
302
24
Application of Permits
804
58
Sizes and Dimensions of Courts
303
25
Processing of Building Permits
805
59
Ceiling Heights
304
26
Issuance of Building Permits
806
60
Sizes and Dimensions of Rooms
305
27
Validity of Building Permits
807
61
Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of Rooms
306
28
Non-issuance, Suspension or Revocation of Building Permits
808
62
Window Openings
307
29
Appeal
809
63
Vent Shafts
308
30
Inspection and Supervision of Work
810
64
Ventilation Skylights
309
31
Certificate of Occupancy
811
65
Artificial Ventilation
401
32
Types of Construction
901
66
General Requirements
402
33
Changes In Types
902
67
Water Supply System
403
34
Requirements on Types of Construction
903
68
Wastewater Disposal System
501
35
Fire Zones Defined
904
69
Storm Drainage System
502
36
Buildings Located in More Than One Fire Zone
905
70
Pest and Vermin Control
503
37
Moved Buildings
906
71
Noise Pollution Control
504
38
Temporary Buildings/Structures
907
72
Pipes Materials
505
39
Center Lines of Streets
1001
73
General Requirements
506
40
Restrictions on Existing Buildings
1002
74
Projection into Alleys or Streets
507
41
Designation of Fire Zones
1003
75
Projection of Balconies and Appendages Over Streets
601
42
Fire- Resistive Rating Defined
1004
76
Arcades
602
43
Fire- Resistive Time Period Rating
1005
77
Canopies (Marquees)
603
44
Fire-Resistive Standards
1006
78
Movable Awnings or Hoods
604
45
Fire- Resistive Regulations
1007
79
Doors, Windows, and the Like
701
46
Occupancy Classified
1008
80
Corner Buildings with Chaflans
702
47
Change in Use
703
48
Mixed Occupancy
704
49
Location on Property
Occupancy
Rule VIII
Light and Ventilation
Rule IX
Sanitation
Rule X
Building Projection
Over Public Streets
11
7
8
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 67 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
PD 1096 NATIONAL BULDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
PD 1096 NATIONAL BULDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Rule XI
Protection of
Pedestrians During
Construction or
Demolition
Rule XII
General Design and
Construction
Requirements
Rule XIII
Electrical &
Mechanical
Regulations
Rule XIV
Photographic
and X-Ray Films
Rule XV
Prefabricated
Construction
8
15
2
3
1
1101
81
General Requirements
1102
82
Storage in Public Property
1103
83
Mixing Mortar on Public Property
1104
84
1105
85
1106
1601
110
1602
111
Installation
1603
112
Glazing of Openings
Protection of Utilities
1604
113
Skylights
Walkway
1605
114
Light-Transmitting Panels in Monitors and Sawtooth Roofs
86
Pedestrian Protection
1606
115
Plastic Light Diffusers in Ceilings
1107
87
Maintenance and Removal of Protective Devices
1607
116
Partitions
1108
88
Demolition
1608
117
Exterior Veneer
1201
89
General Requirements
1609
118
Awnings and Canopies
1202
90
Excavation, Foundation, and Retaining Walls
1701
119
Sheet Metal Paint Spray Booth
1203
91
Veneer
1702
120
Fire Protection
1204
92
Enclosure of Vertical Openings
1703
121
Light
1205
93
Floor Construction
1704
122
Ventilation
1206
94
Roof Construction and Covering
1207
95
Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads
1208
96
1209
1210
Rule XVI
Plastics
Rule XVII
Sheet Metal Paint
Spray Booths
9
4
Approved Plastics
1801
123
General Requirements
1802
124
Area Limitation
Skylights
1803
125
Glazing
97
Bays, Porches, and Balconies
1804
126
Louvered Windows
98
Penthouses and Roof Structures
1805
127
Impact
1211
99
Chimneys, Fireplaces, and Barbecues
1901
128
General Rule
1212
100
Fire-Extinguishing Systems
1902
129
Program Documentation
1213
101
Stages and Platform
1903
130
Submission of Computer-Generated Computations
1214
102
Motion Picture Projection Rooms
2001
131
General Requirements
1215
103
Lathing, Plastering, and Installation of Wall Boards
2002
132
Maintenance
2003
133
Design and Construction
Rule XVIII
Glass and Glazing
5
Rule XIX
The Use of
Computers
3
Rule XX
The Use of
Computers
6
1301
104
Electrical Regulations
2004
134
Supports and Anchorages
1302
105
Mechanical Regulations
2005
135
Projections and Clearances
Storage and Handling
2006
136
Lighting
2101
137
Separability Clause
2102
138
Repealing and Amending Clause
2103
139
Effectivity
1401
106
1402
107
Classes of Film Exempted
1403
108
Fire Extinguishing System
1501
109
Rule XXI
Final Provisions
3
Prefabricated Assembly
Annotation: The DPWH published these 2004 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of P.D. No. 1096 (the 1977 NBCP) on 01, 08
and 15 April 2005 in the Manila Standard Today. These IRR took effect 01 May 2005.
To date, only RLAs can prepare, sign and seal architectural documents, in full accordance with R.A. No. 9266 (The Architecture Act of 2004), its
IRR and derivative regulations and in accordance with this Revised IRR.
APPROVED this 29th of October 2004.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 68 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
PARKING REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPANCY
Low income single detached living unit
with individual lots not more
than 100m²
Multi-family living units regardless of
no. of stories with average living floor
area of 50m²
Multi-family living units regardless of
no. of stories with average living floor
area of above 50m² to 100m²
PARKING REQUIREMENTS
REQUIRED PARKING
OCCUPANCY
Amusement centers
1 slot/ 50m² of gross floor area
Clubhouses, beach houses, etc.
1 slot/ 100m² of gross floor area
Factories, manufacturing, mercantile,
warehouses and storage bin
1 slot/ 1000m² of gross floor area
Tourist bus parking
2 bus slots/ hotel or theater restaurant
College and universities
1 slot/10 units
1 slot / 8 units
1 slot/1 unit
Hotels
1 slot/ 10 rooms
Residential hotels and apartels
1 slot/ 5 units
Motels
1 slot/ 1 unit
GROUP
DIVISIONS
ZONES
RESIDENTIAL
DWELLINGS
A1, A2
R-1, R-2
B
RESIDENTIALS,
HOTELS AND
APARTMENTS
B-1, B-2
R-3, R-4, R-5
1 slot/ 5 classrooms
C
EDUCATION &
RECREATION
C-1, C-2
GI
Hospitals
1 slot/ 25 beds
D
INSTITUTIONAL
D-1, D-2, D-3
R-1, R-2
Bowling alleys
1 slot/ 4 alleys
E
BUSINESS AND
MERCANTILE
E-1, E-2, E-3
C-1, C-2, C-3
F
INDUSTRIAL
F-1
I-1
LOADING
G
STORAGE AND
HAZARDOUS
G-1, G-2, G-3,
G-4, G-5
I-2, UTS,
1 loading slot for every 5000m² of
gross floor area (minimum of 1 truck
loading slot)
H
ASSEMBLY OTHER
THAN GROUP I
H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4
PRE, CUL
I
ASSEMBLY
OCCUPANT LOAD
1000 OR MORE
I-1
CUL, PRE
J
ACCESSORY /
AGRICULTURAL
J-1, J-3, J-3
A, AI, PUD
LOADING REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPANCY
Stores, manufacturing, mercantile,
wholesale and the like
1 truck loading slot
Shopping centers
1 slot/ 100m²
Hotels and hospitals
Markets
1 slot/ 150m²
SPECIAL PROVISION
Restaurants, fast food outlets, bars and
beerhouses
1 slot/ 30m² of customer area
1 accessible parking lot for 50-150 slots and an additional slot for every 100
thereafter.
Nightclubs, supper clubs and theaterrestaurants
1 slot/ 20m² of customer area
Office building
1 slot/ 125m² of gross floor area
Pension/ boarding/ lodging houses
1 slot/ 20 beds
Other buildings in business and
commercial zones
1 slot/ 125m² of gross floor area
Public assembly buildings
1 slot/ 50m² of spectator area
Places of worship and funerary parlors
1 slot/ 50m² of congregation area
Elementary schools, secondary
schools, vocational and trade schools
TYPE
A
1 slot / 8 units
Multi-family living units regardless of
no. of stories with average living floor
area of more than 100m²
REQUIRED PARKING
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BY USE
OR OCCUPANCY (RULE VII)
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION (Rule IV, Sec. 401)
DESIGNATION OF FIRE ZONES (Rule V, Sec. 507)
TYPE I
Wood Construction
TYPE II
Wood Construction with protective fire-resistant materials
(1 Hour)
NON-FIRE
RESTRICTIVE
ZONES (Type I & II)
Siting of buildings/structures are permitted without
fire-resistivity measures, often located in the
country sides or rural areas
TYPE III
Masonry and Wood Construction
TYPE IV
Steel, Iron, Concrete, or Masonry Construction (1Hour)
FIRE
RESTRICTIVE
ZONES (Types II, III, IV)
Siting of buildings/structures are permitted within
prescribed fire-resistivity measures for exterior
walls of at least two-hour fire resistivity, located in
suburban areas
TYPE V
Steel, Iron, Concrete, or Masonry Construction (4hours)
HIGHLY FIRE
RESTRICTIVE
ZONES
(Types IV and V)
Siting of buildings/structures are permitted within
prescribed fire-resistivity measures for exterior
walls of at least two-hour fire resistivity.
1 slot/ 10 classrooms
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 69 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
BP 344
(Accessibility Law)
An Act To Enhance The Mobility Of Disabled Persons
By Requiring Certain Buildings, Institutions,
Establishments And Public Utilities To Install Facilities
And Other Devices.
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS
Seating Capacity For Disabled In PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
4- 50
2 seats
51-300
4 seats
301-500
6 seats
Increase of 100
+1 seat
Violator
Person Liable / Sanction
Corporation, Organization
or similar entity
Officials
Alien or Foreigner
Immediate Deportation after
service of sentence
(1)
Seating Capacity For Disabled In PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Regular Buses
(50 Person Capacity)
5 seats near exit/entrance doors
First Class/
Air-Conditioned
(40 Person Capacity)
4 seats near the door
Passenger Train
6 seats/car nearest to the door
Passenger Airplanes
2 seats/aircraft
near the front exit/entrance door
Jeepneys
2 seats (preferably the front seats)
Domestic Shipping
20 minute period to embark
1 hour disembarkation after arrival
PUBLIC TELEPHONE
1 / 4 units
CRIMINAL LIABILITY / PENALTIES
As per Section 46 of RA7277 (Magna Carta for Disable d Persons)
BASIC PHYSICAL PLANNING REQUIREMENTS
PERSONS / INDIVIDUALS LIABLE FOR ANY
VIOLATION OF THE ACT
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Buildings /
Establishment /
Structure
(1)
(2)
(3)
Air, Land and Sea
Transportation
(4)
(5)
Owner of Operator of the
Building, Establishment or
Structure
Contractor
Architect
Engineer
Building Official or Other Public
Official in-charge with the
issuance of Building Permit,
registration, certification and/or
inspection of the Building,
Establishment or Structure
Owner/Operator of Public
Transport
Body Builders
Safety Officers / Engineers /
Managers
Drivers / Conductors /
Conductresses
Public Official in-charge with the
issuance of permits, registration,
certification and inspection of the
public transportation
RESPONSIBILITY FOR ADMINISTRATION AND
ENFORCEMENT
No group of people shall be deprived of full participation and enjoyment of the
environment or be made unequal with the rest due to any disability. In order to
achieve this goal adopted by the United Nations, certain basic principles shall be
applied
ACCESSIBILITY
The built environment shall be
designed so that it shall be accessible
to all people. This means that no
criteria shall impede the use of facilities
by neither the handicapped or nondisable citizens
REACHABILITY
Provisions shall be adapted and
introduced to the physical environment
so that as many places or buildings as
possible can be reached by all
USABILITY
The built environment shall be
designed so that all persons whether
they be disabled or not, may use and
enjoy it
ORIENTATION
Finding a person’s way inside and
outside of a building or open space
shall be made easy for everyone
SAFETY
Designing for safety insures that
people shall be able to move about
with less hazards to life and death
WORKABILITY &
EFFICIENCY
The built environment shall be
designed to allow the disabled citizens
to participate and contribute to
development goals
ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FOR DISABLED PERSONS
Length of Wheelchair
1.10 m to 1.30 m
Width of Wheelchair
0.60 m to 0.75 m
COMPUTATION OF ACCESSIBLE UNITS
Turning Diameter
1.50 m
In the computation for the allocation of accessible units and seating capacity
decimal greater than 0.5 shall be considered as one unit.
In all cases a minimum of one (1) accessible unit shall be
provided.
Comfortable Reach (in Wheelchair)
0.70 m to 1.20 m
From Room Corners
0.40 m
Knee and Leg Space under tables
0.70 m
First Violation
Php 50,000.00 – Php 100,000.00
6 months – 2 years
Secretary of Public Works & Highways +
Secretary of Transportation and Communication
Subsequent
Violations
Php 100,000.00 – Php 200,000.00
2 years – 6 years
Abuse of Privileges
Php 5,000.00 – Php 50,000.00
6 months
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 70 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
BP 344
(Accessibility Law)
An Act To Enhance The Mobility Of Disabled Persons
By Requiring Certain Buildings, Institutions,
Establishments And Public Utilities To Install Facilities
And Other Devices.
HANDRAILS
PARKING AREAS
 As close as possible to building entrances or to
Installation
Both Sides of Ramps and Stairs
Outer Edges of Dropped Curbs (Not
beyond the width of crossing)
Height
0.90 m (Straight Paths)
0.70 m (Above Steps / Ramps)
1.00 m to 1.06 m (Great Heights)
Width
3.70 m (Min.)
Pedestrian Crossings
Extension
0.30 m (Start / End of Ramps / Stairs)
Walkway
1.20 m (Between front ends of cars)
End of walkways of a private street or access road
Full Grip
30 mm to 50 mm
Dropped Curbs and Cut-Outs
@ Raised Walkways
Width
Same width of crossing or 0.90 m (Min.)
Clearance
50 mm (Walls); 40 mm (Ledges)
Pavement Markings, Signs
To delineate parking spaces for PWD
Slope
1:12 Towards adjoining curb, 1:20 towards Road
SIGNAGES
Lowest Point
25 mm (Max.) from Road / Gutter
Location
Point Conveniently seen by PWD
ENTRANCES
Color / Texture
Contrasting Colors and Contrasting
Gray Matter to make detection and
reading easy
Location
Lobby Arrival & Departure Points
Elevator Access
1 Entrance Level
Ramps
Provide if Site Arrival grade is not same level as
Entrance Level
Vestibules
1.80 m (D) x 1.50 m (W)
OUTSIDE AND AROUND BUILDINGS
DROPPED CURBS
Changes in Level
Locations
By dropped curb
CURB CUT-OUTS
Does not obstruct a walkway or lessen its width
Width
0.90 m
Headroom
2.00 m
Slope / Gradient
1:12
Height
1.60 m (Max.); 1.40 m (Min.)
WALKWAYS AND PASSAGEWAYS
Raised Symbols , Letters, Numbers
1 mm; Braille Symbols Included
Material
Slip-Resistant
CROSSINGS
Slope / Gradient
1:20 or 5%
Cross Gradient
1:100
Width
1.20 m
Gratings
13 mm x 13 mm, 6.5mm (Max.) Projection
Surface
Continuous, 6.5 mm (Max.)
Spaces
(Busy / Lengthy
Walkways
1.50 m (Min. Dimension)
12.00 m (Max. Length)
To Guide the Blind
Straightforward routes with Right Angle Turns
Headroom
2.0 m (Min.) , preferably higher
To Guide the Blind
Define edges with Planters w/ dwarf walls, or a
grass verge, or similar, which provides a texture
different from the path.
 Perpendicular or to an angle to the road or
circulation
 NOT at Ramped or Sloping Areas
INSIDE BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES
When allowed
OPEN SPACES
accessible entrances
Location
RAMPS
Near Perpendicular to Carriageway
Narrowest, Most Convenient Part
Close / Contiguous with Normal
Pedestrian Desire Line
Width (Clear)
1.20 m (Min.)
Gradient
1:12
Length (1:12 Gradient)
6.00 m, (if longer add 1.50 m landing)
Central Refuge (10.00m Carriageway)
1.50 m (Min.), 2.00 m (Preferred)
Top and Bottom of Ramp
1.80 m (Level Area)
Tactile Blocks / Surface
High Enough to be felt by shoe sole
Low enough not to cause tripping or
affect mobility of wheelchairs
Handrails
Both Sides @ 0.70 m and 0.90 m
Curbs
0.10 m (Both Sides)
Most Beneficial Form
Light Controlled Crossing having
Pedestrian Phases
Synchronized Audible Signals
(prolonged, distinguished, by TEC)
Railing
Rise >0.20 m (To Vehicular Traffic)
1.80 m across the full width at lower end
Location
Flashing Green Period
Based on 0.90 m/sec (Not 1.20 m/s)
Steady Green Period
6 seconds or the crossing distance
times 0.90 m/s, whichever is greatest
THRESHOLDS
Maximum Height
25 mm, Ramped (Preferred)
SWITCHES
Position / Location
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 71 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
1.20 m to 1.30m (H); 0.30 m from Latch
BP 344
(Accessibility Law)
An Act To Enhance The Mobility Of Disabled Persons
By Requiring Certain Buildings, Institutions,
Establishments And Public Utilities To Install
Facilities And Other Devices.
STAIRS
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Tread Surface
Slip-Resistant
AGENCY
OFFICIAL
INSIDE BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES
Nosing
Slip Resistant / Slanted (AVOID Open Stringers)
MMDA
Francisco N. Tolentino
DOORS
Leading Edge
Non-Skid Material with High Contrast Color
DPWH
Rogelio Singson
Hazardous Areas
0.30 m (W) Tactile Strip
DENR
Ramon Jesus P. Paje
HLURB
Antonio M. Bernardo
0.80 m (Measured from the surface of the fully
open door at the hinge to the Door Jamb at the
stop
ELEVATORS
4.0 kg (Operable);
Location
30.00 m (Max.) from Entrance
HUDCC
Jejomar C. Binay
1.0 kg (Closing Device Pressure – Interior Door)
Dimension
1.10 m X 1.40 m
NHCP
Maria Serena I. Diokno
1.50 m X 1.50 m (Before & Beyond)
Control Panels
0.90 m to 1.20 m (H)
NHA
Chito M. Cruz
1.20 m if not into a corridor
Button Controls
20 mm Ø; 1 mm (D) with Braille-Type Signs
NEDA
Arsenio M. Balisacan
Out-Swinging Doors
Storage Rooms, Closets, Accessible Restrooms
SAFETY
DOTC
Joseph Emilio A. Abaya
Door Knobs / Hardware
0.82m to 1.06 m; 0.90 m (Preferred)
FENCING FOR ROADWORKS & FOOTWORKS
Vertical Pull Handles
1.06 m OC (Preferred)
Height (Top of Rail)
1.00 m above adjacent surface
Kick Plates
0.30 m to 0.40 m
Tapping Rail
0.35 m above adjacent surface
Width (Clear)
Pressure Force
Clear Level Space
CORRIDORS
Width (Clear)
Recess / Turnabout
men of the highest integrity, judgment,
1.20 m
COVERS FOR EXCAVATIONS
1.50 m X 1.50 m @ 12.00 m Spacing
Width
3.50 m @ every Dead End
If footway width is reduced to less than 1.20 m, cover will be full width of footway
Area
1.70 m X 1.80 m
Location
Turning Space
2.25 m ; 1.50 m (Min. Dimension)
Should not reduce the footway width to less than 1.20 m
Number
1 / 20 WC; 2 / >20 WC
EMERGENCY EXIT
▲ Men’s Washroom,  Women’s Washroom
Tablets / Plan
Located at Main Lobby
0.30 m Length or Diameter; 7.5 mm Thick
Flashing Light / Signs
At every change of direction
Water Closet
0.45 m (H); Flush Control @ 1.20 m (H)
AUDIBLE & VISIBLE ALARM SYSTEM
Lavatories
0.80 m Height (Max.)
0.60 to 0.70 m Knee Recess Vertical Clearance
0.50 m Depth
Audio-Visual Alarm
In all fire sections as per (PD1185)
Vibra-Alarms
Deaf or Hearing Impaired Occupants
Urinals
Elongated or Through Lip of 0.48 m (H)
2
business capacity and artistic and
technical ability. An Architect’s honesty of
1.20 m with 0.20 m Kickboard
SIGNAGE FOR ROADWORKS ON CARRIAGEWAY
WASHROOM & TOILETS
Signage
The professional of Architecture calls for
NO GAPS between adjoining fence lengths, STRONG enough resistance
Verges or Similar
purpose must be above suspicion; he acts
as professional adviser to his client and his advice must
be unprejudiced; he is charged with the exercise
of judicial functions as between client and contractor
and must act with entire impartiality; he
has moral responsibilities to his professional
associates and subordinates; and he is engaged in a
profession which carries with it grave
responsibilities to the public. These duties and
responsibilities cannot be properly discharged unless
his motives, conduct, sense of moral
values and ability are such as to
command respect and confidence.
 NOTHING FOLLOWS 
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 72 ●
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
SUBJECT
PD 1096
PD 1185
RA 9514
National Building Code
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
Subdivision & Condominium Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
BP 220
BP 344
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
COMMUNITY FACILITIES

CS &
OCC ●

ES
●●

HS
●●

TT
●●






100 to 499





500 to 999










No. Of Lots And/or DU
NMPC ●
10 and below
11 to 99
1000 to 1499

CS &
OCC ●

ES
●●

HS
●●

TT
●●






















NMPC ●
1500 to 1999









2000 to 2499










2500 and Over










No. Of Lots And/or DU
Per Hectare
150 and below
151 to 225
% of gross area of subdivision
● Mandatory Non-Saleable
●● Optional saleable but when provided in the plan the
same shall be annotated in the title
Above 225
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
PARKS / PLAYGROUND
No. Of Lots And/or DU
Per Hectare
% of gross area of project
20 and below
3.5%
21 to 25
4.0%
26 to 35
5.0%
36 to 50
6.0%
51 to 65
7.0%
Above 65
9.0%
% of gross area of subdivision
150 and below
3.5%
151 to 160
4.0%
161 to 175
5.0%
176 to 200
6.0%
201 to 225
7.0%
Above 225
9.0%
Min. Gross Saleable Area
requiring PPG
1,000 sqm
Min. Number of
Condominium Units
10 or more
Except when part of a Subdivision Project
Or PPG 800m (Max. Distance) away without hazards
In no case shall an area allocated for parks and playgrounds
be less than 100 square meters. An addition of 1%
increment for every 10 or fraction thereof above 225.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 73 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
PD 1185
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
RA 9514
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
Minimum Area
50 sqm
Add 3.0 sqm for every added DU in excess of 10
Public Accessible Park
Max. Distance
800 m
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
HECTARES
HEIRARCHY OF ROADS
2.5 and below
Maj, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Min, MC, Alley
Major, Minor, MC, PW
Above 2.5 - 5
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Min, MC, Alley
Major, Minor, MC, PW
Above 5 - 10
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Major, Minor, MC, PW
Above 10 -15
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, PW
Above 15 - 30
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, PW
Above 30
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley
Maj, Col, Min, MC, PW
ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAY (RROW)
HECTARES
Major
Coll
Minor
Major
8
10
Coll
Minor
Major
8
8
Coll
Minor
Major
6.5
8
Coll
Minor
2.5 and below
10
Above 2.5 - 5
12
10
8
10
Above 5 - 10
12
10
8
12
Above 10 -15
12
10
8
12
10
8
10
8
6.5
10
8
6.5
Above 15 - 30
15
12
10
12
10
8
12
8
6.5
10
8
6.5
10
10
Above 30
10
8
10
8
10
8
6.5
6.5
10
6.5
6.5
10
6.5
15
12
15
12
15
10
6.5
12
10
6.5
MC
Alley
MC
Alley
MC
Alley
PW
MC
Alley
PW
ROW
6
2
6
2
6
2
Carriageway
5
2
5
2
5
Interior Subdivision
6
3
5
10m (Interconnecting Road)
PLANTING STRIPS & SIDE WALKS
RROW (m)
PW
SW
30 and above
1.2 (0.6)
1/6 – 1/4
25 - 29
0.6 (0.3)
1/6 – 1/3
20 - 24
0.6 (0.3)
1/6 – 1/3
10 - 19
0.4 (0.2)
1/4 - 1/3
Below 10
Optional
1/4 - 1/3
PS
SW
PW
SW
PS
SW
PW
SW
15
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
12
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.2
10
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.2
8
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.6
Optional
0.5
Optional
0.5
6.5
Optional
Optional
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 74 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
Grass & Shrubs
200mm / side
Trees
300mm / side
Sidewalk SLope
1/50
PD 1185
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
RA 9514
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
ROADS
PAVEMENT
Major
Concrete / Asphalt
Concrete / Asphalt
Concrete – 150mm Thick / 20.7Mpa @ 28 days
Asphalt – 50mm
Sidewalk – 17.2Mpa
Minor
Motor Court
Sidewalk
Concrete / Asphalt
Macadam
Macadam
Path Walk / Alley
Macadam
INTERSECTIONS
Distance between offset
intersections
20m (Min.)
20m (Min.)
Crown Slope
1.5%
1.5% to 9.0%
Grades and Vertical
Curbs
7.0% to 9.0%
As per DPWH
GRADE / SLOPE
MINIMUM LOT SIZES
INT
INS
Single Detached
301.00 sqm
TL
365.00 sqm
CTL
EL
Duplex / Single
Attached
120.00 sqm
100.00 sqm
CL
548.00 sqm
INT
Basic / Maximum
INS
80.00 sqm / 192.00 sqm
CL
TL
96.00 sqm / 261.00 sqm
72.00 sqm
64.00 sqm
Price for Saleable lots shall not exceed 40% of the
Maximum Selling Price of House and Lot Packages
96.00 sqm
80.00 sqm
54.00 sqm
48.00 sqm
60.00 sqm
50.00 sqm
36.00 sqm
28.00 sqm
CTL
EL
Row Houses
140.00 sqm /378.00 sqm
INT
Basic / Maximum
INS
50.00 sqm / 400.00 sqm
CL
TL
75.00 sqm / 475.00 sqm
CTL
EL
200.00 sqm /700.00 sqm
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 75 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
R-4
Individual
Townhouse Lots
INT
Not Allowed
INS
96.00 sqm
PD 1185
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
RA 9514
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
CL
TL
120.00 sqm
CTL
EL
180.00 sqm
INT
Not Allowed
INS
500.00 sqm
CL
R-5
TL
540.00 sqm
CTL
EL
945.00 sqm
INT
Not Allowed
INS
204.00 sqm
CL
Com-1
TL
238.00 sqm
CTL
EL
Not Allowed
INS
301.00 sqm
TL
365.00 sqm
CTL
EL
Com-3
Industrial (I)
General
Institutional (GI)
Cultural (C)
PROVERBS 16:3
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
3 Commit your works to the LORD,
And your thoughts will be established.
Not Allowed
INT
CL
Com-2
PHILIPPIANS 4:6-7
THE MESSAGE (MSG)
6-7 Don’t fret or worry. Instead of worrying, pray. Let petitions and praises shape your worries into prayers, letting God know your
concerns. Before you know it, a sense of God’s wholeness, everything coming together for good, will come and settle you down.
It’s wonderful what happens when Christ displaces worry at the center of your life.
JEREMIAH 17:7-8
LIVING BIBLE (TLB)
7 But blessed is the man who trusts in the Lord and has made the Lord his hope and confidence. 8 He is like a tree planted along a
riverbank, with its roots reaching deep into the water—a tree not bothered by the heat nor worried by long months of drought. Its
leaves stay green, and it goes right on producing all its luscious fruit.
Not Allowed
INT
Not Allowed
INS
600.00 sqm
CL
TL
813.00 sqm
CTL
EL
Not Allowed
MINIMUM FLOOR AREA
Single Detached
Duplex / Single Attached
Row Houses
As per PSO
Computation
42 sqm
30 sqm
22 sqm
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 76 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
18 sqm
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
PD 1185
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
RA 9514
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
Single
Detached
LOT FRONTAGES (RESIDENTIAL)
a. Corner Lot
12.00 m
8.00 m
c. Irregular Lot
10.00 m
8.00 m
b. Regular Lot
6.00 m
4.00 m
3.00 m
3.00 m
d. Interior Lot
Based on Classification
Type of Occupancy
Duplex/Single Attached
8.00 m
Row Houses
4.00 m
4.00 m
6.00 m
3.50 m
Complete House
(based on the submitted specifications)
Complete House
(based on the submitted
specifications)
Shell House
(based on the submitted
specifications)
MINIMUM LEVEL OF COMPLETION
Single Detached
Duplex / Single Attached
Row Houses
LENGTH OF BLOCK
ROW HOUSES
20 Units per Block
100 m Max. Length
Max. = 400m
>250m – PROVIDE 2.0m alley at midlength
Max. = 400m
>250m – PROVIDE 2.0m alley at midlength
OPEN SPACE REQUIREMENTS
Interior Lot
50% (A,B,C,D,J)
20% (E,F,G,H,I)
As per PD1096
50% (Residential)
25% (Others)
Inside Lot
20% (A,B,C,D,J)
15% (E,F,G,H,I)
As per PD1096
20% (Residential)
15% (Others)
Corner Lot
10% (A,B,C,D,J)
5% (E,F,G,H,I)
As per PD1096
10% (Residential)
15% (Others)
Through Lot
10% (A,B,C,D,J)
5% (E,F,G,H,I)
As per PD1096
10% (Residential)
15% (Others)
Corner-Through Lot
5%
As per PD1096
10% (Residential)
15% (Others)
Corner Lot Abutting 3 Or
More Streets, Alleys,
Rivers, Etc.
5%
As per PD1096
5%
for all Group Occupancies
End Lot
30% - 50%
(A,B,C,D,E2,H)
5% (H1,H2,H4,E3)
As per PD1096
As per PD1096
CEILING HEIGHTS
Habitable Rooms
Artificial Ventilation
2.40 m
Natural Ventilation
2.70 m
Artificial Ventilation
2.00 m
Natural Ventilation
2.70 m
Artificial Ventilation
2.40 m
Natural Ventilation
2.70 m
Artificial Ventilation
2.00 m
Natural Ventilation
2.70 m
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 77 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Artificial Ventilation
2.40 m
Natural Ventilation
2.70 m
Artificial Ventilation
2.40 m
Natural Ventilation
2.70 m
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
Buildings
2.70 m – 1st Storey
2.40 m – 2nd Storey
2.10 m – Succeeding
Storeys
1.80 m – Mezzanine
Mezzanine Floor
1.80m
PD 1185
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
RA 9514
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
2.00 m
2.00 m
2.30 m
2.00 m
2.13 m
1.80m (Min.)
LIGHT & VENTILATION
Min. dimension of court
2.00 m
1.50 m
2.00 m
2.00 m
Passageway from Inner
Court
At least 1.20 m
At least 1.20 m
At least 1.20 m
At least 1.20 m
Min. Ht. Clearance from
Firewall
1.00 m above the roof
1.00 m above the roof
1.00 m above the roof
1.00 m above the roof
2.00 m
2.00 m
2.00 m
Headroom Clearance
2.00 m
Sum of Areas of
Openings in any Storey
Less than 50% of total
area of the wall on that
storey
2.00 m
Less than 50% of total area
of the wall on that storey
Window Openings
At least 10% of the FA
At least 10% of the FA
Eaves over required
windows
At least 750 mm
Less than 25% of total area Less than 25% of total area
of the wall on that storey
of the wall on that storey
At least 10% of the FA
At least 10% of the FA
SIZE/ DIMENSION OF ROOMS
Rooms for Human
Habitation
6.00 sq. m w/ min.
dimension of 2.00 m
Kitchen
3.00 sq. m w/ min
dimension of 1.50 m
Toilet & Bath
1.20 sq. m w/ min.
dimension of 0.90 m
18 sq. m for studio unit
1.80m x 1.70m
2.25 sq. m
EXITS
Minimum number
1
Occupant Load
< 10
1
10-499
2
At least 2 exits
50-300
2
300-600
2
500-999
3
600-999
1000 (Class A)
1
1
2
3
3
4
4
4
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 78 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
1
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
PD 1185
RA 9514
National Building Code
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
Fire Code of 2008
WITHOUT Sprinkle
System
45 m (Max.)
46 m (Max.)
46 m (Max.)
WITH Sprinkle System
60 m (Max.)
61 m (Max.)
Min. exit door width
900 mm
Min. exit door height
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
45 m (Max.)
45 m (Max.)
45 m (Max.)
45 m (Max.)
61 m (Max.)
60m (Max.)
60 m (Max.)
60 m (Max.)
60 m (Max.)
710 mm
900 mm
800 mm
800 mm
800 mm
2.00 m
2.00 m
2.00 m
2.00 m
2.00 m
2.00 m
Min. corridor width
1.10 m
1.12 mm
1.10 m
1.20 m
1.20 m
1.20 m
Max. slope of
passageway
1:8
1:8
1:8
1:8
Max. of 12.00 m
Max. of 12.00 m
Max. of 12.00 m
DISTANCE TO EXITS
Dead ends
Max. of 6.00 m
Mezzanine Floors
>185.00 sqm / >18.00m
in any dimension
2 stairways
Max. of 6.00 m
EXIT DETAILS
Means of Egress
STANDS
@+0.50m AGL, 2 Exits,
Open @ Both Ends
>50 persons
OPEN AIR STANDS
2 Exits, >300 persons
BOILER ROOMS
2 Exits
STAGE
1 Exit, 900mm (W)
1 Exit Stair, 750mm (W)
Dressing Rooms
2 Exits, 750mm
2
(Balcony, mezzanine, storey)
3 (>500 to 1000)
4 (>1000)
THRESHOLDS
130mm
(Max. Height)
1/2 Slope >6mm
Dwellings with more than 2 Rooms:
2 (1 of which is a door or stairway)
Dwellings with more than 2
Rooms:
2 (1 of which is a door or
stairway)
Outside Window
1 / sleeping room
56cm (Least Dimension)
0.45 sqm (Area)
1.22cm (Above Floor)
Except if Room has 2
doors
1 / sleeping room
56cm (Least Dimension)
0.45 sqm (Area)
1.22cm (Above Floor)
Except if Room has 2 doors
Width of Exit /
Means of Egress
710 mm (Min.)
1220 mm (Max.)
90cm (Min.) – Sleeping Room to Outside
60cm (Min.) – Interior Door
Illumination of Signs
10.7 lux @ FL
0.005 lumens / sqcm
0.005 lumens / sqcm
0.65 sqm / person
0.65 sqm / person
0.65 sqm / person
ASSEMBLY
OCCUPANT LOAD
Auditoriums,
Theaters,
Churches,
Dance Floors,
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 79 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
3.50 m
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
INSTITUTIONAL
EDUCATIONAL
Dining Room.,
Drinking Est.,
Exhibit Rm.,
Gymnasia
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
Fire Code of 2008
1.40 sqm / person
1.40 sqm / person
0.65 sqm / person
0.28 sqm / person
0.28 sqm / person
Classrooms
1.80 sqm / person
1.80 sqm / person
1.90 sqm / person
Conference Rooms,
Exhibit Rm., Gym
1.40 sqm / person
Shops, Labs
4.60 sqm / person
4.60 sqm / person
4.60 sqm / person
Dry Nurseries W/
Sleeping
Hospitals, Sanitaria
Nursing Homes,
Children’s Homes,
Home for the Aged
Nurseries for Children
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
3.30 sqm / person
8.40 sqm / person
7.40 sqm / person
3.25 sqm / person
Sleeping Area
11.00 sqm / person
11.10 sqm / person
11.10 sqm / person
Treatment Area
22.00 sqm / person
22.30 sqm / person
22.30 sqm / person
28.00 sqm / person
18.00 sqm / person
Basement
(Covered Walls)
2.80 sqm / person
Ground Floor
(Street Floor With
Direct Access, Sales
Floor)
2.80 sqm / person
Upper Floors
5.60 sqm / person
Offices, Storage,
Shipping
9.30 sqm / person
2.80 sqm / person
4.30 sqm / person
2.80 sqm / person
5.60 sqm / person
5.60 sqm / person
Split Level
Parking Garages
9.30 sqm / person
3.70 sqm / person
18.60 sqm / person
BUSINESS
INDUSTRIAL
RA 9514
Reviewing Stands,
Stadia, Waiting
Spaces
RESIDENTIAL
MERCANTILE
PD 1185
9.30 sqm / person
Warehouses,
28.00 sqm / person
Mechanical
Equipment Room
28.00 sqm / person
Aircraft Hangars
48.50 sqm / person
Garages
9.30 sqm / person
9.30 sqm / person
9.30 sqm / person
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 80 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
PD 1185
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
RA 9514
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
DOORS
TYPE
WIDTH
HEIGHT
WIDTH
HEIGHT
WIDTH
HEIGHT
WIDTH
HEIGHT
Main Door
900mm
2000mm
915mm
2000mm
800mm
2000mm
800mm
2000mm
Service Door
700mm
2000mm
700mm
2000mm
Bedroom Door
700mm
2000mm
700mm
2000mm
Bathroom Door
600mm
1800mm
600mm
1800mm
Mezzanine Door
1800mm
800mm
1800mm
Pressure Force
4.0kg / 1.0kg
(Closing)
Pull Handles
1.06m above floor
Kick Plates
0.30m to 0.40m
WINDOWS
Habitable Rooms
10% of Floor Area
10% of Floor Area
Bathrooms
1/20 or 5% of Floor Area
1/20 or 5% of Floor Area
STAIRWAYS
OCCUPANT LOAD
Class A
10-below
750 mm (Min.)
10-50
900 mm (Min.)
50 above
1100mm (Min.)
200 mm (Max.)
Riser
Tread
Entrance
100mm (2 steps)
250 mm (Min.)
Entrance
300mm (2 steps)
Headroom
2000 mm
Height Between Landings
3.60 m (Max.)
Dimension of Landings in
the direction of travel
Equal to the width of the
stairway
1.20m (Max. – Straight
Run)
Maximum Variation in
Height of Risers and
Width of Run
5mm
Class B
The height of every riser
and the width of every
tread shall be so
proportioned that the sum
of 2 risers and 1 tread,
exclusive of its nosing
projections is not less than
60.00 cm nor more than
63.50 cm
2.75m
3.70m
NEW
EX-FIRE
<2000
Persons
1120mm
>2000
Persons
1420mm
915 mm
180 mm
(Max)
100 mm
(Min)
205 mm
250mm (Max.)
280 mm
230 mm
200mm (Min.)
600 mm
600 mm
2000 mm
2000 mm
3660mm
3.60 m
1.12 m
Equal to the width of the stairway
600 mm
5mm
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 81 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
2000 mm
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
PD 1185
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
RA 9514
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
FIRE EXIT STAIRS
EX
EX-SB
Width (Min.)
55.9 cm
45.7 cm
60cm
Landing (Hor. Dim.)
55.9 cm
45.7 cm
60 cm
Rise (Max.)
22.9cm
30.5cm
23 cm
Tread (Min.) (ex. Nosing)
22.9 cm
15.25 cm
23 cm
Nosing Projection (Min.)
2.5cm
NR
Tread Construction
Solid,
13mm Ø
perforation
Flat Metal
Bars
Solid, 13mm Ø perforation
Max. Height Between
Landings
3.66m
NR
3.66 m
Headroom (Min.)
2.13m
1.98m
2.00 m
Access to Escape
61 cm X1.98 m
(Door or casement
windows)
76.20cm X 91.44 cm
(double hung windows)
61 cm X1.98 m
(Door or casement windows)
76.20cm X 91.44 cm
(double hung windows)
Level of Access Opening
Not over 30.50 cm above
floor; steps if higher
Not over 30.50 cm above
floor; steps if higher
Discharge to Ground
Swinging
stair
section
Swinging
stair
section or
Ladder
Swinging stair section
Capacity
45 persons
/ unit
(Door)
20 persons
/ unit
(Window)
38 persons
/ unit
(Winders or
Ladders
from
Balcony)
5 persons /
unit
(Window)
45 persons / unit
(Door)
20 persons / unit
(Window)
GUARD AND HANDRAILS
Handrails (Height)
800-900 mm
from the nosing
Guards (Height)
Clearance from Wall
50mm
760-865 mm
above the surface of
thread
760-865 mm
above the surface of
thread
106cm
91cm (Interior Balconies &
Mezzanines)
106cm
91cm (Interior Balconies &
Mezzanines)
38mm
38mm
800mm (Min.)
1200 mm (Max.)
above the surface of thread
700-900 mm
from the floor
38mm
50mm
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 82 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
PD 1185
RA 9514
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
Clearance from Ledges
40mm
Intermediate Handrails
223cm width,
Vertical Balusters
(Spacing)
15.25cm
15.25cm
WIDTH OF RUN / THREAD DEPTH
Winding and Circular
Stairs
150mm (narrow edge)
200mm @300mm from
narrow edge
150mm (narrow edge)
280mm @305mm from
narrow edge
150mm (narrow edge)
200mm @300mm from narrow edge
Curved Stairs
280mm @305mm from side
Smallest Radius is not less
than Stair Width
Spiral Stairs
280mm
RAMPS
Wdth
Class A
Class B
122cm
76-122cm
1120mm
150mm / 6in
1.20 m
6.00m (Max.)
If longer, provide
1.50m (Min.) landings
Length
Slope
1:8 (Max)
8-10%
10-17%
Cross Slope
Max. Rise for a single Run
No Limit
3.66m
Capacity - Down
60
45
Capacity - Up
45
45
1:12
300mm
1:48
300mm
1:12 (Max.)
760mm
FIREWALLS
Thickness
150 mm / 6in
Vertical Extension
400 mm
300 mm
Horizontal Extension
600 mm
300 mm
SETBACKS
Low Density Residential
(R-1)
4.50 m Front
2.00 m Side
2.00 m Rear
Medium Density
Residential
(R-2)
Basic / Maximum
3.00 m / 8.00 m Front
2.00 m Side
2.00 m Rear
High Density Residential
(R-3)
Basic / Maximum
3.00 m / 8.00 m Front
2.00 m Side
2.00 m Rear
As per PD1096 (NBCP)
1.50 m Front
1.50 m Side
2.00 m Rear
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 83 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
1.50 m Front
1.50 m Side
2.00 m Rear
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
PD 1185
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
RA 9514
Fire Code of 2008
Subdivision
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
3.0m (Depth) x 5.0m (Length) from Main Public Road
DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDINGS / CLEARANCE BETWEEN ROOF EAVES
1 ot 2 storeys
4.0m / 1.50m
3 to 4 storeys
6.0m / 2.0m
More Than 4 Storey
10.0m / 6.0m
Blank Walls /
No Openings
2.0m / 1.0m
SIDEWALKS & ARCADES
Min. of width of sidewalk
1/6 of R.O.W
0.60m to 1.00m
0.60m to 1.00m
0.60m to 1.20m
0.50m to 1.20m
0.50m to 1.20m
Planting Strip
0.20m to 1.20m
800 mm for sidewalks
 2.00 m in width
0.20m to 1.20m
0.40m to 1.30m
0.40m to 1.30m
0.40m to 1.30m
15%
15%
1.20 m
DRIVEWAYS, ENTRANCES & EXITS
Slope of entryway
1:3 or 1:4
Max. slope of ramps
1:8 (Exit Coutrts)
1:10 (Exit Passageway)
1:3 or 1:4
1:12 (Max.)
1:48 (Max. Cross Slope)
Minimum Width of Ramps
1120 mm
Maximum Rise for a
single Ramp Run
760 mm
ISAIAH 41:9-10
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
You whom I have taken from the ends of the earth, And called from its farthest regions, And said to you,
‘You are My servant, I have chosen you and have not cast you away: Fear not, for I am with you;
Be not dismayed, for I am your God
I will strengthen you, Yes, I will help you,
I will uphold you with My righteous right hand.’
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 84 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
1:12
Max. length 6.00 m
w/o landing
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
PD 1185
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
RA 9514
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
PARKING REQUIREMENTS
Size of Parking Slot
2.50 x 5.00 m
(Perpendicular & Diagonal)
2.15 x 6.00 (Parallel)
3.60 x 12.00 m
(Standard Truck)
3.60 x 18.00 m
(Articulated Truck)
3.00 x 9.00 m
(Jeepney / Shuttle)
2.50 x 5.00 m
(Perpendicular & Diagonal)
2.00 x 6.00 m
(Parallel)
Multi-Family Dwelling &
Condominiums
2.50 x 5.00 m
(Perpendicular & Diagonal)
2.15 x 6.00 m
(Parallel)
1 / 8 living units
Off-Site Parking
200m
Low-income single
detached living units
Lot Size = 100 sq. m
100m away
Pooled Parking
1 slot / 10 units
Pooled Parking
1 slot / 10 units
50 sq. m below
50-100 sq. m
100 sq. m above
1 slot / 8 units
1 slot / 4 units
1 slot / 1 unit
1 slot / 8 units
1 slot / 4 units
1 slot / 1 unit
Pooled Parking
1 slot / 10 units
Pooled Parking
1 slot / 10 units
1 slot / 20 units
1 slot / 20 units
AISLES
>60 Seats
≤ 60 Seats
Serving 1 Side
WIDTH
800mm
915mm
760mm
Serving Both Sides
1.00m
1220mm
Side Aisles
1.10m
Dead End Aisle
6.1m (Length)
Exit Doors
1 pair / 5 rows
1.70m Width
Distance between seats
back to back
1.00m
Slope
1:8 (12.5%)
12.5% (Max.)
840 mm
830 mm
SEATS
SEAT SPACING
CONTINENTAL
Unoccupied
STANDARD
Back-to-Back
≤ 18 Seats
450 mm
≤ 35 Seats
500 mm
≤ 45 Seats
525 mm
≥ 46 Sets
550 mm
Width
450 mm (Min.)
480 mm (Max.)
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 85 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
3.70 x 5.00 m
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096
SUBJECT
National Building Code
PD 1185
Fire Code of 1977
(Repealed by RA9514)
RA 9514
Fire Code of 2008
PD 957
BP 220
BP 344
Subdivision & Condominium Law
Economic & Socialized Housing
Accessibility Law
OPEN MARKET
MEDIUM COST
ECONOMIC HOUSING
SOCIALIZED HOUSING
ROW SPACING
Without Back Rest
600mm
With Backrest
750mm
Chair Seating
850mm
Back to Front
300mm
RISE Between Rows
400mm
830mm (Max.)
680mm (Min.)
300mm
Seats Between WALL &
AISLE
7 Seats
7 Seats
Seats Between AISLES
14 Seats
May be increased to 30 if
doors are provided along
each side
14 Seats
May be increased to 30 if
doors are provided along
each side
SPACING BETWEEN SEAT & AISLE
Open Air without backrest
15 (Max.)
Within Buildings
Without Backrest
6 Seats
Open Air with backrest
6 Seats
WATER REQUIREMENT
Average Daily Demand
(ADD)
150 Liters / Capita / Day (LCPD)
Water Tank Capacity
20% ADD + Fire Reserve
150 Liters / Capita / Day (LCPD)
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENT
Per Pole if 50 m Distance
@ every other Pole if <50m Distance
Per Pole if 50 m Distance
@ every other Pole if <50m Distance
Individual as per PD856
(Sanitation Code of the Philippines)
Communal or Individual
as per PD856
(Sanitation Code of the Philippines)
Minimum Diameter of
Drainage Pipe
30cm
300mm
Location
Underground
Underground
Minimum Drainage
System
Reinforced Concrete Pipes (RCP)
Concrete lined canal with load bearing cover
Street Lighting
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Septic Tank
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
GARBAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Type
Independently or LGU Garbage Collection
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 86 ●
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
VERNACULAR TERMS
VERNACULAR TERMS
VERNACULAR TERMS
VERNACULAR TERMS
VERNACULAR TERMS
VERNACULAR
VERNACULAR
VERNACULAR
VERNACULAR
VERNACULAR
Kalinya
Asintada
Uno-Sin-Otra
Unosinotra
ENGLISH
Aligned
Alignment
Alternate
Alternate/Staggered
Liyabe
Anchor
Caida
Ante-Sala From Stairs
Batidura
Kontratista
Kanto
Hiero Kanalado
Patio,
ENGLISH
Constructor
Corner
Corrugated G.I. Sheet
Courtyard
Guililian, Sepo, Kuling
Sepo (Kapatas)
Canal
Alulod, Kanal
ENGLISH
Girder
Girt
Biento
Spacing
Biento
Spacing/Gap
Plantilya
Pattern, Sched
Gabay
Handrail
Piketa
Quatro Aguas
Hip Roof
Hiero Liso
Balcony
Bangguerahan
Batidora
Door Fillet Or Astragal
Dish Rack
Pabalagbag,
Trabe Anzo
Horizontal Stud
Trankilya
Barrel Bolt
Sumbrero
Door / Window Head
Quadra,
Horse Stable
Rodapis
Baseboard
Hamba
Door / Window Jamb
Pulgada
Inches
Bath
Abang
Dowel
Biga
Cuarto, Alcoba,
Dormitorio
Pierno
Bath Tub
Beam
Bedroom
Bolt
Tubo De Banada
Sepillado
Escombro
Sibe, Alero
Eave
Senepa
Fascia Board
Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord
Bisagra
Butt Hinge
Tambak
Espolon
Cabinet Hinge
Batidura
Tubo Pundido
Earth Fill
Exterior Siding
Tirante
Media Agua
Dressed Lumber
Tabike
Barakilan , Tirante
Okum
Downspout
Piye
Floorboards
Estopa
Caulk Cotton
Suelo
Flooring
Kisame
Ceiling
Cement Tile
Baral De Kadena
Madre De Escalera
Sinturon
Poste
Larga Masa
Alulod-
Chain Bolt
Kapatas,
Maestro De Obra
Lavatory
Living Room
Dotal
Baldosa
Lababo
Lean-To Roof
Floor Sill
Zaguan,
Landing
Sibe
Guililan
Cement Brick
Mesa, Mesita
Sala,
Canopy, Awning
Landrilyo
Laborer
Fillet
Floor Joist
Fundacion
Kitchen Sink
Piyon
Fill
Feet
Soleras
Ceiling Joist
Prigadero
Kitchen
Laying Of Chb
Cast Iron Pipe
Kostilyahe
Cocina,
Iron
King Post
Asinta
Calikum
Alahado
Hiero
Pendulum, Tabike
Flush
Footing
For Caroza
Foreman
Dulang
Pierno Pasante
Kanteria lastilyas
Lastilyas
Kantero
Suban
Kanto Mesa
Paupo
Low Table
Machine Bolt
Mansory
Mansory Fill
Mason
Metal Work, Temper
Miter Joint
Mortar
Kustura
Mortar Joint
Closed Stringer
Balangkas
Frame Work
Muldura
Moulding
Collar Plate
Balangkas
Framework
Punsol
Neil Setter
Column
Concrete Slab
Conductor
Tubo Galbanisado
Lingueta
Dos Aguas
G.I. Pipe
Estanyo
Solder
Partition
Diagonal Brace
Baluster
Hinang
Pantry
Pie De Gallo
Balcon
Panel Door
Dingding
Hall
Barandillas
Slope
Dispensa,
Caida
Dining Room
Bahada
Gutter
Crushed Stone
Comedor,
Banyera
De Bandeha
ENGLISH
Overhung, Projection
Groove
Escondro
Astragal
Baño
Bolada
ENGLISH
Nicolite / Soldering Bar
G.I. Sheet Strap
Truerka
Nut
Gable Roof
Azotea,
Open Terrace
Palitada
Kusturada
Pick Work
Estaka
Plain G.I Sheet
Bodega,
Plaster/Stucco
Hardinera
Plastered Course
Tapon
Plug
Hulog
Plumb Bob, Plumbline
Poste / Haligi
Hagdan
Latero
Letrina Or Comun,
Tahilan
Stair
Stake
Storeroom
Stringer (Open)
Tinsmith
Toilet
Top Chord
Post
Baytang
Reostra
Purlin
Pergola
Trellis
Masilya
Putty
Kilo
Truss
Media Cana
Prases
Vaciad, Basiador
Quarter Round
Queen Post
Rabbet
Monyeka
Entresuelo,
Pilarete
Kilo
Rafter
Planchuelo
Andamio
Ramp
Asolejo, Asolehos
Kabilya
Caballet, Kaballete
Takip Silipan
Reinforcing Bars
Bagad
Pitsa
Ridge Roll
Tread
Varnish
Vault
Vertical Stud
W.I Strap
Wainscoting Tile
Wall Post
Washer
Riser
Chapa
Rimatse
Rivets
Aljibe,
Water Cistern
Lastillas
Sand And Gravel
Inodoro
Water Closet
Plancha, Andamiyo
Batak
Rebokada
Pasamano
Window Sill
Scrapped Filler
Poleya
Wiring Knob
Scratch Coat
Haspe
Wood Grain
Scaffolding
Tuerka
Screw Nut
Roskas
Screw Thread
Poso Negro
Dutcha
Ducha
Pendulon
Guililan, Sepo
Krokis
Washer (Iron)
Tabla
Plantsuela
Septic Vault
Shower
Showerhead
Siding (Ext)
Sill
Sketch Plan
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 87 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
Wood Plank
Wrought Iron Strap
16 DIVISIONS
16 DIVISIONS
G
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
DIVISION 2
S
SITE CONSTRUCTION
DIVISION 3
C
CONCRETE
M
MASONRY
DIVISION 1
DIVISION 4
DIVISION 5
M
METALS
DIVISION 6
W
WOOD AND PLASTICS
T
THERMAL AND MOISTURE
PROTECTION
D
DOORS AND WINDOWS
DIVISION 9
F
FINISHES
DIVISION 10
S
SPECIALTIES
DIVISION 11
E
EQUIPMENT
DIVISION 12
F
FURNISHINGS
S
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
DIVISION 7
DIVISION 8
DIVISION 13
DIVISION 14
C
CONVEYING SYSTEMS
DIVISION 15
M
MECHANICAL
DIVISION 16
DIVISION 1
01100
E
ELECTRICAL
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
Summary
16 DIVISIONS
16 DIVISIONS
02450
Foundation and Load-Bearing Elements
06200
Finish Carpentry
02500
Utility Services
06400
Architectural Woodwork
10100
Visual Display Boards
02600
Drainage and Containment
06500
Structural Plastics
10150
Compartments and Cubicles
02700
Bases, Ballasts, Pavements and
Appurtenances
06600
Plastic Fabrications
10200
Louvers and Vents
06900
Wood and Plastic Restoration and
Cleaning
10240
Grilles and Screens
THERMAL AND MOISTURE
PROTECTION
10250
Service Walls
10260
Wall and Corner Guards
10270
Access Flooring
10290
Pest Control
10300
Fireplaces and Stoves
02800
Site Improvements and Amenities
02900
Planting
02950
Site Restoration and Rehabilitation
DIVISION 3
DIVISION 7
CONCRETE
07050
03050
Basic Concrete Materials and Methods
03100
Concrete Forms and Accessories
03200
Concrete Reinforcement
03300
Cast-In-Place Concrete
03400
Precast Concrete
03500
Cementitious Decks and Underlayment
03600
Grouts
03700
Mass Concrete
03900
Concrete Restoration and Cleaning
DIVISION 4
MASONRY
Basic Thermal and Moisture Protection
Materials and Methods
DIVISION 10
SPECIALTIES
07100
Damproofing and Waterproofing
07200
Thermal Protection
10340
Manufactured Exterior Specialties
07300
Shingles, Roof Tiles, and Roof
Coverings
10350
Flagpoles
10400
Identification Devices
07400
Roofing and Siding Panels
10450
Pedestrian Control Devices
07500
Membrane Roofing
10500
Lockers
07600
Flashing and Sheet Metal
10520
Fire Protection Specialties
07700
Roof Specialties and Accessories
10530
Protective Covers
07800
Fire and Smoke Protection
10550
Postal Specialties
07900
Joint Sealers
10600
Partitions
DOORS AND WINDOWS
10670
Storage Shelving
Basic Door and Window Materials and
Methods
10700
Exterior Protection
10750
Telephone Specialties
04050
Basic Masonry Materials and Methods
04200
Masonry Units
04400
Stone
04500
Refractories
08100
Metal Doors and Frames
10800
Toilet, Bath, and Laundry Specialties
04600
Corrosion-Resistant Masonry
08200
Wood and Plastic Doors
10880
Scales
04700
Simulated Masonry
08300
Specialty Doors
10900
Wardrobe and Closet Specialties
04800
Masonry Assemblies
08400
Entrances and Storefronts
04900
Masonry Restoration and Cleaning
08500
Windows
METALS
08600
DIVISION 5
DIVISION 8
08050
DIVISION 11
EQUIPMENT
11010
Maintenance Equipment
Skylights
11020
Security and Vault Equipment
Hardware
11030
Teller and Service Equipment
01200
Price and Payment Procedures
05050
Basic Metal Materials and Methods
08700
01300
Administrative Requirements
05100
Structural Metal Framing
08800
Glazing
11040
Ecclesiastical Equipment
01400
Quality Requirements
05200
Metal Joists
08900
Glazed Curtain Wall
11050
Library Equipment
01500
Temporary Facilities and Controls
05300
Metal Deck
DIVISION 9
FINISHES
11060
Theater and Stage Equipment
01600
Product Requirements
05400
Cold-Formed Metal Framing
09050
Basic Finish Materials and Methods
11070
Instrumental Equipment
01700
Execution Requirements
05500
Metal Fabrications
09100
Metal Support Assemblies
11080
Registration Equipment
01800
Facility Operation
05600
Hydraulic Fabrications
09200
Plaster and Gypsum Board
11090
Checkroom Equipment
01900
Facility Decommissioning
05700
Ornamental Metal
09300
Tile
11100
Mercantile Equipment
SITE CONSTRUCTION
05800
Expansion Control
09400
Terrazzo
11110
02050
Basic Site Materials and Methods
05900
Metal Restoration and Cleaning
09500
Ceilings
Commercial Laundry and Dry Cleaning
Equipment
02100
Site Remediation
WOOD AND PLASTICS
09600
Flooring
11120
Vending Equipment
02200
Site Preparation
Basic Wood and Plastic Materials and
Methods
09700
Wall Finishes
11130
Audio-Visual Equipment
09800
Acoustical Treatment
11140
Vehicle Service Equipment
Rough Carpentry
09900
Paints and Coatings
11150
Parking Control Equipment
DIVISION 2
02300
02400
Earthwork
Tunneling, Boring and Jacking
DIVISION 6
06050
06100
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 88 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
16 DIVISIONS
16 DIVISIONS
11160
Loading Dock Equipment
Fabrics
13190
11170
Solid Waste Handling Equipment
12100
Art
13200
Storage Tanks
11190
Detention Equipment
12300
Manufactured Casework
13220
Filter Under Drains and Media
11200
Water Supply and Treatment
Equipment
12400
Furnishings and Accessories
13230
Digester Covers and Appurtenances
Furniture
13240
Oxygenation Systems
Hydraulic Gates and Valves
12500
12600
Multiple Seating
13260
Sludge Conditioning Systems
12700
Systems Furniture
13280
Hazardous Material Remediation
12800
Interior Plants and Planters
13400
Furnishings Restoration and Repair
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
Measurement and Control
Instrumentation
13500
11280
11300
12050
Fluid Waste Treatment and Disposal
Equipment
11400
Food Service Equipment
11450
Residential Equipment
11460
Unit Kitchens
11470
Darkroom Equipment
11480
Athletic, Recreational, and Therapeutic
Equipment
12900
DIVISION 13
Transportation
MECHANICAL
15050
Basic Mechanical Materials and
Methods
15100
Building Service Piping
15200
Process Piping
15300
Fire Protection Piping
15400
Plumbing Fixtures and Equipment
Recording Instrumentation
15500
Heat-Generation Equipment
15600
Refrigeration Equipment
13020
Building Modules
13600
Solar and Wind Energy Equipment
15700
13030
Special Purpose Rooms
13700
Security Access and Surveillance
Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning Equipment
Sound, Vibration, and Seismic Control
13800
Building Automation and Control
15800
Air Distribution
Detection and Alarm
15900
HVAC Instrumentation and Controls
13850
11650
Planetarium Equipment
13100
Lightning Protection
11660
Observatory Equipment
13110
Cathodic Protection
13900
DIVISION 14
11680
Office Equipment
13120
Pre-Engineered Structures
11700
Medical Equipment
13150
Swimming Pools
11780
Mortuary Equipment
13160
Aquariums
11850
Navigation Equipment
13165
Aquatic Park Facilities
11870
Agricultural Equipment
13170
Tubs and Pools
11900
Exhibit Equipment
13175
Ice Rinks
FURNISHINGS
13185
Kennels and Animal Shelters
Vaporizing
Radiation Protection
Wet Chem.
13090
Foam
CO2
Laboratory Equipment
Water
Scaffolding
Transportation Control Instrumentation
11600
Dry Powder
14900
DIVISION 15
13550
Industrial and Process Equipment
USE
14800
Air-Supported Structures
11500
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
Site-Constructed Incinerators
13010
13080
DIVISION 12
CLASS
16 DIVISIONS
16 DIVISIONS
15950
DIVISION 16
Fire Suppression
CONVEYING SYSTEMS
14100
Dumbwaiters
14200
Elevators
14300
Escalators and Moving Walks
14400
Lifts
14500
Material Handling
14600
Hoists and Cables
14700
Turntables
CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINAIRES
Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing
ELECTRICAL
16050
Basic Electrical Materials and Methods
16100
Wiring Methods
16200
Electrical Power
16300
Transmission and Distribution
16400
Low-Voltage Distribution
16500
Lighting
16700
Communications
16800
Sound and Video
TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO STRENGTH
CLASS
DESCRIPTION
TYPE
STRENGTH
Indirect
90% to 100% of the light output is directed
towards the ceiling and upper walls of the room.
M
HIGH STRENGTH MORTAR
(2500 psi / 17,238 kPa)
A
Ordinary Combustible
Paper, Wood, Cloth, Trash, Rubber & Plastics
L
B
Flammable Liquid
Oil, Grease, Gasoline, Paint, Solvents & Tar
L L
Semi-Indirect
60% to 90% of the light is directed upwards;
40% to 10% downwards
S
MEDIUM HIGH STRENGTH
(1800 psi / 12,411kPa)
C
Electrical Equipment
Wiring, Fuse Boxes, Circuit Breakers, Machinery &
Electrical Appliances
L L
General
Diffuse (DirectIndirect)
provides approximately equal distribution
of light upwards and downwards
N
MEDIUM STRENGTH
(750 psi / 5,171kPa)
D
Combustible Metals
Magnesium, Titanium, Zirconium, Sodium, Lithium &
Potassium
Semi Direct
60% to 90% of light is directed downwards;
while 40% to 10% is directed upwards
O
LOW STRENGTH
Interior non-load bearing walls and partitions
Direct
90% - 100% of the light output is directed
downwards
K
VERY LOW STRENGTH
Interior non-load bearing walls permitted by NBCP
K/F
Combustible Cooking
Kitchen fires involving large amounts of heated
grease
L L
L L
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 89 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTION
MINIMUM REQUIRED
CEMENT
CLASS
PROPORTION
40KG
(94lbs)
ULTIMATE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
50KG
(110lbs)
SAND
GRAVEL
STRENGTH
CYLINDER
[h=2h]
CUBE
[150mm X 150mm X
150mm]
WATER
[US Gallons / 94lbs
(40kg) Cement]
USES
Pre-Stressed and Post-Tensioned
AAA
1:1:2
AA
1 : 1.5 : 3
12
9.5
0.5
1
4000
2400
2800
A
1:2:4
9
7
0.5
1
3500
2000
2400
5
Footings, pier, columns, girders, beams,
joists and slabs
B
1 : 2.5 : 5
7.5
6
0.5
1
3000
1600
2000
5.75
Slabs on fill and non-load bearing wall or
4” CHB
C
1:3:6
6
5
0.5
1
2500
1300
1600
6.5
Concrete plant boxes and parapet walls
D
1 : 3.5 : 7
5
4
0.5
1
2000
1000
1200
7
Plant boxes, footpaths, walkway and lean
concrete
CLASSIFICATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Underwater retaining wall, shear wall and
elevator core walls
Portland Cement: hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder, named for its
resemblance to a limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland, England.
TYPE I
Normal
A Portland cement used for general construction, having none of the distinguishing qualities of the other types.
TYPE II
Moderate
A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, making it more resistant to sulfates and causing it to generate less heat of hydration: used in general
construction where resistance to moderate sulfate action is required or where heat buildup can be damaging, as in the construction of large piers and heavy retaining walls.
TYPE III
High Early Strength
A very finely ground Portland cement having an increased content of tricalcium silicate, causing it to cure faster and gain strength earlier than normal Portland cement: used
when the early removal of formwork is desired, or in cold-weather construction to reduce the time required for protection from low temperatures.
TYPE IV
Low Heat
A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium silicate and an increased content of dicalcium silicate, causing it; to generate less heat of hydration than normal
Portland cement; used in the construction of massive concrete structures, such as gravity dams, where a large buildup in heat can be damaging.
TYPE V
Sulfate Resisting
A Portland cement having a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate, lessening the need for gypsum, a sulfate normally added to cement to retard its setting time: used where
resistance to severe sulfate action is required.
Air –Entraining Portland Cement
A Type I, Type II, or Type Ill Portland cement to which a small quantity of an air entraining agent has been inter-ground during manufacture; designated by the suffix A, as in
Type IA, Type IIA, or Type IllA.
White Portland Cement
A Portland cement produced from raw materials law in iron oxide and manganese oxide, the substances that give concrete its gray color; used in precast concrete work and in
the making of terrazzo, stucco, and tile grout.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 90 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
MORTAR & PLASTER MIXTURE PROPORTION
CLASS
PROPORTION
A
COMPUTATION FACTORS FOR CHB
CEMENT
50 KG
1:2
18
14.5
1
B
1:3
12
9.5
1
C
1:4
9
7
1
D
1:5
7.5
6
1
#CHB / M2
CHB
MORTAR FILL
(cu.m.)
MORTAR LAY
(cu.m.)
4”
[10x20x40]
0.0015
0.001016
6”
[15X20X40]
0.0030
0.001524
8”
[20X20X40]
0.0045
0.002032
SAND
40 KG
12.5 pieces
PLASTER
1 SIDE / CHB
0.0023
1 SIDE / SQ.M.
0.029
REBAR WEIGHT PER METER (kg)
Ø2 / 162
Ø2 x 0.00617
Ø REBAR (mm)
# / 8 x 25.4
# x 3.125
# REBAR
(Ø x 8) / 25.4
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRE-STRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS
UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED (members are not supporting or attached to partitions
or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections)
PERMISSIBLE SUMP CONSISTENCY
SOLID ONE-WAY SLAB
BEAMS / RIBBED ONEWAY SLAB
Simply Supported
L/20
L/16
50mm (2”)
One End Continuous
L/24
L/18.5
100mm (4”)
25mm (1”)
Both Ends Continuous
L/28
L/21
Pavements and floor laid on ground
75mm (3”)
25mm (1”)
Cantilever
L/10
L/8
Heavy mass construction
75mm (3”)
25mm (1”)
for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + Fy/700)
DESCRIPTION
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls & bldg. columns
150mm (6”)
75mm (3”)
Reinforced foundation walls and footings
125mm (5”)
Plain Footings, caisson, and substructure walls
DESCRIPTION
CONVERSION FACTORS
1 m2
1m
1 ft
1 m3
1 (US) gallon
1 kg
1 lb
1 ton (RT)
1 km
1 tin
10.7639 ft2
3.2808 ft
0.3048 m
35.3147 ft3
0.003785412m3
2.205 lbs
0.4536 kg
12000 BTU
3280.8398 ft
4 gallons
39.37 in
12.00 in
1000 L
3.785412 L
0.001 ton
0.0004536 ton
39,370.078 in
16 liters
264.1721 USG
0.13368055 ft
1550.0031 in
2
64 quarts
3
231 in3
256 pints
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 91 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
FORMULA
L
CURING PERIOD FOR REMOVAL OF FORMS
BOARD FOOT
VOLUME (Cylinder)
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
[T(in) x W(in) x L(ft)] / 12
(multiplied by pieces)
V = πr h
(V = Area of Circle x Height)
c = √a + b
2
2
PARTS OF STRUCTURE
2
FOOTINGS
[T(in) x W(in) x L(in)] / 144
(multiplied by pieces)
WALLS &
PLASTERS
Board foot Volume
(D – 4)2 x L
16
SOH
CAH
TOA
Sin = Opposite / Hypotenuse
Use when no A
Cos = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
Use when no O
Tan = Opposite / Adjacent
Use when no H
Angle = Sin-1 (O/H)
Angle = Cos-1 (A/H)
Angle = Tan-1 (O/A)
O = H x sin Θ
A = H x cos Θ
O = A x tan Θ
H = O / sin Θ
H = A / cos Θ
A = O / tan Θ
TWO WAY SLAB THICKNESS (T)
2-WAY
1-WAY
T = PERIMETER / 180
W/L >0.5
W/L <0.5
T = [W(2) + L(2)] / 180
L/W <2
L/W > 2
COLUMNS
ARCHES
WEIGHT OF MATERIALS
Steel
7850 kg / m
3
Concrete
2400 kg / m
3
Water
1000 kg / m3
Massive Footing
1 day (24 hours)
Cantilever Footing
5 days (120 hours)
Slab Footings
5 days (120 hours)
Massive walls,
0.30m – 2.00m high
1 day (24 hours)
Add 1 day (24 hours) per meter
Thin walls
<0.30m – 2.00m high
2 days (48 hours)
Add 1.5 days (36 hours) per meter
Cantilever walls, buttresses,
counter forts, diaphragms
Without Loads: SAME as Thin walls
Ratio of Height to Least Ø
up to 4
2 days (48 hours)
Ratio of Height to Least Ø
From 4 to 15
2 days (48 hours) to 28 days (672 hours)
Add 1 day (24 hours) per meter of height
3 to 7ft spans
5 days (120 hours)
Add ½ day (12 hours) per foot of span
Over 7ft spans
7 days (168 hours) to 28 days (672 hours)
Add 1 day (24 hours) per foot of span
Sides
3 days (72 hours)
Bottoms (14ft max.)
14 days (336 hours) to 28 days (672 hours)
Add 1 day (24 hours) per foot span
Spandrel Walls
7 days (168 hours)
Spandrel Arches
14 days (336 hours)
Main Arches
21 days (504 hours)
SLABS
BEAMS &
GIRDERS
BALUSTRADE
COPINGS,
ETC.
R.C. PILES &
R.C. POSTS
TIME REQUIRED
1 day (24 hours)
Steel & Side forms
Sides
3 days (72 hours)
Bottom
14 days (336 hours)
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 92 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES
BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBERS
MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE
The way a fabric burns depends partly on its fiber content. The Table below describes typical burning
characteristics of fibers, ranking them from the most to least hazardous.
NATURAL CELLULOSIC FIBERS
Cotton/Linen
Burn with a yellow flame, light smoke, and have glowing embers.
Cellulosic fibers do not melt or draw away from flames.
MANUFACTURED CELLULOSIC FIBERS
Can burn quickly when ignited, but they behave somewhat differently as they burn.
Rayon /
Lyocell
Acetate
Burn similarly to cotton and linen, except they may shrink up and
become tighter.
Burns with a rapid flame and melts when burning. May melt and
pull away from small flames without igniting. Melted area may
drip off clothing carrying flames with it. When flames have died
out, the hot, molten plastic residue is difficult to remove.
SYNTHETICS
May catch fire quickly or shrink from the flame initially, but ultimately, they will sputter,
flame, and melt to the skin or the flaming melt will drop to the floor.
Acrylic
Nylon
Polyester
Spandex
Lastol
Olefin
Fabrics that are a
blend of two or more
fibers do not burn in the
same way as either fiber.
Sometimes, blends are more
dangerous than either fiber. For
example, fabrics of 50 percent
cotton and 50 percent polyester
tend to burn longer than a
similar fabric of either cotton or
polyester.
The way a fabric is
made (knit, weave,
lace, etc.) affects
how it burns.

PROTEIN FIBERS
Difficult to ignite. They may self-extinguish, but this varies depending on the closeness of
the weave or knit (fabric density) and other finish treatments.
Wool
Silk

Burn slowly and are difficult to ignite. May self extinguish
FLAME RESISTANT FABRICS
Difficult to ignite; burn slowly and go out when the source of the flame is removed.
Modacrylic
Saran
Aramid
Novoloid
Vinyon
Burn very slowly with melting. May melt and pull away from
small flames without igniting. Self extinguishes.
Felt by almost no one.
II
Felt by very few people.
III
Tremor noticed by many,
but they often do not realize
it is an earthquake.
IV
Felt indoors by many. Feels
like a truck has struck the
building.
V
Felt by nearly everyone;
many people awakened.
Swaying trees and poles
may be observed.
VI
Felt by all; many people run
outdoors. Furniture moved;
slight damage occurs.
VII
Everyone run outdoors.
Poorly built structures
considerably damaged;
slight damage elsewhere.
VIII
Specially designed
structures damaged slightly,
others collapse.
 Heavy close structures ignite
Burns similarly to acetate, except that it burns with a very heavy
dense black smoke. It drips excessively.
Burn slowly and melt when burning. May melt and pull away
from small flames without igniting. Melted area may drip off
clothing carrying flames with it but not to the extent of acetate
and acrylic.
I

with difficulty and burn more
slowly than light, thin, or
open fabrics.
In general, summer weight
clothing is more likely to
catch fire than winter weight
fabrics. However, heavy
weight fabrics burn longer
when ignited, because there
is more flammable material
present.
Fabrics with more of the fiber
surface area exposed to air
have more oxygen available
to support burning and
therefore burn more easily.
Thus, thin, gauzy fabrics,
lace, or brushed fabrics can
be very flammable.
Fabrics with a napped or
brushed surface of fine fibers
can catch fire easily because
of the greater amount of fiber
surface exposed to oxygen
in the air.
Char but do not burn
IX
All buildings considerably
damaged, many shift off
foundation. Noticeable
cracks in ground.
X
Many structures destroyed.
Ground is badly cracked.
XI
Almost all structure fall.
Bridges wrecked. Very wide
cracks in ground.
XII
Total Destruction, waves
seen on ground.
The Modified Mercalli Scale is
somewhat subjective, because the
apparent intensity of an earthquake
depends on how far away from its center
the observer is located. Rating intensities
from I to XII, it describes and rates
earthquakes in terms of human reactions
and observations.
RICHTER SCALE
2.5
Generally not felt, but
recorded on seismometers.
3.5
Felt by many people.
4.5
Some local damage may
occur.
6.0
A destructive earthquake.
7.0
A major earthquake.
8.0
AND
UP
Great earthquakes.
The Richter Scale measures the
motion of the ground 100 km (60 mi) from
the earthquake’s epicenter, or the location
on the earth’s surface directly above where
the earthquake occurred. The rating scale
is logarithmic; each increase of 1 on the
scale represents a tenfold increase in the
motion of the ground.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 93 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
BRANDS OF BUILDING MATERIALS (PHILIPPINES)
MECHANICAL
(AC)



























ALENALREE
CARRIER
CONDURA
COOLMASTER
DAIKIN
FEDDERS
FUJITSU
GREE
HONEYWELL
IDEC
IWATA
KELVINATOR
KOLIN
KOPPEL
LG COLLINS
MC QUAY
MITSUBISHI
MIDEA
NATIONAL
SAMSUNG
SANYO
SHARP
SUPER COOL
SUPREME
TRANE
UNI-AIR
WHIRLPOOL
ELECTRICAL
PLUMBING
 ATLANTA (uPVC
Moulding)
 CHORUS LUX
 CLIPSAL (Lights)
 COLUMBIA
(Wires)
 DURAFLEX
 GARTIM (Lights)
 LUXPIA (Lights)
 MOLDFLEX
(uPVC Conduits)
 PHELPS DODGE
(Wires)
 PHILFLEX (Wires)
 ROYU (Elec.
Devices)
 ALASCO
 ALFAIDRO (Pipes
& Fittings
 ANESCO (Fiber
Glass)
 ATLANTA (Pipes &
Fittings)
 BLUE MAGIC
(Water Tanks)
 CREATIVE
(Fixtures)
 ECOSAN (Pipes &
Fittings)
 EMERALD
 FALCON (Fixtures)
 GEBERIT
 LUCKY (Pipes &
Fittings)
 NELTEX
 POLYMUTAN
 POWEREE
 RNW
 RNW PACIFIC
(Pipes)
 SANIMOLD
(Pipes)
 SUPER TANK
 WEIDA (Septic
Tanks; Storage
Tanks)
ELEVATORS/LIFT
& ESCALATORS

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
OTIS
MITSUBISHI
SCHINDLER
FUJI
GOLDSTAR
HYUNDAI
WESTINGHOUSE
HITACHI
FLOORING
(LAMINATED)
ROOFING
 APO
 BAYER
MAKROLON
 COLENT(Polyc)
 COLORSTEEL –
MVP
 DELOON
 DN STEEL
 ETERTON
 GI SHEETS
 GOOD LIFE
 HEAT SHIELD
 KANOPY
 K-PLAST
 MEGA
 METALPLAS
 ONDULINE
 PLEXIGLASS
 POLYLITE
 RIVIERA
 TILE STAR
 WHISTLER
 XANLITE (Polyc)
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HORNITEX
INCRETE
KENT
KRONOTEX
MGS
MILAN
MULTI-LINE
(Bamboo Flooring)
MULTIRICH
PRIMAFLOOR
PUYAT
STEIGER
ZETA
WATER
PROOFING
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ABC
EQUA SUPREME
DR. SEAL
A-PLUS
CASTLE
DESTINY
DUROTECH
NOVSEAL
MORTABOND
BESSER
GLASS
 ARTES MEYER
 CO BAN KIAT
HARDWARE
 CORSINI (Glass
Rock Accent and
Decorative Wall
Tiles)
 EPCO (Glass
Façade)
 JARO GLASS
 KENNETH &
MOCK
 LE GRAND
 LELUX
ELECTRONICS
(Glass Break
Alarm)
 LEXTON
(Bathroom Glass
Shelf)
 TOTO (Bathroom
Glass Shelf)
INSULATION
PANEL
 BETAFOAM
 EXCEL COIL
COATING
CORPORATION
 MACRO
INDUSTRIAL
 PHILIPPINE
INSULATION
 PRIME PRODUCT
CONCEPTS
SPEACIALISTS
 THERMAC
 WAH PHIL
 WRIGHT






BOARDS
DOORS & WINDOWS
ADHESIVE
CEMENT
TILES
HAND TOOLS
TANKS
 BORAL PERFORATED
 RICHMOND
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ACCENDO
JARO
MIGHTY DOOR
POLY DOOR
ABC GYPSUM PUTTY
BETONIT
COWPROY
FIBER-23
POWERBOND Floor
Adhesive (Puyat Steel)
 TOTAL COAT
LAFARGE
REPUBLIC
RIZAL
VIBRO
APO (Vinyl Tiles)
EURO TILES
J.K. (China)
LVP (China)
MARIWASA
XIONGDI GRANITE
ZIRCONIO (Spain)
C-MART TOOLS
DAIKEN
LOTUS
MASCOT
STANLEY
EASTERN WIRE
LATIMCO
MATIMCO
MULTI-LINE
PUYAT STEEL
ROOFSCAPE
BESTANK
FIRSTANK
SUPERTANK
WEIDA
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 94 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
PAINTS & STAINS
BRANDS
BOYSEN
DAVIES
DUTCHBOY
JOTUN
NIPPON
SPHERO
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ALTAMIRA (Min. Paint)
A-PLUS
BOSNY
BOYSEN
BRONCO
DAVIES
DECREA (Stone Coating)
DESTINY
DR.SEAL (Putty Filler)
DUTCH BOY
DYNATRON (Rubberized)
FLEXSEAL
FLINTKOTE
GLOBECONSU
HUDSON (Top Coat)
KONIG (Wood Stain)
MANOR
NATION
NIKKO (Spray Paints)
RJ
RUST-OLEUM
SPHERO
TITAN (Elastomeric)
UNIVERSAL
WIN
ZAR (Wood Stain)
ZYNOLITE (Spray)
ACQUA EPOXY
ACRYTEX
AQUASEAL
CHALK CLOCKER
COOL SHADES
DECORE
DURAFILL
ECO PRIMER
ELASTI-KOTE
HEALTHY HOME
HUDSON
KNOXOUT
MARMORINO
MATTE SHIELD
NATION DREAMCOAT
NATION DURA-ROOF
PERMACOAT
PERMAPLAST
PERMATEX
PLEXIBOND
PRIMEGUARD
ROOFGARD
SKIMCOAT
TILEWORKS
TITAN SUPERFLEX
VIRTUOSO SILK TOUCH
WALLGUARD
XYLADECOR
PAINT
ACREEX
AQUA GLOSS-IT
BIO-FRESH
CLEAN AIR
DA VINCI
ELASTOGEL
EPOXY ENAMEL
FUSION
GLOSS-IT
KERAMIFLOOR
LIQUID TILE
MEGACRYL
MONDO
MORTAFLEX
OIL WOODSTAIN
PONDO
POWERFLOOR
ROOFSHIELD
STAY CLEAN
SUN & RAIN
CLASSIC
GLOSS MASTA
NALCRETE
ROOFMASTER
TEX-A-CRETE
VERSATEX
SPREAD RATE
SPREAD RATE
PER GALLON
25m2 to 40m2
ACRYLIC 5170
ADVANCE
EXPRESSKOTE
FLEXISEAL
INSULCOAT
MOMENTO
ODOURLITE
PROTECTIVE
Q-SHIELD
VINILEX
WEATHERBOND
WEATHERBOND FLEX
TYPE
USE
DESCRIPTION
LATEX
for concrete
a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used for painting concrete
and masonry surfaces
ACRYLIC LATEX
for timber &concrete
Often advertised as 100% acrylic latex, a water-based paint, and is
generally considered the highest quality latex paint.
Paints which use varnish as a vehicle. They have the ability of leveling
brush marks, are more resistant to washing and rough usage, and have a
harder and tougher film. They can have either a glossy, semi glossy or
matt finish.
ENAMEL
for timber
RED OXIDE
for steel
to prevent rust
protective paints for ferrous metal and are of two types: Priming Paint, e.g. red lead, litharge, lead chromate; Finish Paints, e.g., lead sulfate and zinc dust.
ROOF EFFECTIVE WIDTH
ROOFING
GI Sheet
Plain GI Sheet
CANADIAN
HYPER TONE
MANOR
ROOF TUFF
SHERTEX
SPHEREFLEX
SPHERETITE
TUFF SEAL
VTEX
PAINT FINISHES
ROOF
TYPE OF WALL
FINISH
CITO PRIMER 09
FUNGICIDAL WASH
GARDEX
JOTAPLAST
JOTAROOF
JOTASEALER 03
JOTASHIELD
JOTASHIELD PRIMER
MAJESTIC
STRAX EASY CLEAN
ULTRA PRIMER
WOODSHIELD
ROOF ACCESSORIES
EFECTIVE
LENGTH
SIDE LAP
(Corrugations)
EFFECTIVE WIDTH
0.90 x 2.40
2 1/2
0.60
Gutter
2.35
0.80 x 1.50 to 3.60
1 1/2
0.70
Flashing
2.30
END LAP
0.25 to 0.30mm
Ridge Roll
2.20
STANDARD SIZE
ACCESSORY
Coarse to Rough (Wooden
Trowel Finish)
30 m2
Corrugated GI Sheet
Fine to Coarse (Paper
Finish)
35 m2
GI Sheet
Gauge 14 to 30
Smooth to Fine (Putty
Finish)
40 m2
Roofing
Gauge 26
Valley Roll
2.30
Gutters &Valley Rolls
Gauge 24
Hipped Roll
2.20
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 95 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
CONCRETE HARDENERS
Concrete & Concrete Works
PORTLAND CEMENT
Applied on concrete surface to increase hardiness and toughness.
TWO TYPES OF CONCRETE HARDENERS
Made from materials which must contain the proper proportions of lime, silica, alumina
and iron components.
SPECIAL CEMENTS
CHEMICAL
HARDENERS
liquids containing silicofluorides or fluosilicates and a wetting agent
which reduces the surface tension of the liquid and allows it to
penetrate the pores of the concrete more easily.
FINE METALLIC
AGGREGATE
are specially processed and graded iron particles which are drymixed with Portland cement, spread evenly over the surface of
freshly floated concrete, and worked into the surface by floating.
WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT
same materials as normal Portland except in color
MASONRY CEMENT
Designed to produce better mortar than that made with normal Portland cement or with a
lime-cement combination.
AIR-ENTRAINING
PORTLAND CEMENT
Small amounts of this is added to the clinker and ground with it to produce air-entraining
cements, effective use for resistance to severe frost.
WATER REDUCING
ADMIXTURES
Material used to reduce the amount of water necessary to produce a concrete of given
consistency or to increase the slump for a given water content.
OIL WELL CEMENT
Special Portland cement used for sealing oil wells.
DAMPROOFERS
WATERPROOFED
PORTLAND CEMENT
Normally produced by adding a small amount of stearate, usually calcium or aluminum to
the cement clinker during the final grinding.
Materials used to reduce or stop the penetration of moisture through the concrete.
Reduces permeability.
TYPES OF AGGREGATES USED IN CONCRETE
BONDING AGENTS
Often applied to such an old surface immediately prior to pouring new concrete to
increase the amount of paste.
PASTE SLURRY
CONCRETE
Artificial stone made by binding together particles of some inert material with a paste
made of cement and water. These inert materials are the aggregate.
AGGREGATE
Sand, gravel crushed stone, cinder, crushed furnace slag, burned clay, expanded
vermiculite, and perlite.
SAND
Found in riverbeds, free of salt and must be washed.
FINE AGGREGATE
Smaller than ¼” diameter stones.
COURSE AGGREGATE
Bigger than ¼” diameter stones.
CONTROL OF CONCRETE MIXES:
TWO TYPES OF BONDING AGENTS
METALLIC
AGGREGATE
Iron particle are larger, but with same materials as the permeability
reducer. Bonding takes place through the oxidation and
subsequent expansion of the iron particles.
SYNTHETIC
LATEX
EMULSION
Consists of highly polymerized synthetic liquid resin dispersed in
water.
SET-INHIBITING AGENTS
Prevent the cement paste from bonding to the surface aggregate but will not interfere
with the set throughout the remainder of the pour.
POZZOLANIC ADMIXTURES
Materials sometimes used in structures where it s desirable to avoid high temperature or
in structures exposed to seawater or water containing sulfates. Pozzolans may be added
to concrete mixes-rather than substituting for part of the cement to improve workability,
impermeability, and resistance to chemical attack.
CONCRETE PRODUCTS
made of lightweight and heavyweight materials for use in exterior and interior loadbearing walls, firewalls, curtain and panel walls, partitions etc.
SLUMP TEST
When freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure that the specified slump is being
attained consistently. A standard slump cone is 12 inches high (0.30) and 8 inches (0.20)
in diameter at the bottom and 4 inches (0.10) on top which is open on both ends.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
TEST
Common quality-control test of concrete, based on 7 and 28 day curing periods.
CONCRETE ADDITIVES
Materials often added to the concrete or applied to the surface of freshly placed concrete
to produce some special result.
ACCELERATORS
An admixture which is used to speed up the initial set of concrete. Such a material may
be added to the mix to increase the rate of early-strength development for several
reasons.
HOLLOW LOAD-BEARING
CONCRETE BLOCK
an 8” x 8” x 16” will approximately weigh 40 to 50 lb. Made with heavyweight aggregate
and 25 to 35 lb. when made with lightweight aggregate.
RETARDERS
to delay or extend the setting time of the cement paste in concrete.
Defines as one having a core area of not more than 25% of the gross crosssectional area.
AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS
Air-entrained concrete contains microscopic bubbles of air formed with the aid of a group
of chemical called surface active agents, materials that have the property of reducing the
surface tension of water intended for use when better resistance to frost action is
concerned.
SOLID LOAD BEARING
BLOCK
HOLLOW; NON-LOAD
BEARING CONCRETE
BLOCK
One in which the core area exceeds 25% of the cross-sectional area.
CONCRETE BLOCK
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 96 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
CONCRETE BUILDING TILE
COMMON SIZES
CONCRETE BRICK
QUALITY
CELLULAR CONCRETE
BLOCKS
4” x 8” x 16”
for non-load bearing partitions
6” x 8” x 16”
for load bearing walls
HAND MADE
backyard industry
MACHINE MADE
commonly sold
STEAM CURED
Manufactured by big and nationally known factories for load
bearing walls. Usually specified for government and multistorey buildings.
Lightweight block which is outstanding in thermal and sound insulation qualities. Basic
ingredients are cement-made from silica-rich sand and lime-water, and aluminum
powder.
Ceramics And Clay Products
BRICK
Basic ingredient in clay.
FURRING TILE
Used on the inside of exterior walls to provide air spaces for insulation to prevent the
passage of moisture and to provide a suitable plastering surface. Classified as non-load
bearing.
FIREPROOFING TILE
Structural steel must be insulated in fireproof construction. One method of doing this is to
cover it with fire-proofing tile.
FLOOR TILE
Manufactured in both load-bearing and non-load bearing grades in standard thickness
raging from 3 to 12 inches in standard length and widths of 12 inches.
STRUCTURAL CLAY FACING
TILE
Unglazed tile and may have either a smooth or a rough textured finish. They are
designed to used as exposed facing material on either exterior or interior walls and
partitions.
STRUCTURAL GLAZED
FACING TILE
Produced from high-grade light burning clay which is suitable for the application of
ceramic or salt glaze.
TERRA COTTA
Means “fired earth” is a clay product which has been used for architectural decorative
purposes, since ancient Greece and Rome. Modern terracotta is machine-extruded and
molded or pressed. The machine-made product is usually referred to as ceramic veneer,
and is a unit with flat face and flat or ribbed back.
TWO TYPES OF CERAMIC VENEER
THREE PRINCIPAL FORMS
SURFACE CLAY
Found near the surface of the earth
SHALE
Clay which have been subjected to high pressure until they have become relatively hard.
FIRE CLAY
Found at deeper levels and usually have more uniform physical and chemical qualities.
ADHESION TYPE
Held to the wall by the bond of the mortar to the ceramic veneer back and to the backing
wall.
ANCHOR TYPE
Are held y mortar and by wire tiles between the terracotta and the wall behind.
Building Stones, Gypsum And Lime
BUILDING STONES
TWO CLASSES OF CLAY
CALCAREOUS
CLAYS
Contains about 15 percent calcium carbonate and burn to a
yellowish color.
NON-CALCAREOUS
CLAYS
Composed of silicate of alumina, with feldspar and iron oxide.
These clays burn buff, red or salmon depending on the iron
oxide content which vary from 2 to 10 percent.
STANDARD BRICK SIZE
2 ¼ x 3 ¾ x 8 inches
STRUCTURAL CLAY TILES
Are hollow units as opposed to brick which is sold. Tiles are made from the same
material as brick, but all clay tiles are formed by extrusion in the stiff-mud process.
THREE GENERAL
CATEGORIES
TYPES OF TILES
BACK-UP TILE
LOAD BEARING
WALL TILE
used for bearing walls of light buildings, the height usually
restricted to four stories. Structural load bearing wall tile are
made in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in thickness.
PARTITION TILE
non-load bearing
CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING TO FORM
Intended for use in both bearing and non-bearing walls which will be faced with brick or
facing tile.
Stones usually blocks or pieces of the basic material rock.
IGNEOUS
Formed as a result of the cooling of molten matter.
SEDIMENTARY
Formed by the action of water either by depositing materials at the
bottom of a water body or depositing them on the earth’s surface.
METAMORPHIC
Rocks changed from their original structure by the action of
extreme pressure, heat, or various combinations of these factors.
RUBBLE
includes rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken into
suitable sizes, or it may include irregular pieces of stone that have
been roughly cut to size, usually used for and filling material.
(escombro and lastillas)
DIMENSION
(CUT STONE)
Consists of pieces that have been cut or finished according to a set
or drawing. (for facing walls)
FLAGSTONE
(FLAT SLABS)
Consists of thin pieces (1/2 in. and up which may or may not have
had their face dimensions cut to some particular size. (for walks
and floors)
CRUSHED
ROCK
Consisting of pieces varying I size from 3/8 to 6 in. and is used to a
large extent in concreting.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 97 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
BUILDING STONE
ARGILITE
One formed d\from clay, commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green, used for floor
tile, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools of exterior
window sills.
GRANITE
Igneous origin and composed of quartz, feldspar, hornblende and mica. Its generally
very hard, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish.
LIMESTONE
A sedimentary rock which is either oolitic, or calcite cemented calcareous stone formed
of shells fragments, particularly non-crystalline in nature, it has no cleavage lines and
uniform in structure and composition.
TRAVERTINE
A sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It has been formed at the
earth’s surface through the evaporation of water from hot springs.
MARBLE
Metamorphic rock, one that has been changed from its original structure in this case,
limestone and dolomite have been recrystallized to form marble.
SERPENTINE
Igneous rock with the mineral serpentine. The mineral is olive green to greenish black,
but impurities may give the rock other colors.
SANDSTONE
A class of rock composed of cemented silica grains. Colors include gray, buff, light brown
and red.
SLATE ROCK
Formed by metamorphosis of clays and shales deposited in layers. A unique
characteristic of the rock is the relative ease with which it may be separated into thin
tough sheets, called slates, ¼” or more thick.
STONE CONSTRUCTION
PANELING
Consists of using slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover backup walls
and provide a finished exterior.
ASHLAR
Work requires the use of cut stone and includes broken ashlars, irregular coursed
ashlars, and regular coursed ashlars.
RUBBLEWORK
Used as random when no attempt is made to produce either horizontal or vertical course
lines. Small spaces are filled with spalls, small stones and used as course rubble work,
horizontal course lines are maintained but no vertical course lines used.
TRIM
Involves use of stones cut for a specific purpose and include Quoin – stones laid at the
intersection of two walls.
AS JAMBS
Stones which form the sides of window and door openings.
AS SILLS
stones which form the bottom of window and door openings
AS BELTS
special stone courses which are built into a wall for a particular
purpose. One reason is to provide architectural relief to a large wall of
one material or to provide a break I the vertical plane of the wall,
another reason is to hide a change in the wall thickness.
AS COPINGS
one which is cut fit on the top of a masonry wall. It prevents the
passage of water into the wall, sheds water to either inside or outside,
and gives a finished appearance to the wall.
AS CORNICES
Specially cut stones which are built into and project from a masonry
wall near the top to provide the appearance of a cave.
AS LINTELS
Stones which bridge the top of door and window openings.
AS STONE
STEPS
Made to fit over an inclined concrete slab or to cap steps cast in
concrete.
AS AN ARCH
STONE
Cut to form some particular type of arch over a door or window
opening.
AS STONE
FLOORING
Walks and patios, made by covering a base of stone concrete, brick or
tile with flagstones, trimmed flagstone, trimmed rectangular and
square.
A soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate from which gypsum plaster is
made (by heating); colorless when pure used as a retarder in Portland cement.
GYPSUM
Wood And Wood Products
a traditional building material, it is easily worked, has durability and beauty. It has great
ability to absorb shocks from sudden load. In addition, wood has freedom from rust and
corrosion, is comparatively light in weight, and is adaptable to countless variety of
purposes.
WOOD
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
HARDWOODS
‘Deciduous’ trees that have broad leaves which are normally shed in the winter time.
SOFTWOODS
‘Conifers’ trees that have needles rather than leaves and that bear their seeds in cones.
MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD
Expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weight and can be determined by the oven-dry method or by an electric-moisture
meter method.
THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER
YARD LUMBER
used for ordinary light construction and finishing work and consists of 1 and 2 inches
material manufactured into common boards, shiplap, shelving dimension lumber, center
match, flooring, roof plank, siding, v-joint, trim and molding of all kinds. These are usually
found in retail lumberyards.
SHOP LUMBER
Usually left in 1 and 2 inches rough thickness often containing knots or defects not
ordinarily permissible in other categories. It is intended for use in shops or mills making
sash, doors and cabinets where it will be cut into relatively short pieces and the defective
material discarded.
STRUCTURAL LUMBER
In intended for use in heavy construction for load-bearing purposes and is cut into
timbers of large size than yard lumber, 3 inches or more thick and 4 inches or more wide.
It is made from the heartwood of the log.
FINISHES OF WOOD
S1S
surfacing or planning of one side
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 98 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
S2S
two sides planed
S4S
four sides planed
ROUGH
as sawn and not planed
Made by bonding together thin layers of wood in a way that the grain of each layer is at
right angles to the grain of each adjacent layer.
PLYWOOD
WOOD GRAIN
EDGE GRAIN
Annual rings run approximately at right angle to the face.
FLAT GRAIN
When the annual rings run more or less parallel to the surface.
ANGLE GRAIN
When the annual rings are at about 45 degrees to the face.
HARDBOARD
VENEER
each layer of plywood
ROTARY
CUTTING
a method of cutting wood veneer in which a log is fixed in a lathe
and rotated against a knife so that the veneer is peeled from the log
in a continuous sheet.
Made from processed wood chips.
THREE GRADES OF BOARD
SEASONING OF LUMBER
AIR-DRYING
Lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation. This allows air to circulate around
every piece while the sloping allows water to run off quickly.
KILN-DRYING
More expensive lumber which is required for more refined uses so as wood will not
move, such as furniture. Flooring and general interior use.
PRESSURE TREATED
LUMBER
When lumber is subjected to pressure and injected with chemicals or salts to insure it
from rots.
STANDARD
flexible to be quite easily bent
TEMPERED
HARDBOARD
Made by impregnated standard board with a tempering compound
of oils and resin and baking it to polymerize the tempering material.
LOW-DENSITY
HARDBOARD
Not as strong and durable as standard hardboard.
INSULATING FIBERBOARD
Made from three types of fiber – wood, sugar cane, and asbestos, and binder, formed
into a board.
SPECIFICATION WHEN BUYING LUMBER
CHIPBOARD
A large class of building board made from wood and particles and a binder, often faced
with veneer.
Indicate no. of pieces, thickness, width, length, total bd. Ft. kind of lumber and finish.
PARTICLE BOARD
Hardboard made from relatively small particles.
Example: 6-2” x 8” x 14’-0” = 112 bd. Ft. tanguile S4S
GYPSUM BOARD
A wall board having a gypsum core.
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
STRAW BOARD
Hardboard made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350 to 400 degree
Fahrenheit and covered with a tough craft paper.
ASBESTOS-CEMENT BOARD
A dense, rigid board containing a high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded with Portland
cement, resistant to fire, flame, and weathering, has low resistance to heat flow.
CORKBOARD
From the outer bark of the cork oak tree, cork granules is mixed with synthetic resin,
compressed and formed into sheet from 1 to 6 inches thick and baked under pressure
into rigid boards.
PAPERBOARD
Made into two different types: a paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16, or ¼ in. thick, 4 ft.
wide, and 6, 7 or 8 ft. long. Usually one surface is primed for easier finishing. The other is
a layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated from and faced on both sides with a thick
paper backing, cemented to the core.
MINERAL FIBERGROUND
Thick mats of mineral fibers, usually glass or rock wool are covered with a backing of stiff
paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards, ranging in thickness from ½ to 2 in. The
usual board size is 24 x 48 inches.
PLASTIC FOAMBOARDS
Polystyrene and polyurethane plastics are formed by a patented process to about 40
times their original volume. Used for perimeter insulation for concrete floor slabs, for wall
and roof deck insulation, and for roof decks when properly supported.
term used to describe a wooden member built up of several layers of wood whose grain directions are all substantially
parallel, and held together with glue as fastening commonly used for beams, girders, posts, columns, arches, arches,
bowstring truss chords, usually softwoods are commonly used because of their low cost, lightness and strength.
GLUE USED IN LAMINATING
CASEIN GLUE
Satisfactory for use in dry locations not exposed to rain or water.
UREA-FORMALDEHYDERESIN
Cheap and well cure at from 70 degrees Fahrenheit up. Will withstand soaking in cool
water.
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDERESIN GLUES
Not usually recommended because of the high temperature needed to cure them. Useful
for combining timber and plywood and are very water-resistant.
RESORCINOL-PHENOLFORMALDEHYDE
Resin glues are expensive but have excellent qualities of durability and water resistance.
Recycled Waste Products, Building Boards And Papers
BUILDING BOARDS
a group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as
a finished surface on walls, ceiling, etc.
KINDS OF BUILDING BOARDS
BUILDING PAPERS
In building construction, paper is used for sheathing, roofing and insulation, in making asphalt shingles, laminated and
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corrugated building products, and concrete form materials, as a moisture and vapor barrier; as cushioning material; as
wallpaper; as an envelope or sheath for other materials; and as a fireproofing material.
TYPE OF WOOD PULP
PITCH
A solid or semi-solid residue produced from partial evaporation or fractional distillation of
tar.
COAL-TAR PITCH
Most common material of this kind of pitch.
MECHANICAL PULP
Or ground wood, is produced by grinding blocks of wood against a revolving abrasive
stone or by grinding steamed wood chips in a grinding mill.
ASPHALTS
Dark brown or black solids or semi-solids which are found in the natural state and are
also produced by the refining of petroleum.
CHEMICAL PULP
Produced by digesting wood chips in various chemicals to free the cellulose fibers from
the liquid binding.
LIQUID PAVING ASPHALTS
Liquid asphalts used for paving are cutbacks.
ASPHALT PAVING CEMENTS
Used as binders for more expensive asphalt pavements.
SEMI-CHEMICAL PULP
Wood chips are first subjected to a mild chemical treatment and then mechanically
disintegrated in rotating disk refiners.
TYPES OF PAPER
SHEATHING PAPER
ROOFING PAPER
used to provide an airtight barrier over walls, floors, etc.
ROOFING
FELTS
used in making a built-up roof and are usually produced in 36 in.
wide rolls, in various weights from 3 to 20 lb/square.
ROLLED
ROOFING
A heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as a final roof covering,
made 18 and 36 in. wide, in various weights from 45 to 120
lb/square.
Ferrous And Non-Ferrous Materials
FERROUS
metal in which iron is the principal element
NON-FERROUS
Containing no, or very little iron.
FERROUS METAL
STEEL
A malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by smelting and refining pig iron and/or
scrap steel, graded according to the carbon content.
PIG IRON
Used to make cast iron which is high in compressive strength but low in tensile strength,
and has little use for construction.
INSULATING PAPER
Used to secure bulk and entrapped air with as much strength as possible. Insulating
papers are made from both wood-fiber insulating paper and asbestos fibers.
WROUGHT IRON
Produced when pig iron is melted in such a way as to remove nearly all of the carbon and
other impurities.
CUSHIONING PAPER
Similar to wood-fiber insulating paper, but less attention is paid to strength. Its chief use
is for cushioning under linoleum, carpets, or slate roofing.
ALLOY STEELS
Made by containing other elements with the molten steel. Nickel, chromium copper and
manganese are used.
VAPOR BARRIER PAPER
Intended to prevent the passage of moisture vapor through walls, ceilings and floors.
NICKEL STEEL
Stronger than carbon steel and is used to make structural members for building
chromium steel is very hard and corrosion-resistant.
LAMINATING PAPER
A special, high strength kraft paper made for use in the production of plastic laminates.
The thin, strong paper is impregnated with liquid plastic resin and several sheet are
laminated together under heat and pressure to form the base for the plastic sheet.
STAINLESS STEELS
Made with chromium or a combination of nickel and chromium used in buildings for
exterior wall panels, frames for doors, expansion joints, flashings, copings, fascia and
gravel stops.
COPPER
Bearing steel has high resistance to corrosion and is used for making sheet steel and
metal lath.
MANGANESE STEEL
Offers great resistance to abrasion and finds important use in the cutting edges of heavy
digging tools.
WEATHERING STEEL
Recently developed grade of steel. It forms its protection against atmospheric corrosion
and thus requires no painting.
CONCRETE FORM PAPER
Made from strong kraft paper in the form of a spiral tube and boxlike from made from
corrugated container paper.
WALLPAPER
Paper from which decorative wallpaper is made.
ENVELOPE PAPER
Used as an outer covering or envelope for a number of building materials. One of these
is gypsum board, composed of a layer of calcined gypsum covered in both sides by a
sheet of craft paper.
FIRE PROOFING PAPER
Made from asbestos fibers, since this is an incombustible material. This material maybe
in the form of matted paper, similar to asbestos insulating or roofing paper, or it may be in
the form of a cloth woven from thread spun from asbestos fibers.
Bituminous Marterials
NON-FERROUS METAL
ALUMINUM
A lustrous, silver-white nonmagnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable; has good
thermal and electrical conductivity; a good reflector of both heat and light.
BITUMEN
A generic name applied to a semisolid mixture of complex hydrocarbons, derived from
coal or petroleum, as a coal-tar pitch or asphalt.
ALUMINUM FOIL
Used as a vapor barrier on walls and ceilings and as reflective insulation.
TAR
The resulting condensate when destructive distillation is carried out on such materials as
wood coal, shale, peat or bone.
COPPER
a lustrous reddish metal, highly ductile and malleable; has high tensile strength; is an
excellent electrical and thermal conductor; is available in a wide variety of shapes; widely
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dials.
used for downspout, electrical conductors, flashings, gutter, roofing, etc.
LEAD
TIN
A soft, malleable, heavy metal; has low melting point and a high coefficient of thermal
expansion. Very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces. Used
for roofing, flashing and spandrel wall panels.
GLASS BLOCKS
A lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point; relatively
unaffected by exposure to air; used for making alloys and solder and in coating sheet
metal.
Comparable in many ways to unit masonry but have the added feature of transmitting
light.
SOLID GLASS BRICK
Also made to admit light into a building, because of its solid construction, it offers greater
protection against vandalism than conventional window glass or glass blocks. The ability
of the brick is to allow undistorted passage of light.
Glass And Glazing
GLASS
A hard, brittle inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent; produced by
melting a mixture of silica, a flux and a stabilizer.
TYPES OF GLASS
Plastics And Related Products
a large group of synthetic materials which are made from a number of common
substances such as coal, salt, oil, natural gas, cotton, wood and water. From these,
relatively simple chemicals known as monomers, which are capable of reacting with one
another are produced. These are then built up into chainlike molecules of high molecular
weight called polymers.
PLASTICS
REFLECTIVE GLASS
Used to control glare and reduce solar heat. It the product of a glass-coating process
which is carried out in a large, rectangular vacuum chamber. Manufactured in two types,
silver and gold, the glass can be specified in any one of three nominal light transmittance
of 8, 14, or 20 %.
ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST
GLASS
Used where clear vision is not required, such as by factory roofs and walls, windows for
halls and staircases, skylights, and partitions in offices. Cast glass diffuses light, and
because of its low reflecting and absorption index, transmits 90 to 93 percent of light rays
striking it.
CATHEDRAL AND FIGURED
GLASS
Manufacturing is similar to rolled and rough-cast glasses. However, they contain a
pattern or texture impressed usually on one surface by a patterned roller.
WIRED GLASS
Simply a rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture.
HEAT –ABSORBING PLATE
GLASS
Made by adding ingredients to the mix used in making regular slate glass so that the
finished product is pale bluish-green or gray.
TEMPERED PLATE GLASS
Three to five times as strong as regular plate of the same thickness – and area in
resisting compressive forces and fracture due to strain or thermal shock.
VITREOUS COLORED PLATE
Polished plate glass can be heat-strengthened and coated on one side with vitreous color
which is fire-fused to the surface.
LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS
(BULLET PROOFING)
Widely used in the automotive industry and transportation, but now finding some uses in
the building industry, like glass that can withstand firearm attack and explosions.
INSULATING GLASS
Consists of two sheets of plate or sheet glass, separated by an air space, and joined
around the edges to produce a hermitically sealed unit.
CLASSIFICATION OF SHEET GLASS
WINDOW GLASS
Used for glazing windows doors and storm sash in residential buildings where good light
and vision are required at moderate cost.
HEAVY SHEET GLASS
Used for glazing windows and doors where greater strength is required but where slight
distortion is not objectionable.
PICTURE GLASS
GLASS PRODUCTS
TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
THERMOPLASTICS
Become soft when heated and hard when cooled, regardless of the number of times the
process is repeated. Include in the thermoplastics are acrylic cellulosis, polyethylene,
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polysterene, polyallomers polycarbonates, polyimide,
polypropylene, polysulfone, phenylene oxide, nylons, methyl pertenes, ionomer,
fluoroplastics, acetal and acryonitrile butadieniene styrene (ABS).
THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
Set into a permanent shape when heat and pressure are applied to them during the
forming stage. Thermosetting group includes phenolics, aminos (urea and melamine)
epoxies, polyesters, polyurethane, alkyd silicones and diallyl phthalate (DAP).
PRODUCTION
Plastics products are formed by a number of methods which include:
INJECTION MOLDING
PROCESS
Measured amount of powder or granules is heated and when flowing forced through the
nozzle of the barrel into a shaped cavity, where it cools of solidities.
BLOW-MOLDING PROCESS
An extruder extrudes a hollow tube which is captured between the two halves of a hollow.
As the mold closes, air is blown into the tube and expands it to fit inside surface of the
mold.
ROTATIONAL MOLDING
Used to form hollow units with complex shapes and heavy walls, a premeasured amount
of powder or liquid resin is placed at the bottom half of a cold mold which is then closed.
EXPANDABLE BEAD
MOLDING
A process used to produce light weight products of polysterene foam, small granules of
polystyrene with a small amount of an expanding agent are placed in a rolling drum and
steam heated.
COMPRESSION MOLDING
A measured quantity of powder in a heated mold, which is then closed. Heat and
pressure are applied to the powder which melts and flows to all parts of the mold.
TRANSFER MOLDING
Similar to compression molding except that the powder is heated and liquefied outside
the mold and injected into the mold under heat and pressure, where the forming and
setting takes place.
Used for covering pictures, photographs, maps, charts projector slides and instrument
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FOAMED PLASTICS
Are made by expanding agent with either granules or powder and then heating. Heat
melts the plastic and causes the formation of a gas which expands the molten material
into foamed structure.
THERMOSET FOAM
Made by mixing the appropriate resin with a curing agent and an expanding agent and
then heating them in a mold.
EXTRUSION FORMING
Used for mass-produced materials which have a constant cross section, and it is done in
two ways by forcing of semi-liquid plastic through a die of the proper size and shape in a
manner similar to that used for forming brick by extrusion.
THERMOFORMING PROCESS
Sheet plastic is heated until soft and then forced by air pressure against a cold and
hardens in shape.
Consists of impregnating sheets of paper, glass fiber, or cloth with a thermosetting liquid
resin and then applying heat and pressure to a number of sheets to form a laminated
product.
BLANKET INSULATION
LAMINATING PROCESS
made from some fibrous materials such as mineral wool, wood fiber, cotton fiber, or
animal hair, manufactured in the form of a mat, 16, 20 or 24 in. width, in 8 ft. lengths or
put up in rolls of from 40 to 100 linear feet, with controlled thickness of 1, ½, 2, 3 and 4
inches.
CASTING
A simple process in which liquid plastics, with their appropriate curing agent, are poured
into molds and set, with or without heat.
BATTS
similar to blankets but they are restricted to 48 inches in long or less they are always
covered with paper, and made especially for installation between stud spacings.
CALENDARING PROCESS
Plastic is fed to revolving rollers which turn out a thin sheet or film the thickness of the
product is determined by the roller spacing, and the surface of the sheet may be smooth
or matted, depending on the roller surface.
STRUCTURAL INSULATION
BOARD
Made from organic fiber-wood, cane, straw or cork. The wood and cane raw material is
first pulped, after which it is treated with water proofing chemicals.
PLASTIC LAMINATES
made from expanded minerals such as perlite and vermaculite or
from ground vegetable matter such as granulated coork.
FIBROUS
LOOSE FILL
used to insulate walls of buildings that have been built without
insulation.
GRANULES
are graded into four sizes, 1, (3/8 in. to no. 16 sieve) and sizes 2
(no. 4 to no. 30 sieve) used as loose-fill insulation for sidewalls and
ceilings over suspended ceilings, between wood sleepers over a
concrete floor slab, as fill for the cores of concrete blocks, and sizes
3 (no. 8 to no. 100 sieve) size 4 (no. 16 to 100 sieve).
STRAWBOARD
made from carefully selected straw, fused under heat and pressure
into a panel 2 inches thick and 4 ft. wide.
CORKBOARD
made from granulated cork mixed with resin and pressed into
sheets of several thickness, depending on the use to which they will
be put.
Consists of three or more layers of material bonded or laminated together with plastic
adhesive under high pressure.
Adhesives And Sealants
COHESIVENESS
The ability of particles of a material to cling tightly to one another.
ADHESIVENESS
The ability of a material to fix itself and cling to an entirely different material.
SEALERS
Products which are used to seal the surface of various materials against the penetration
of water or other liquids or in some cases to prevent the escape of water through the
surface.
Insulating Materials
THREE WAYS OF HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTION
the inside of a concrete wall which has one side exposed to outside winter temperatures
feels cold to the touch. Heat is being conducted from the side of higher temperature to
that lower temperature.
RADIATION
From this point, it is transferred to the outside air by radiation.
CONVECTION
When air is heated, it expands and begins to circulate, during the circulation it comes in
contact with cooler surface; some of its heat is given up to them. It is therefore important
to try to prevent air currents from being set up in the walls and ceiling of our buildings.
KINDS OF THERMAL INSULATION
LOOSE FILL
GRANULAR
INSULATION
FIBROUS TYPE
Made from mineral woolrock wool, glass wool, or slag wool – or
vegetable fiber – usually wood fiber.
BLOCK or RIGID SLAB
INSULATION
Type of insulation is so called because the units are relatively stiff and inelastic. In most
cases inorganic materials are used in their manufactures.
REFLECTIVE INSULATION
Made from such materials as aluminum or copper foil or sheet metal, with bright surfaces
that reflect heat rather than absorbing it.
FOAMED-IN-PLACE
INSULATION
This is polyurethane product made by combining a polyisocyanate and a polyester resin.
SPRAYED-ON-INSULATIONS
Materials used are polyurethane foam asbestos fiber mixed with inorganic binders,
vermiculite aggregate with a binder such as Portland cement or gypsum and perlite
aggregate using gypsum as binders.
CORRUGATED INSULATION
Usually made from paper foamed into shapes that produce enclosed air pockets. One
type is produced by shaping heavy paper into a series of small regular semicircular
corrugations and covering a both sides with a sheet of flat paper to give strength and
produce the air pockets.
Building Protection
WATERPROOFING
a method of protecting surfaces against the destructive effects of water
DAMP-PROOFING
Protection from the outside is provided by water repellent materials which turn water
aside and force it to return to the earth.
SOIL POISONING
It is important to poison the soil against anay in order to stop the anay from infesting the
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main posts, walls and flooring.
WOOD PRESERVATIVE
FIRE- PROOFING
RATPROOFING
RUSTPROOFING
A chemical liquid painted and applied to lumber to preserve it for years. It protects wood
against powder post beatles (buk-bok), powder post termite (unos), decay causing fungi
such as sap stain and dry rot.
A clear liquid applied easily on wood, plywood, lumber and other board that retains the
natural beauty, gives added strength and protects materials against fire, weather, decay,
insects and warping.
A method of protecting rooms against the intrusion of rats and other small destructive
animals from gnawing the wooden parts of the house, habitating on ceilings and floors of
houses and buildings.
A method of protecting the ferrous materials like steel, iron from rusting or
corrosion.
THOROSEAL
A cement-based, heavy-duty, easy to apply, water proof sealant and coating. Thoroseal
is ideal for basement walls.
VAPOR BARRIERS
Are materials which effectively retard or stop the flow of water vapor and normally are
produced in sheets or thin layers.
Paints And Protective Coatings
PAINT
exudation of the lac insect of India and Southeast Asia, deposited on the branches of the
tree.
LACQUERS
A new product made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear
finishes. The ingredients are dissolved in a mixture of volatile solvents which evaporate,
leaving a film to form the protective coating. When another class of material, “pigments”
are added to clear lacquer, the result is lacquer enamel, available in wide range of colors.
STAINS
Materials used to apply color to wood surfaces. They are intended to impart color without
concealing or obscuring the grain and not to provide a protective coating.
FILLERS
Finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces, particularly those with open grain,
to fill the pores and provide a perfect smooth, uniform surface for varnish or lacquer. It is
also used to impart color to the wood pores and so emphasize the grain.
SEALERS
to seal the surface of the wood and prevent the absorption of succeeding finish coats. It
may be applied to bare wood in essentially the same way as paste filler but has much
less filling capacity.
SILICONE WATER
REPELLANT
Used on all non-painted concrete, synthetic finishes, rubble, brick, and wash-out finishes
as a protection from absorption of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi to destroy the
surface.
Hardware
a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring pigments, adjusted
and diluted with correct amounts and types of additives and thinners, which when applied
on a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration,
sanitation, identification and other functional properties.
HARDWARE
COMPONENTS OF AN OIL BASE PAINT
FINISHING HARDWARE
hardware such as hinges, catches, etc. that has a finished appearance as well as
function, especially that used with doors, windows, and cabinets, maybe considered part
of the decorative treatment of a room or building.
ROUGH HARDWARE
In building construction, hardware meant to be concealed, such as bolts, nails, screws,
spikes, rods, and other metal fittings.
BODY
that solid, finely ground material which gives a paint the powder to hide,
as well as color a surface.
VEHICLE
a nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended. The
vehicle should consist of from 85 to 90 percent drying oil and the
remainder thinner and drier.
PIGMENT
material which give the paint its color
THINNERS
are volatile solvents, materials which have a natural affinity for the
vehicle in the paint. They cause the paint to flow better. Most common
thinner is turpentine.
DRIERS
organic salts of various metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead
manganese, and calcium, which are added to the paint to accelerate the
oxidation and hardening of the vehicle.
VARNISHES
a group pf more-or-less transparent liquids which are used to provide a protective surface
coating, at the same time they allow the original surface to show but add a lustrous and
glossy finish to it.
ENAMELS
When pigment is added to a varnish, the result is enamel.
SHELLAC
The only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal origin. The resin is an
Metal products used in construction, such as bolts, hinges, locks, tools. Etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF HARDWARE
TYPES OF DOORS
FLUSH
A smooth surface door having faces which are plane conceal its rails and stiles or other
structure when used inside, it is of hollow core when used for exterior, it is of solid core.
PANEL DOOR
A door having stiles, rail and sometimes muntins, which form one or more frames around
recessed thinner panels.
OVERHEAD SWING-UP
DOOR
A rigid overhead door which opens as an entire unit.
OVERHEAD ROLL-UP
GARAGE DOOR
A door which, when open, assumes a horizontal position above the door opening, made
of several leaves.
ROLL-UP DOOR
A door made up of small horizontal interlocking metal slats which are guided in a track;
the configuration coils about an overhead drum which is housed at the head of the
opening, either manual or motor-driven.
ACCORDION DOOR
A hinge door consisting of a system of panels which are hung from an overhead track.
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BI-FOLD DOOR
One of two or more doors which are hinged together so that they can open and fold in a
confined space.
REVOLVING DOOR
An exterior door consisting of four leaves which pivot about a common vertical axis within
a cylindrically shape vestibule, prevents the direct passage of air through the vestibule,
thereby eliminating drafts from outside.
SLIDING DOOR
A door mounted on track which slides I a horizontal direction usually parallel to one wall.
BY-PASSING SLIDING DOOR
A sliding door which slides to cover a fixed door of the same width or another sliding
door.
SLIDING POCKET DOOR
A door which slides inside a hollow of the wall.
DUTCH DOOR
A hinge door which is divided into two. The upper part can be opened while the lower
portion is closed.
EXAMPLE OF FINISHING HARDWARE:
HINGE
a movable joint used to attach support and turn a door about a pivot, consists of two
plates joined together by a pin which the door and connect it to its frame, enabling it to
swing open or closed.
FLUSH BOLT
A door bolt so designed that when applied it is flush with the face or edge of the door.
CHAIN DOOR FASTENER
A device attached to a door and its jamb limits the door opening to the length of the
chain.
LOCKSET
a complete lock system including the basic locking mechanism & all the accessories,
such as knobs, escutcheons, plates, etc.
LATCH
A simple fastening device having a latch bolt, but not a dead bolt containing no provisions
for locking with a key, usually can be open from both sides.
LIFT LATCH
A type of door latch which fastens a door by means of a pivoted bar that engages a hook
on the door jamb, a lever which lifts the pivoted bar used to unfasten the door.
BUTTON
A small rejecting member used to fasten the frame of a door or window.
KNOB
A handle, more or less spherical usually for operating a lock.
ESCUTCHEON
A protective plate surrounding the keyhole of a door switch or a light switch.
PLATES
a thin flat sheet of material
STRIKES
A metal plate or box which is et in a door jamb & is either placed or recessed to receive
the bolt or latch of a lock, fixed on a door.
TYPES OF HINGES
BUTT HINGE
Consists of two rectangular metal plates which are joined with a pin. In large hinge, the
pin is removable, in small hinges, it is fixed.
LIP STRIKE
The projection from the side of a strike plate which the bolt of a lock strikes first, when a
door is closed; projects out from the side of the strike plate to protect the frame.
FAST PIN HINGE
A hinge I which the pin is fastened permanently in place.
HASP
A fastening device consisting of a loop or staple and a slotted hinge plate normally
secured with a padlock.
FULL SURFACE HINGE
A hinge designed for attachment on the surface of the door and jamb without mortising.
KEY-PADLOCK
A device which fastens in position maybe operated by a key.
LOOSE JOINT HINGE
A door hinge having two knuckles, one of which has vertical pin that fits in a
corresponding hole in the other, by lifting the door up, off the vertical pin, the door maybe
removed with unscrewing the hinge.
HASP LOCK
A kind of hasp that has a built-in locking device which can be opened only with a key.
FRICTION CATCH
Any catch which when it engages a strike, is held in the engaged position by friction.
LOOSE PIN HINGE
A hinge having a removable pin which permits its two parts to be separated.
MAGNETIC CATCH
A door catch flat that uses a magnet to hold the door in a closed position.
BULLET CATCH
A fastener which holds a door in place by means of a projecting spring actuated steel hall
which is depressed when the door is closed.
PAUMELLE HINGE
A type of door hinge having a single joint of the pivot type, usually of modern design.
OLIVE KNUCKLE HINGE
A paumelle hinge with knuckles forming an oval shape.
SPRING HINGE
A hinge containing one or more springs, when a door is opened, the hinge returns it to
the open position automatically, may act in one direction only, or in both directions.
HOSPITAL ARM PULL
A handle for opening a hospital door without the use of hands, by hooking an arm over
the handle.
VERTICAL SPRING PIVOT
HINGE
A spring hinge for a door which is mortised into the heel of the door, the door is fastened
to the floor and door head with pivots.
PANIC EXIT DEVICE
Fire exit bolt a door locking device used on exit doors; the door latch releases when a
bar, across the inside of the door is pushed.
EYE BOLT
A bolt having its head in the form of a loop or eye.
CONCRETE INSERT
A plastic, wood fiber or metal usually leads plug either built in a wall or ceiling or inserted
by drilling, used as an anchor or support to hold attached load.
EXAMPLE OF ROUGH HARDWARE
CW
Common wire nails with head and for strength; box nail also used for strength.
FIN
Finishing nail without head; casing nail also without head.
HOOK BOLT
A bolt having one end in the form of a hook.
SCREWS
Classified by gauge (diameter), length, head-type, and metallic make-up.
DOOR STOPPER
To prevent the door with its lockset from harming the wall or tiles.
BOLTS
Have threaded shafts that receive nuts. To use them, a hole is drilled, pushing the bolt
through and adding a nut.
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT
ELEVATORS
REFRIGERANTS
Elevators are devices that move people and goods vertically within a dedicated
shaft that connects the floors of a building. They became commonplace in the
1850s as steel and iron structural frames allowed taller construction; however it
was Elisha Otis's safety mechanism that prevented the car from falling that
made elevators popular. In almost all modern multi-floor buildings, elevators are
required to provide universal access.
WITH MACHINE ROOM
R-12
Di-chloro-di-fluoro-methane
R-22
Di-chloro-mono-fluoro-methane
R-114
Di-chloro-tetra-fluoro-methane
R-11
Tri-chloro-monofluoro-methane
There are three main types of elevators commonly used: traction with a machine
room, machine-room-less traction, and hydraulic; however, there are
variations on each type.
5% of GFA / floor
HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
DESIGN DETAILS
Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Refrigeration Equipment
Room
Cooling Tower
 Located at Basement Floor (Chillers & Pumps)
 3.96 m – 5.488 m high
 1.35% of GFA
4% of Building GFA
AIR CONDITIONING STANDARDS / AIR CHANGES
Cooling And
De-Humidifying
SUMMER COOLING
Temperatures of 68° to 74° F and 50%
relative humidity are a frequent design average
Heating And
Humidifying
WINTER COOLING
Temperatures 70° to 75° F and relative
humidity of 30% to 35 % are found most
satisfactory
Air Motion
Air Velocity should average 4.57m to
7.60m per minute measured 36” above
the floor
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that
pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid
into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the
piston. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and
travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for
hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.
 Low initial cost
 Ongoing maintenance cost are lower compared to other types
 Uses more energy than other types
 Major Drawback: Hdraulic fluin can sometimes leak and cause a serious
environmental hazard
Conventional
 Have a sheave that extends below the floor of the pit,
which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator
descends
 Max. Travel Distance : 60ft (approx)
Hole-Less
 Have a piston on either side of the cab fixed at the
base of the pit
 Telescoping pistons: 50ft TD
 Non-Telecoping: 20ft TD
NON-SMOKING ROOMS
5ft3 to 7.5ft3 of air / minute / person
Air Supply
SMOKING ROOMS
25ft3 to 40ft3 of air / minute / person
ASHRAE Recommendations
15ft3 to 20ft3 of air / minute / person
0.42m3 to 0.57m3 of air / minute / person
For MOST applications
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and AirConditioning Engineers) is an organization devoted to the advancement of
indoor-environment-control technology in the heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) industry.
Roped
Geared
 Have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which
drives the wheel that moves the ropes
 Capable of travel speeds up to 500 ft / minute
 Max. Travel Distance : 250 ft (approx)
 Medium initial cost, ongoing intial cost, and energy
consumption
Gear-Less






Have the wheel attached to the motor
Capable of travel speeds up to 2000 ft / minute
Max. Travel Distance : 2000 ft (approx)
High initial cost
Medium ongoing maintenance costs
More energy efficient than geared traction elevators
MACHINE-ROOM-LESS (MRL)
 Do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft
 The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the
elevator cab
 Control Boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator
shaft on the highest landing and within 150 ft of the machine
 Capable of travel speeds up to 500 ft / minute
 Max. Travel Distance : 250 ft (approx)
 Medium initial cost and ongoing intial cost
 Low energy consumption compared to geared elevators
 Most popular choice for mid-rise buildings
 Energy efficient
 Requires less space
 Operation reliability are on par with gear-less traction elevators
HISTORY
Elisha Graves Otis
Elevator Safety Brake (1853)
E.V. Haughwout Building
Installed the First Passenger Elevator
(23 March 1857)
Frost and Strutt
Counterbalance-type, Traction-Method Elevator
called the “Taagle” (1853)
Felix Leon Edoux
Hydraulic Elevator (1867)
Siemens
Electric Power Elevator (1880)
Wegster
DC Motor
Norton Otis
First direct-connected geared electric elevator
Mitsubishi Electric Corp.
Leader in the elevator industry
 Use a combination of ropes and a piston
 Max. Travel Distance : 60ft (approx)
TRACTION ELEVATORS
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an
electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise
applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A
counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the
car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight.
 Have height restrictions governed by the length and weight of cables or ropes
 New materials that are stronger and lighter, such as carbon fiber, will allow
traction elevators to achieve new heights.
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 105 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
PRE-STRESSING TENDONS AND DUCTS
COARSE AGGREGATES (Not larger than)
 construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third of spans of
slabs, beams and girders
 joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the width of
intersecting beams
 center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a member
shall not be less than 5db for wire, nor 4db for strands
 1/5 of the Narrowest dimension between side forms
 1/3 the depth of slabs
 ¾ the minimu clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires,
bundles of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts
CURING
 Type I, II, IV, V – maintained above 10°C and in a moist condition for at least
the first 7 days after placement
 High-early strength concrete (Type III) – maintained above 10°C and in a
moist condition for at least the first 3 days after placement
CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE
 they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of
cross section when embedded within a column
 they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of
slab, wall or beam in which they are embedded
 they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on center
 conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in
compression the displaced concrete, provided:
 they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than
standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
 they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are spaced not
less than 3 diameters on centers
 concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed to earth or
weather, or less than 20mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact
with ground
 reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete
section shall be provided normal to the piping
 they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of
cross section when embedded within a column
 they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of
slab, wall or beam in which they are embedded
 they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on center
 conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in
compression the displaced concrete, provided:
 they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard
Schedule 40 steel pipe
 they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are spaced not less
than 3 diameters on centers
 concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed to earth or
weather, or less than 20mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact
with ground
 reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete
section shall be provided normal to the piping
STANDARD HOOKS
 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at free end of bar
 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar
 for stirrup and tie hooks:
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 90-degree bend plus 6db extension at
free end of bar, or
 20 and 25mm diameter bar – 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free
end of bar, or
 25mm diameter bar and smaller – 135-degree bend plus 6db extension at
free end of bar
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETERS
 bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) – 4db (inside diameter)
 bar size of 10mm through 25mm – 6db
 bar size of 28, 32 and 36mm – 8db
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT
 the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not
less than 25mm
 the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more layers shall not
be less than 25mm between layers
 in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance
between longitudinal bars shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40mm
 in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural
reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times the wall or slab
thickness, nor farther than 450mm
BUNDLED BARS




shall be limited to 4 bars in 1 bundle
shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties
bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in beams
individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members
shall terminate at different points with at least 40db stagger
 where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based on bar
diameter db, a unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a
diameter derived from the equivalent total area
 minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the
bundle, but need not be greater than 50mm
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
(NONPRESTRESSED)
 concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm
 concrete exposed to earth or weather:
 20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 50mm
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 40mm
 concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
 slabs, walls, joists:
 45 to 60mm diameter bars – 40mm
 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm
 beams, columns:
 primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals – 40mm
 shells, folded plate members:
 20mm diameter bar and larger – 20mm
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 12mm
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRECAST CONCRETE
 concrete exposed to earth or weather:
 wall panels:
 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 40mm
 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 20mm
 other members:
 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 50mm
 20mm through 36mm diameter bar – 40mm
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 30mm
 concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:
 slabs, walls, joists:
 45mm and 60mm diameter bars – 30mm
 36mm diameter bar and smaller – 15mm
 beams, columns:
 primary reinforcement – db but not less than 15mm and need not
exceed 40mm
 ties, stirrups, spirals – 10mm
 shells, folded plate members:
 20mm diameter bar and larger – 15mm
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 106 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
CONCRETE
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT
STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
 shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than
5 times the slab thickness, or 450mm
 spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m
 flexure without axial load, 0.90
 axial tension and axial tension with flexure, 0.90
 axial compression and axial compression with flexure:
 spiral reinforced, 0.75
 tie reinforce, 0.70
 shear and torsion, 0.85
 bearing on concrete, 0.70
 post-tensioned anchorage zones, 0.85
 concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm
 concrete exposed to earth or weather:
 wall panels, slabs, joists – 25mm
 other members – 40mm
 concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:
 slabs, walls, joists – 20mm
 beams, columns:
 primary reinforcement – 40mm
 ties, stirrups, spirals – 25mm
 shells, folded plate members:
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm
 other reinforcement – db but not less than 20mm
OFFSET BARS
 slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed 1
in 6
 portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column
 lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than 150mm from points
of bend
 offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms
 where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be
offset bent. Separate dowels, lap sliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to
the offset column faces, shall be provided
SPIRALS
 for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm
diameter
 clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25mm
 anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1½ extra turns of spiral
bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit
 spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than 300mm or
welded
 in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or
width of capital is 2 times that of the column
 plain bars shall conform to one of the following specifications:
 ASTM A 615M
 ASTM A 616M
 ASTM A 617M
 plain wire shall conform to: ASTM A 82 – Steel Wire, Plain
T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
 the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded
together
 width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web shall not
exceed:
 ¼ the span length of the beam,
 8 times the slab thickness, or
 ½ the clear distance to the next web
 for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width
shall not exceed:
 1/12 the span length of the beam,
 6 times the slab thickness, or
 ½ the clear distance to the next web
 transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab
thickness, nor 450mm
DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORTS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
 spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times the least width
b of compression flange or face
LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
 minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 3 for
bars within triangular ties, 4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for
bars enclosed by spirals
SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
 shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in prestressed
members or 600mm
JOIST CONSTRUCTION
 ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more
than 3½ times the minimum width of rib
 clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm
 slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12 the clear
distance between ribs nor less than 40mm
 when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not be les than
1/12 the clear distance between ribs, or less than 50mm
 where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab thickness shall be
at least 25mm greater than the total overall depth of the conduits or pipes at
any point
REQUIRED STRENGTH
 dead load and live load
 U = 1.4D + 1.7L
 dead load, live load and wind load
 U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
 U = 0.9D + 1.3W
 dead load, live load and earthquake load
 U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E
 U = 0.99D + 1.1E
WALLS
 minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
 0.0012 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a
specified yield strength not less than 420Mpa, or
 0.0015 – for other deformed bars, or
 0.0012 – for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)
 minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
 0.0020 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a
specified yield strength not less than 420 Mpa, or
 0.0025 – for other deformed bars, or
 0.0020 – for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed)
 in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-16mm
diameter bars shall be provided around all window and door openings. Such
bars shall be extended to develop the bar beyond the corners of the openings
but not less than 600mm
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT (HOOPS)
MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH
NON-BEARING WALLS
 depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for
footings on soil, or not less than 300mm for footings on piles
 thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the least distance
between members that provide lateral support
 the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face of a
supporting member
 maximum spacing of the hoops shall not exceed:
 d/4
 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars
 300mm
 where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more than d/2
throughout the length of the member
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 107 ●
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL STEEL
WELDS
LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS
 weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld preparation not
less than 1½ times the thickness of the material in which the hole is made
 for members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness
ratio preferably should not exceed 200
 for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio
preferably should not exceed 300
ALLOWABLE STRESSES






for tension in structural steel in terms of gross area, 0.60Fy
for tension in structural steel based on effective net area, 0.50Fu
for tension on pin-connected members based on net area, 0.45Fy
for tension on eyebars on the body area, 0.60Fy
for flexural members with compact sections, Fb = 0.66Fy
for flexural members with non-compact sections, Fb = 0.60Fy
PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS
 minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall
not be less than 2/3 of the net area across the pinhole
 width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness
 pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width
 pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the pin diameter
SHEAR CONNECTORS
 shear connectors shall have at least 25mm of lateral concrete cover
 diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2½ times the thickness of the flange
to which they are welded
 minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall be 6 diameters
along the longitudinal axis and 4 diameters transverse to the longitudinal axis
maximum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall not exceed 8 times
the total slab thickness
FASTENERS
 distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall
not be less than 2 2/3 times the nominal diameter of the fastener
 maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of
parts in contact shall be 12 times the thickness of the connected part, but shall
not exceed 150mm
CAMBER
 trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately
the dead-load deflection
 crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be cambered for
approximately the dead-load deflection plus ½ the live-load deflection
Plug and Slot Welds
Groove Welds
 effective area = effective length of the weld x effective throat thickness
 effective length = width of the part joined
 effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration groove weld = thickness of
the thinner part joined
 minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration groove welds =
 3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
 5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
 6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)
 8mm (thicker part joined over 20 to 38mm)
 10mm (thicker part joined over 38 to 57mm)
 12mm (thicker part joined over 57 to 150mm)
 16mm (thicker part joined over 150mm)
 effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld =
 flare bevel groove, 5/16R
 flare V-groove, ½R
 diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be less than the thickness of the
part containing it plus 8mm, nor greater than the minimum diameter plus 3mm
or 2¼ times the thickness of the weld
 minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length
shall be 4 times the width of the slot
 minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction shall be 2 times the
length of the slot
 length of the slot shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the weld
 width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus
8mm, nor shall it be larger than 2¼ times the thickness of the weld
 thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16mm or less thick = thickness of the
material
 thickness of plug or slot welds in material over 16mm thick = ½ the thickness of
the material but not less than 16mm
Fillet Welds
 effective area of fillet welds = effective length x effective throat thickness
 effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest distance from the root of the
joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld
 minimum size of fillet welds =
 3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
 5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
 6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)
 8mm (thicker part joined over 20mm)
 maximum size of fillet welds along edges =
 not greater than the thickness of the material (material less than 6mm
thick)
 not greater than the thickness of the material minus 1.6mm (material
6mm or more in thickness)
 minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis of strength shall
not be less than 4 times its nominal size
 if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the weld should not exceed
¼ its effective length
 effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall not be less
than 4 times the weld size, with a minimum of 38mm
 in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part
joined, but not less than 25mm
 slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts or
members shall, wherever practicable, be returned continuously around the
corners for a distance not less than 2 times the nominal size of the weld
Therefore I tell you, whatever you ask in prayer,
believe that you have received it, and it will be
yours."
-Mark 11:24
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS
IDENTIFICATION OF PIPING BY COLOR AND TAG
MATERIAL PIPED
COLOR
PIPE ID
Air (Low Pressure)
GREEN
L.P. Air
Argon (Low Pressure)
GREEN
L.P. Argon
Helium (Low Pressure)
GREEN
L.P. Helium
Nitrogen(Low Pressure)
GREEN
L.P.-Nitrogen
Water (Cold)
GREEN
Cold Water
Water (Distilled)
GREEN
Distilled Water
Water (Low-Pressure) (Excl. Of fire Service)
GREEN
L.P. Water
Water (Treated)
GREEN
Treated Water
Oil and Water (For hydraulic system)
GREEN
Oil and Water
Acetylene
ORANGE
Acetylene
Blast Furnace Glass
ORANGE
B.F.Gas
Gasoline
ORANGE
Gasoline
Grease
ORANGE
Grease
Hydrogen
ORANGE
Hydrogen
Oxygen
ORANGE
Oxygen
Oil
ORANGE
Oil
Tar
ORANGE
Tar
Producer Gas
ORANGE
Producer Gas
Liquid Petroleum Gas
ORANGE
L. P. Gas
Vacuum (High)
ORANGE
High Vacuum
Oil and Water (For hydraulic system)
ORANGE
Oil and Water
Carbon Dioxide
RED
Carbon Dioxide
Water (Fire Service)
RED
Fire Service Water
Acid
YELLOW
Acid
Air (High pressure)
YELLOW
H.P. Air
Ammonia
YELLOW
Ammonia
Steam (High Pressure)
YELLOW
H.P.Steam
Steam (Low Pressure)
YELLOW
L.P. Steam
Water (Boiler Feed)
YELLOW
Boiler Feed Water
Water (Hot)
YELLOW
Hot Water
Water (High Pressure) (Excl. of Fire service)
YELLOW
H.P. Water
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
LIGHT
SOUND
Luminous Intensity
The luminous flux emitted per unit solid angle
by a light source, expressed in candelas.
Candlepower
Luminous intensity expressed in candelas
Candle
A unit of luminous intensity used prior to
1948, equal to the luminous intensity of a wax
candle of standard specifications.
Candela (Cd)
The basic SI unit of luminous intensity, equal
to the luminous; intensity of a source that
emitsmonochromaticatic radiation of frequency
540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant
intensity of 1/683 watt per steradian. Also
called standard candle
Luminous Flux
The rate of flow of visible light per unit time
expressed in lumen
Lumen (lm)
The SI Unit of luminous flux, equal to the light
emitted in a solid angle of one steradian by a
uniform point
Wavelength
The distance measured in the direction of
propagation of wave from any one point to the
next point of corresponding response
Amplitude
The maximum deviation of a wave or alternating
current from it’s average value
Frequency
The number of cycles per unit time of wave
Hertz (Hz)
The Si Unit of frequency (cycle / s)
Pitch
The predominant frequency of a sound as
perceived by the human ear
Octave
The interval between two frequencies (2:1)
Doppler Effect
An apparent shift in freauency occurring when
an acoustic source and listener are in motion
relative to each other, the frequency increasing
when the source and listener approach each
other and decreasing when they move apart.
Phon
A unit for measuring the apparent loudness of a
sound, equal in number to the decibels of a
1000 Hz reference sound judges by a group of
listeners to be equal in loudness to the given
sound
Sone
A unit for measuring the apparent loudness of a
sound, judged by a group of listeners to be
equal to the loudness of a 1000 Hz reference
sound having an intensity of 40 decibels
A unit for expressing the relative pressure or
intensity of sounds on a uniform scale from 0
(threshold of hearing) to about 130 (threshold of
pain)
Cosine Law
(Lambert’s Law)
The law that the illumination produced on a
surface by a point source is proportional to the
cosine of the angle of incidence
Illumination
(Illuminance)
The intensity of light falling at any given place
on a lighted surface equal to the luminous flux
incident per unit area and expressed in lumens
per unit of area
Lux
SI Unit of illumination (lumen / m2)
Foot-Candle
A Unit of illumination that is everywhere one
foot from a uniform point source of one candela
(lumen / ft2)
Decibel
Lambert (L)
A unit of luminance or brightness
(0.32Cd / cm2)
Speed of Sound
(per second)
Foot-Lambert (fL)
A unit of luminance or brightness
(0.32Cd / ft2)
Sabin
A unit of sound absorption equal to 1 ft2
(0.90m2) of a perfectly absorptive surface
Angstrom (A)
A unit of length equal to one ten-billionth of a
meter, used esp. to express the wavelengths of
radiation.
Metric Sabin
(Absorption Unit)
A unit of sound absorption equal to 1m2 of a
perfectly absorptive surface
Nanometer (nm)
A unit of length equal to one billionth of a
meter, used esp. to express wavelengths of
light in or near the visible spectrum
Phase
A particular point or stage in a periodic cycle or
process.
Norm
Dry Air
Air
Water
Wood
Steel
322m 344m 0.3km 1.4km 3.6km 5.5km
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS