Hamza Gohar 21-11
Immunology CC1
Q1. Explain all mentioned part of antigen and antibody binding with all detail.
Ans. The top part of the antibody is the antigen binding site. This is where the antigen binds to the
antibody. The variable chains are the green colored. The variable ends includes the light and heavy
chains. The constant region is the inner part of the Y shape which is used to destroy the antigen. There
are Disulphide bonds that bind both heavy chains and the lighter chains. This maintains the overall
structure of the antibody polypeptides.
Q2. List and describe all cells of immune system.
Ans. Immune system consists of Lymphocytes ( Tcells and B cells and natural killer cells) , neutrophils
and monocytes.
B cells:- these types of cells produce antibodies when they mature from B cells into plasma cells. They
develop in the bone marrow and matures there and lymph nodes and spleen.
T cells: are immune cells that directly attack pathogens or own cells. They develop into mature T cells in
the thymus.
Neutrophils also known as granulocytes found in blood, they reach the site of infection.
Monocytes they differentiate into macrophages that performs the process of phagocytosis.
Mast Cells: Mast Cells are bone marrow-derived cells. They provide pathogen and helminth protection.
They are responsible for the production of cytokines and lipid mediators.
Natural Killers: They are always on the lookout for pathogens to kill and destroy. Nk cells attach to
pathogens and release a protein called perforin, which causes a hole in the pathogen's plasma
membrane.
T lymphocytes of various kinds, B cells, and certain APCs make up the adaptive immune system.
T Cells: These cells play an important role in cell-mediated immunity. Immunity is divided into two
categories: Cd4- Helper Immunity and Cd4- Helper Immunity. When T cells identify an antigen, they
activate macrophages, as well as work to activate B cells and release cytokines to initiate inflammation.
MHC class 2 molecules must be detected.