TMELINE OF PLACES:
Calamba  Hong Kong  Japan  USA  England 
Paris  Belgium Hong Kong 2ND  Dapitan  Death
RIZAL’S RETURN TO CALAMBA
 August 8, 1887 ; 9:00 PM
 Reasons for returning:
1. To operate on his mother’s eyes (was his 1st
patient)
2. Wanted to serve his people who suffered under
the Spanish regime
3. Wanted to know how his writings in Noli Me
Tangere affected the current status quo of the
Philippines
4. Wanted to know why Leonora Rivera did not
respond to his advances
 Established a clinic
 Made paintings in his spare time (as taught by his Tio
Jose Alberto)
 Called as “Dr. Uliman” - known as German doctor
 Introduced European sports (shooting, fencing) to
discourage gambling
 Opened a gymnasium
 Lt. Jose Taviel Andrade was assigned to Rizal as a
bodyguard
 Governor - General Emilio Terrero advised Rizal to
leave the Philippines
 Wrote the poem “Hymno al Trabajo” or Hymn to
Workers about the workers in Lipa, Batangas
 The Protesta de Calamba
o The Dominicans took advantage of the tenants of
the land in Calamba
o Rizal family owned land and the rent increases
o Family became ”poor”
o Tenants defied the rule (not accepting the status
quo)
o Tenants were evicted from the lands, including
Rizals
o Forced to go to Mindoro
o Dissenting - not just accepting anything,
beginning to question Spanish authority
 The Agrarian protest
 Rizal’s home in Calamba - now called Rizal Shrine
 Stayed for 6 months
RIZAL IN HONGKONG
 Rizal was forced to leave his country for a second
time.
 He was met by Jose Ma. Basa and other Filipinos who
were exiled due to the secularization issue of 1872
 On February 3, 1888 (27 yrs old), Rizal left manila on
board the Zafiro
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On February 7:
o He was sick and sad during the crossing of the
happy choppy China Sea.
o He did not get off his ship when it made brief
stopover at Amoy.
o Three reasons:
- He was not feeling well
- It was raining hard, and
- He heard that the city was dirty.
February 8, 1888 - He arrived in Hong Kong, a British
colony
He was welcomed by Filipino residents
o Jose Maria Basa
o Balbino Mauricio
o Manuel Yriarte (son of Francisco Yriarte alcalde
mayor of Laguna).
In Hong Kong, Rizal stayed at Victoria Hotel.
A Spaniard, Jose Sains de Varanda, who was a former
secretary of governor general terrero shadowed of
Rizal’s movement in Hong Kong. It is believed that he
was commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy
on Rizal.
“Hong Kong,” wrote Rizal to Blumentritt on February
16, 1888, expressing his bitterness.
o is a small, but very clean city.
o Many Portuguese, Hindus, English, Chinese, and
Jews live in it. These are some Filipinos, the
majority of whom being those who had been
exiled to the Marianas Island in 1872.
o They are poor, gentle, and timid. Formerly they
were rich mechanics, industrialist, and financiers.
Rizal Studied Chinese Language, Chinese Drama,
Chinese Theater, Chinese Culture, Chinese Values
On February 18, Rizal, accompanied by Basa, boarded
the ferry steamer kiu-kiang for Macao;
He was surprised to see among the passengers a
familiar figure Sains de varanda
Macao is a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. “The
city of Macao, “wrote Rizal, in his diary, “a small, low,
and gloomy, there are junks, sampans, but few
steamers it looks sad and almost dead,”
In Macao Rizal and Basa stayed at the home of Don
Juan Francisco Lecaros
o Filipino gentlemen married to the Portuguese
lady
o Rich and spent his days cultivating plants and
many of which came from the Philippines
During his two days sojourn in Macao; Rizal visited
the theatre, casino, cathedral, and churches,
pagodas, botanical garden and bazaars.
He also saw the famous grotto of Camoens Portugal
national poet.
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In the evening of February 19, he witness catholic
processions, in which the devotees were dressed
were dressed in blue and purple dresses and were
carrying unlighted candles.
On February 20, Rizal and Basa returned to Hong
Kong again on the board the ferry steamer kiu kiang.
Departure from Hong Kong - February 22, 1888
Rizal left Hong Kong on the Board the Oceanic, an
American steamer.
His destination was Japan. He did not like the meals
on the board but he liked the ship because it was
clean and efficiently managed.
His cabin mate was a British protestant missionary
who had lived in china for 27 years and he knew the
Chinese language Very well.
Rizal called him “a good man”
RIZAL IN JAPAN
 Land of Cherry Blossoms (Feb. 28 – April 13, 1888)
 Rizal left Hong Kong on board of the Oceanic, an
American Steamer on his way to Japan
 February 28, 1888 - Rizal arrives in Yokohama; Stayed
in Grand Hotel
 Next day, he went to Tokyo and stayed at Tokyo
Hotel (March 2-7)
 He wrote to Professor Blumentritt how Tokyo is much
expensive than Paris since the walls are built in a
cyclopean manner and the streets are large and wide.
 Juan Perez Caballero
o Secretary of the Spanish Legation
o Juan Perez Caballero invited him to live at the
Spanish Legation
o He accepted the offer since Rizal being an
intelligent man, realized that the Spanish
diplomatic authorities were instructed from
Manila to monitor his movements in Japan.
o He also wants to economize his living and he has
nothing to hide.
 He studied Japanese Language, Drama, Art of Selfdefense
o During the first day in Tokyo, Rizal was
embarrassed because he did not know the
Japanese language, however, he looked like a
Japanese and very few persons in Tokyo speak
English. To avoid embarrassment, he decided to
study the Japanese language, Japanese drama or
Kabuki, and the Japanese Judo. He also visited
the museum libraries, art galleries and shrines
including Meguro, Nikko, Hakone, and
Miyanoshita.
 Rizal was promenading in the street of Tokyo near a
park. He heard the Tokyo band playing a classical of
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Strauss. While the musicians were conversing to
Rizal’s amazement they were talking in Tagalog both
Rizal and the Musicians were surprised and delighted
to meet one another.
Rizal’s Impression of Japan - He was a keen observer
taking copious notes on the life, customs, and culture
of the people.
o Beauty of the country
o Cleanliness
o Picturesque dress and simple charm of
Japanese woman
o Very few thieves
o Beggars are rarely seen
o Downside:
Mode
of
transportation
(Rickshaw- way a human being was employed
like a horse.)
O-Sei San
o A samurai’s daughter of 23 years old and had
never experienced true love
o Usui – San, her father; a store owner
o A woman of beauty, charm, modesty, and
intelligence
o He met a beautiful girl while walking past the
Legation gate. He made inquiries among the
Legation employees and learned that she was
Seiko Usui. The following afternoon, Rizal and the
Japanese gardener waited at the legation gate
and watched for the girl. They met and
introduced himself a as physician from Manila
who was a guest of the Spanish Legation.
o Affinity of interest paved the way of their
romance
o O-Sei-San helped Rizal to improve his knowledge
on Nippongo
o Rizal’s great love is attested by the hero’s diary
o They met daily since Rizal was a lonely Physician
of 27 years old, disillusioned by his frustrated
romance with Leonor Rivera and embittered by
Spanish injustices at home. O-Sei-San was a
lonely samurai’s daughter of 23 years old and had
never yet experienced true love. Both filled each
other’s void.
o O-Sei-San had the qualities of an ideal womanbeauty, charm, modesty, and intelligence. She
saw Rizal as a man of gallantry, dignity, courtesy,
and versatile talents.
o O-Sei-San is Rizal’s sweetheart, guide,
interpreter, and tutor. She tempted Rizal to
settle down in Japan but then the world, in
general, and the Philippines, in particular, would
have lost Rizal. On the eve of His departure, he
wrote on his diary his great love for O-Sei-San
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Tetcho Suehiro
o A fighting Japanese journalist, novelist, champion
of human rights, who was forced by the
government to leave Japan.
o On the way to United States, Suehiro wrote the
book “Dead Traveler” in this book, he described
his travel from Japan to us
o Also, he wrote another book, “Storm over the
Southern Sea” which is similar to Jose Rizal Noli
me Tangere
o Three years later (1894), Suehiro published
another novel entitled ‘O-unabara’ (The Big
Ocean) which resembles El Filibusterismo.
o At the voyage from Yokohama, Tetcho Suehiro
was miserably alone for he knew only his own
Japanese language, Rizal who knew many foreign
languages, including Japanese, befriended him
and acted his interpreter during their trip from
Yokohama to London. Both were valiant patriots,
and men of peace.
April 13. 1888 - He left Japan with a heavy heart and
was bound to go to the United States
RIZAL IN USA
 April 28, 1888
o The steamer Belgic, with Rizal on board, docked
at San Francisco on Saturday morning.
o He was placed in quarantine for 6 days on board
the Belgic anchored off San Francisco Bay.
 American health authorities did not let the
passengers to land for one week because of the
rumored cholera epidemic.
 He soon discovered that it was motivated by politics
and the ship was carrying 643 Chinese coolies.
 May 4, 1888
o The day he was permitted to go ashore and
registered at the Palace Hotel which was then
considered a first- class hotel in the city.
o Rizal boarded at the Palace Hotel, San Francisco,
California. He went around for observation of the
city.
 May 4 to 6, 1888 – Rizal stayed in San Francisco
 May 6, 1888 – Rizal left San Francisco on Sunday, 4:30
P.M., for Oakland by ferry boat.
 May 7, 1888 – it was morning, Rizal awoke and had a
good breakfast at Reno, Nevada, now glamorized by
American high-pressure propaganda as “The Biggest
Little City in the World”.
 May 7 to May 13, Rizal wrote in his diary the
beautiful memories from Nevada, Chicago until he
reached Albany.
 Oakland – First Stop via ferryboat
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VIA TRAIN:
o Sacramento - Where he ate his supper 75 cents
and slept at his couch.
o Reno, Nevada – where he had his breakfast.
o Ogden, Utah – where he saw Mormons, thickly
populated.
o Denver, Colorado – a lot of snow and pine trees.
o Omaha, Nebraska – Omaha, City, as big as San
Francisco
o Missouri River – twice as big as Pasig River.
o Chicago – every cigar store has an Indian figure,
and always different.
o Albany – where he saw the Hudson River.
New York
o May 13, 1888 – He reached Albany and later
traveled along the bank of the Hudson River.
o This day was the end of his transcontinental trip.
Sunday morning, Rizal reached New York, thus
ending his trip across the American.
o He boarded on Fifth Avenue Hotel.
May 16, 1888
o He left New York for Liverpool on board the City
of Rome.
o According to Rizal, this steamer was “the second
largest ship in the world, the largest being the
Great Eastern”
RIZAL’S GOOD IMPRESSION OF AMERICA
o the material progress of the country as shown in
the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries
and busy factories
o the drive and energy of the American people
o the natural beauty of the land
o the high standard of living
o the opportunities for better life offered to poor
immigrants
o progressive and prosperous country
RIZAL’S BAD IMPRESSION OF AMERICA
o The lack of racial equality: “America is the land
par excellence of freedom but only for the whites
o Racial prejudice
o DISCRIMINATION
1890 – two years after Rizal’s visit to the United
States, Jose Alejandro, who was then studying
engineering in Belgium, roomed with him on 38 Rue
Philippe Champagne, Brussels.
RIZAL IN ENGLAND
 Historiography
 After visiting the United States, Rizal lived in London
from May 1888 to March 1889
 Jose Rizal reached Liverpool,England on May 24,1888
 He was met by Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
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Three Reasons why Rizal went to London
1. to improve his knowledge of the english language
2. Study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas
3. London was a safe place for him to carry on his
fight against spanish tyranny.
According to Rizal,Liverpool is a big and beautiful city
and its celebrated port is worthy of its great fame.
The entrance is magnificent and customhouse is quite
good
May 25 1888, after docking at Liverpool, Rizal went to
London. For a short time he stayed as a guest at the
home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an exile of 1872
and a practising lawyer in London.
By the end of May, he found a modest boarding place
at No.37 Chalcot Crescent,Primrose Hill. Rizal was one
of the boarders of the Beckett family.
The Beckett home was to Rizal conveniently located.
It was near the public parks and was within easy
walking distance to the British Museum.
Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on
Malayan languages and customs. He called Rizal “a
pearl of a man” (una perla de hombre). He gladly
recommended him to the authorities of the British
Museum
Rizal spent much of his time in the British Museum
poring over the pages of Morga’s Sucesos and other
rare historical works over the Philippines
He frequently visited Dr. Regidor and discussed with
him the problems pertaining to Philippine Affairs
Rizal spent Sundays in the house of Dr.Rost, with
whom he had many pleasant discussions on
linguistics.
Both good and bad news from home reached Rizal in
London. Of the bad news were the injustices
committed by the Spanish authorities on the Filipino
people and the Rizal Family
Bad News:
1. Persecution of Filipino patriots who signed the
Anti-friar petition of 1888 presented by Dorotheo
Cortez
2. Persecution of Calamba tenants including Rizal’s
family and relatives for courage to petition the
government for agrarian reform
3. Furious attacks on Rizal by Sen. Salamanca and
Vida in the Spanish Cortes, in Spanish
newspapers
4. Manuel Hidalgo, husband of Saturnina was exiled
to Bohol without due process
5. Friend of Rizal in UST. Laureano Viado, was
arrested because copies of Noli Me Tangere was
found in his house
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Good News
1. Vicente Garcia’s defense of Noli Me Tangere
against the attacks of the friars
Annotating Morga’s book
o The greatest achievement of Rizal in London was
the annotating of Morga’s book, Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the Philippines
Islands),which as published in Mexico, 1609
Rizal was able to meet the reason behind his travel in
London and made a difference during his stay.
RIZAL IN PARIS
 UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION (1889)
o Difficulty to find quarters (March 1889)
o Universal Exposition will be opened on May 6,
1889
o Lived with Valentin Ventura, at No. 45 Rue
Maubeuge
o Rizal lived in a little room with:
- Capitan
Justo
Trinidad
former
Gobernadorcillo of Santa Ana, Manila
- Jose Albert - a young student from Manila
 Rizal spent most of his time in
o Biblioteque Nationale continued his research on
Philippine History, he is checking historical
annotation on Morga’s book
o He also visit gymnasium for his daily exercises
and visiting his friends
o write letters to his family in his living quarters
 In his spare hours, Rizal dined at the homes of Pardo
de Taveras, Venturas, Bousteads, Lunas
 Don Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
o He was a good friend of the three pardo de
tavera
 Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera
o Physician by vocation
o Philologist by avocation
 Dr. Felix Pardo de Tavera
o Physician by vocation
o Artist and sculptor by avocation
 Paz Pardo de Tavera
o Wife of Juan Luna
o When Andres (Luling) was born, Rizal
(godfather) chose the name of their second
child
“Maria de La Paz Blanca Laureana
Hermenegilda Juana Luna y Pardo de Tavera
 Rizal and Paris Exposition of 1889
o Rizal was fascinated by the universal exposition.
The greatest attracted was the Eiffel tower built
by Alexander Eiffel, celebrated French engr.
o The highlighted feature of the exposition is that
the international art competition
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- Luna and Tavera obtained 3rd prize
- Hidalgo - 2nd place
- Rizal’s entry was a bust - no prize
Kidlat Club
o Temporary Social Society
o March 19,1889- Organized his Paisanos
(compatriots)
o Members:
Antonio and Juan Luna, Gregorio Aguilera,
Fernando Canon, Lauro Dimayuga, Julio Llorente,
Guilermo Puatu, Baldomero Roxas
o To bring together young Filipinos in French
capital to enjoy the Universal Exposition
o Wrote a letter to Blumnetritt saying this club will
last only during exposition
Indios Bravos
o “Brave Indians”
o Replaced Kidlat Club
o Members pledged to excel in intellectual and
physical prowess to win admiration of
foreigners(Spaniards)
o Rizal taught them how to use pistol, sword,
o taught them about judo- Asian art of self defense
that he learned in japan
R.D.L.M. Society- Redencion Redemption of the
Malays) de los Malayos
o This secret society was mentioned in only 2
letters:
o (1)Rizal’s letter to Jose Maria Basa, Paris,
September 21, 1889
o (2)Rizal’s Letter to Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Paris,
November 4, 1889
- Members: Gregorio Aguilera, Jose Ma. Basa,
Julio Llorente, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano
Ponce, Baldomero Roxas, Father Jose Maria
Changco, Gregorio Aguilera, Jose Ma.
Basa, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Ponce
o Aim: Propagation of all useful knowledge—
scientific, artistic, literary, etc.–- in the
Philippines, Redemption of the Malay Race
o Max Havelaar (1860) - Multatuli( E.D. Dekker,
Dutch author) - exposed the miserable conditions
of the oppressed Malay inhabitants of the
Netherlands East Indies under Dutch rule
o February 23, 1892- Letter to Blumentritt, from
Rizal “To be a leader of freedom, if not in the
Philippines, then in other lands “In Borneo”
Annotated Edition of Morga Published
o Publication in 1890
o Printed by Garnier Freres
o Prologue by Prof. Blumentritt
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2 things which reveals Rizal’s error
1. Appraising the events of the past in the light
of present standards.
2. attack on the Catholicism
o Proved that Filipinos were already civilized before
the advent of Spain.
o Written in the British museum
Comment on Morga’s Publication Date
o October 12, 1889 – Blumentritt received the
edition (Leitmeritz)
o December 28, 1889 – Rizal sent copies to Dr.
Baldomero Roxas from Paris to Lipa
o December 31, 1889 – Mariano Ponce received
the book
He dedicated his new edition of Morga to the Filipino
people so that they would know of their glorious
past. His dedication is as follows:
LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS / "The Indolence of
the Filipino,“
o Explained the alleged idleness of his people
during the Spanish colonization.
o Study of the causes why the people did not, as
was said, work hard during the Spanish regime.
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FILIPINOLOGISTS
o Paris, 1889 by the Bohemian scientist Dr.
Ferdinand Blumentritt and Philippine national
hero Dr. José Rizal
o AIM: “to study the Philippines from the scientific
and historical point of view.”
o President: Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian)
o Secretary: Dr. Jose Rizal (Filipino)
o Is an unaccredited international organization of
Filipino and non-Filipino intellectuals
o Though a self-recognized convention, it was
never accredited and recognized by the French
government leading to its dissolution in August
1889
o August 1889 - scheduled holding of the inaugural
convention
o Renowned Scholars In Europe: Dr. Reinhold Rostir
, Henry Yule, Dr. Feodor Jagor , Dr. A.B. Meyer,
Dr. H. Kern, Dr. Czepelak
Project For Filipino College In Hongkong
o Aim: “to train and educate men of good family
and financial means in accordance with the
demands of modern times and circumstances”
o Mr. Mariano Cunanan - who promised Rizal to
help him raise money as initial capital for college.
o 40,000pesos- initial capital
Por Telefono
o An answer to Fr. Salvation Font, a friar who
attacked Noli Me Tangere
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Christmas In Paris
o Rizal and Jose Albert- who were living frugally in a
small room occupied by Capitan Justo Trinidad.
o After New Year- brief visit in London
o Two theoretical reasons:
1. To check up his annotated edition of Morga’s
Sucesos with the original copy in the British
Museum.
2. To see Gertrude Beckett for the last time.
o Rizal’s last Christmas dinner in Paris
o Middle of January 1890 - Rizal was back in Paris;
He complained of a terrible headache.
RIZAL IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM
 January 28, 1890 – Rizal left Paris for Brussels. He left
because of his money was dwindling. The cost of
living in Paris was very high because of the universal
exposition.
 February 2, 1890 – Rizal arrived in Brussels from
Paris.
 In Brussels, Rizal was busy writing his second novel,
the continuation of Noli Me Tangere. Aside from
writing its chapters, he wrote articles for La
Solidaridad and letters to his family and friends.
 For recreation he had gymnastics at the gymnasium
and target practice and fencing at the armory.
 ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN LA SOLIDARIDAD
1. “A La Defensa” (To La Defensa)
- This was in response to the anti-Filipino
writing by Patricio de la Escosura published
by La Defensa on March 30, 1889 issue.
- Written on April 30, 1889, Rizal’s article
refuted the views of Escosura, calling the
readers’ attention to the insidious influences
of the friars to the country.
2. “La Verdad Para Todos” (The Truth for All)
- “This was Rizal’s counter to the Spanish
charges that the natives were ignorant and
depraved. On May 31, 1889, it was published
in the La Solidaridad.
3. "VICENTE BARRANTES’ TEATRO TAGALO”
- The first installment of Rizal’s “Vicente
Barrantes” was published in the La
Solidaridad on June 15, 1889. In this article,
Rizal exposed Barrantes’ lack of knowledge
on the Tagalog theatrical art.
4. “Una
Profanacion”
(A
Desecration/A
Profanation)
- Published on July 31, 1889, this article
mockingly attacked the friars for refusing to
give Christian burial to Mariano Herbosa,
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Rizal’s brother in law, who died of cholera in
May 23, 1889.
- Being the husband of Lucia Rizal (Jose’s
sister), Herbosawas denied of burial in the
Catholic cemetery by the priests.
5. “VerdadesNuevas”(New Facts/New Truths)
- In this article dated July 31, 1889, Rizal
replied to the letter of Vicente Belloc Sanchez
which was published on July 4, 1889 in ‘La
Patria’, a newspaper in Madrid. Rizal
addressed Sanchez’s allegation that provision
of reforms to the Philippines would devastate
the diplomatic rule of the Catholic friars
6. “CRUELDAD” (CRUELTY)
- Dated August 15, 1889, this was Rizal’s witty
defense of Blumentritt from the libelous
attacks of his enemies.
7. “DIFERENCIAS” (DIFFERENCES)
- Published on September 15, 1889, this article
countered the biased article entitled “Old
Truths” which was printed in La Patria on
August 14, 1889. “Old Truths” ridiculed those
Filipinos who asked for reforms.
8. “Inconsequencias” (Inconsequences)
- The Spanish Pablo Mir Deas attacked Antonio
Luna in the Barcelona newspaper “El Pueblo
Soberano”. As Rizal’s defense of Luna, he
wrote this article which was published on
November 30, 1889.
9. “LLANTO Y RISAS” (TEARS AND LAUGHTER)
- Dated November 30, 1889, this article was a
condemnation of the racial prejudice of the
Spanish against the brown race. Rizal
remembered that he earned first prize in a
literary contest in 1880. He narrated
nonetheless how the Spaniard and mestizo
spectators stopped their applause upon
noticing that the winner had a brown skin
complexion.
10. “Ingratitudes” (Ingratitude)
- Dated January 15, 1890, this article was the
hero’s reply to Governor General Weyler who
told the people in Calamba that they “should
not allow themselves to be deceived by the
vain promises of their ungrateful sons.” The
statement was made as a reaction to Rizal’s
project of relocating the oppressed and
landless Calamba tenants to North Borneo.
NEW ORTHOGRAPHY OF TAGALOG LANGUAGE
o Rizal was the first to advocate the Filipinization of
its orthography.
o The Tagalog k and w should be used instead of
the Spanish c and o.
o
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As early as in September, 1886, Rizal adopted
Filipino Tagalog orthography.
o His article entitled "Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de
la Lengua Tagala" (The New Orthography of The
Tagalog Language) was published in La
Solidaridad on April 15, 1890.
o In the article he laid down the rules of the new
Tagalog orthography.
Rizal received a letter that Filipino in Spain were
destroying the good name of heir nation by gambling
too much.
Rizal wrote to M.H. del Pilar on May 28, 1890 to
remind the Filipinos in Mandrid that they did not
come to Europe to gamble, but to work for their
Fatherland's freedom.
The gambling Filipinos in Mandrid were angry when
they learned of Rizal's moralizing. They derisively
called him "Papa" instead of "Pepe"
Bad News From Home.
o The Calamba agarian trouble was getting worse.
o The Dominican hacienda continually raised the
land rents until such time Rizal's father refused to
pay his rent.
o The Dominican order filed a suit in court to
dispossess the Rizal Family of their lands in
Calamba. The tenants and Rizal family was
persecuted.
Rizal feared that he would not live long. He was not
afraid to die, but he wanted to finish his second
novel, the second volume of Noli before he went to
his grave.
Preparation To Go Home
o In the face of the sufferings which afflicted his
family, Rizal planned to go home.
o He wrote to Ponce dated July 18, 1890, he
expressed his determination to go home.
o All his friends including Blumentritt, Jose Ma.
Basa, and Ponce, were horrified by Rizal's plan to
return to the Philippines.
o Rizal ignored the dire warning of his friends. No
threat of danger could change his plans.
RIZAL 2ND TIME IN HONGKONG
 On October 3, 1891, two weeks after the publication
of the El Fili, Rizal left and bid farewell with his
friends.
 On the trip, he brought 600 copies of the El Fili and a
recommendation from Juan Luna.
 Arrived in Hong Kong on November 20, 1891
 Was welcomed by the Filipino residents especially his
old friend Jose Ma Basa
 He established his residence and his Medical Clinic at
No. 5 D’Aguilar Street, No. 2 Rednaxela Terrace.
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Dec. 1, 1891 his brother-in-law Manuel T. Hidalgo
sent him a letter relating to the sad news of the
“Deportation of 25 persons from Calamba” including
his father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest
of the Rizal family.
Before Christmas of 1891, his father, brother-in-law
followed by his 3 sisters and his mother arrived the
year before his mother was forced to walk from
Calamba to Sta. Cruz. The Spanish Governor of
Laguna pitied her and set her free.
Christmas of 1891 was one of the happiest
celebrations in Rizal’s life and he wrote a letter to
Bluementritt recounting their pleasant life in Hong
Kong.
Opthalmic surgeon in Hong Kong
Since Rizal has practiced medicine, a Portuguese
physician and his friend Dr. Lorenzo P. Margues
helped him gain clients and turned over to him many
of his eye cases.
Rizal became successful and well-known medical
practitioner and successfully operated his mother’s
left eye
Met Nellie Boustead
BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT - Rizal conceived
the establishment of Filipino colony in North Borneo
(Sabah). He planned to move the landless Filipino
families to that rich British-owned island and carve
out of its virgin wildness a “New Calamba”.
Translated “The Rights of Man” from French to
Tagalog “Ang Mga Karapatan ng Tao”
Wrote 1st chapter of 3rd novel “Makamisa” in Tagalog.
Wrote A la Nacion Española / To the Spanish Nation appeal to Spaniards to right the wrongs done to the
Calamba ntenants
He continued his writings and the most important
one was the Constitution of La Liga Filipina, an
association of patriotic Filipinos for civic purposes
and was then sent to Domingo Franco in Manila.
May 1892 - he made up his mind to return to Manila
for reasons such as:
o To establish La Liga Filipina
o Prove Eduardo de Lete was wrong in stating that
Rizal abandoned the country by staying in Hong
Kong.
His relatives and friends opposed him from returning
home.
On June 20, the day after his 31st birthday, he wrote
two letters
o first being addressed to his family and friends
o second to the Filipinos
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Left Hong Kong in June 21, 1892 with his sister Lucia
after being given a special passport by the Spanish
consul general in Hong Kong.
After Rizal’s departure from Hong Kong, the Spanish
consul-general issued the government guarantee of
safety and sent a cablegram to Governor Despusol
that the victim is in the trap.
On the same day, (June 21) a secret case was file in
Manila against Rizal and his followers for “antireligious and anti-patriotic agitation”
Wanted to return to the Philippines to face Despujol
on the North Borneo project since he remained silent
on the petition.
o
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RIZAL’S EXILE IN DAPITAN
 Exile - period of forced absence from one’s home
country
 He met with Apolinario Mabini, Andres Bonifacio,
Antonio Salvador, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Deodato
Arellano, and other patriots in Ilaya Streeet and
formed the La Liga Filipina.
 Handbills were found in Lucia's pillows entitled
"Pobres Frailes". Jose Rizal admitted that those bills
belonged to him and was arrested by Despujol.
 He was ordered exiled to Dapitan, North Zamboanga.
 Rizal was handed over to Captain Ricardo Carnicero,
the political military governer of Dapitan, in an
isolated Spanish outpost in Northern Mindanao.
 One of the passengers was Fr. Pablo Pastells, S.J. Marian Congregation, 2nd grade teacher
 He won in a lottery with Captain Carnicero and
Francisco Equitor. He bought land in Talisay, had a
house, clinic, and a school constructed on his land.
 Lottery ticket #9736; won 20k but share is only 6kl 2
peseta (Spanish currency)
 He continued to correspond and send various species
of plants, animals, and insects to other European
scientists
o Darco Rizali - flying lizards
o Rachophorus Rizali - rare type of frog
o Apagonia Rizali - small beetle
 Constructed a huge relief map of Mindanao at the
town place with the help of Fr. Sanchez.
 Helped in the livelihood of the people.
o He modeled an invention on a Belgian example of
making bricks.
o He taught the people to run a cooperative to
ensure they have an income from buying and
selling abaca and its products.
 The poems that was written while he was in Dapitan:
o "EL CANTO DEL VIAJERO" / Song of the Wanderer
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"A RICARDO CARNICERO" / To Don Ricardo
Carnicero
He did an operation on his mother's eyes. She did not
follow instructions so it was infected but treated.
Studied the native medicinal plants of Dapitan so he
could prescribe those to his patients.
Mr. George Tauffer was brought to him in Dapitan
with Josephine Bracken.
Josephine Bracken - Irish 18 yr old, adopted, became
his wife without the Church’s blessings
Dr. Pio Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan with a blind
man, Raymundo Mata. Dr. Valenzuela imparted to
Jose Rizal the intents of the Revolution.
Dr. Blumentritt updated Rizal on world events. He
suggested that Rizal volunteer his services to the
Spanish Government and join forces as a doctor in
Cuba as a means to end his exile.
Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco granted Rizal's request. On
July 30, 1896, he was granted a safe conduct pass.
Rizal returned to Manila on board the steamer
Espana.
DEATH OF RIZAL
 Rizal was exiled in Dapitan for 4 years and was finally
ending it through offering his services to the Spanish
Government.
 Governor-General Ramon Blanco permitted Rizal to
travel to Cuba to serve in the Spanish army as a
military doctor.
 Steamer España arrived in Manila on August 6, 1896
which brought Rizal from Dapitan to Manila. He again
waited for another ship that will bring him to
Barcelona, Spain and eventually to Cuba.
 After a month in Manila, he finally boarded on a ship
going to Barcelona, Spain. Rizal was on board on Isla
de Panay ship when the Philippine Revolution broke
out on August 23, 1896. He received news about him
causing the revolution while on board.
 Aug 23 - Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugadlawin tearing of cedulas; beginning of revolution
 Rizal was investigated and was suspected of being the
Revolution’s leader. Thus, by the order the ship
captain received, Rizal was arrested and was confined
in his cabin while cruising the Mediterranean Sea.
 Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona, Spain on October
6, 1896.
 Rizal was transferred in the military prison called
Montjuich Castle. He stayed in the prison for a brief
moment to wait for another ship to deport him back
in Manila.
 In the prison, the officer in charge who interviewed
Rizal was General Eulogio Despujol who also
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happened to be the one who arrested and exiled him
in Dapitan.
8pm, later that day, Rizal was transferred on the SS
Colon ship going back to Manila. He was given a
second class cabin and was held incommunicado in
the ship.
As soon as the SS Colon ship reached the Manila port
on November 3, 1896, Rizal was brought directly to
his cell in Fort Santiago.
Several Filipino patriots are also in Fort Santiago
including his brother, Paciano who were tortured to
implicate Rizal.
Starting from November 20, 1896, the preliminary
investigation for Rizal began and it was led by Judge
Advocate Francisco Olive. They presented evidences
in the form of documentary and testimonials.
Judge Olive handed over the report on the case to
Governor-General Ramon Blanco who then appointed
a special judge, Judge Advocate Rafael Dominguez to
take action upon Rizal’s case.
The authorities sent Rizal a limited list of lawyers to
choose from as his defender. He chose Lt. Luis Taviel
de Andrade as his trial lawyer.
On December 11, 1896, Rizal was formally given his
charges on his prison cell. Rizal was convicted with
the charges of rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy.
Two days after, Governor-General Blanco withdraw
his position and was replaced by Camilo de Polavieja.
He was the one who ordered the judge to proceed
the trial of Rizal’s case.
Jose Rizal wrote a manifesto to appeal the Filipino
people to end the violent revolution. He pleaded to
achieve their liberties through education and a
peaceful dialogue within the authorities. The
manifesto written, however, was suppressed by the
Spanish authorities to be released in the public.
It was on December 26, 1896 when the trial of Rizal
began in Cuartel de España. The court-martial voted
for a guilty verdict against Rizal. Everyone in the court
applauded Rizal’s penalty of death before a firing
squad.
Governor Polavieja signed the death verdict on
December 28, 1896.
On December 29, 1896, Judge Dominquez announced
Rizal’s death sentence on 7:00 am of the next day in
Bagumbayan.
Jose Rizal wrote his last poem of 14 stanzas in a small
piece of paper. The poem was entitled “Mi Ultimo
Adios” which means My Last Farewell.
Later on, Rizal told Judge Dominquez that he already
forgiven the people who condemned his trial.
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On the day of Rizal’s death sentence, December 30,
1896, Rizal was given the opportunity to write letters
to his brother and family. They also allowed him to
bid his farewell to his beloved wife, Josephine
Bracken.
Rizal started the procession of his last walk from Fort
Santiago to the Bagumbayan Field.
At 7:00 am, Jose Rizal arrived in the Bagumbayan
Field.
Standing on the grassy lawn, he was ordered to turn
his back against the firing squad.
Executed when the command of “Fuego” was heard.
Rizal died exactly at 7:03 am with his final words of
“Consummatum est” which means “It is finished.”
Rizal’s sister Narcisa found the location where his
body was secretly buried in Paco Cemetery
She placed a marble plaque designed by Doroteo
Onjungco with a mark of Rizal’s initials in reverse-RPJ
Died at 35 yrs old
WOMEN IN THE LIFE OF RIZAL
1. Segunda Katigbak
o Met because Rizals friend Mariano Katigbak was
his brother
o Relationship was hopeless right from the very
start because Segunda was already set to marry a
fellow-townsman in Batangas, Manuel Luz.
o They Met At Lipa, Batangas.
o She was Rizals puppy love.
2. Leonor Valenzuela
o House of Dona Concha Leyva in Intramuros, as his
neighbor.
o Rizal was always welcome at the Valenzuela
home.
o He eventually courted Leonor by sending her love
notes, which he wrote in invisible ink made from
a mixture of water and table salt.
o He taught Leonor how to read his letters by
heating them over a lamp or a candle to allow the
words to surface,
o Rizal visited her on the eve of his departure to
Spain.
3. Leonor Rivera
o Jose Rizal’s childhood sweetheart betrothed
o The inspiration of Maria Clara in Noli Me Tangere
o They separated due to Leonor marrying Henry
Kipping
o Op of being dubbed as Jose Rizal’s “childhood
sweetheart,” “betrothed,” and “lover by
correspondence,” she was widely considered as
the hero’s “true love”.
o
From Camiling, Tarlac was the daughter of
Antonio Rivera and Silvestra Bauzon. Leonor’s
father who was one of the few persons who
conspired in Jose’s ‘secret’ departure to Spain is a
cousin of the hero’s father, Francisco Mercado.
4. Consuelo Ortiga y Perez
o They met at the home of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey
o Rizal dedicated to her A la Senorita C.O. y R.,
which became one of his best poems
- The poem speaks of Rizal not being happy
and definitely confused on the relationship
he has with Consuelo
o Rizal backed out before it became too serious.
o Consuelo Ortiga y Rey was considered the
prettier of the daughters of Don Pablo Ortiga y
Rey, the Spanish liberal and former mayor of
Manila who became vice-president of the Council
of the Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies.
o Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey-Very supportive to the
Filipinos in Madrid, Don Pablo’s house was the
common meeting place of ‘Circulo HispanoFilipino’ members like Rizal
5. O-Sei-San
o They met at Tokyo, Japan
o She introduced Rizal to Japanese culture teaching
him to write Japanese characters and paint in the
Japanese- style.
o They broke up because Rizal still needs finish his
work
o Seiko had an upbringing that gave her fluency in
English and a bit of French. She was described as
shy yet she served as Rizal’s interpreter, and
accompanied him on sightseeing trips around
Japan
6. Gertude Beckett
o While Rizal was in London annotating the Sucesos
de las Islas Filipinas, he boarded in the house of
the Beckett family, within walking distance of the
British Museum.
o Rizal gave her a group carving as a sign of their
brief relationship
o He left her because Rizal realized he has a greater
mission to fulfill
o Gertrude, a blue-eyed and buxom girl was the
oldest of the three Beckett daughters. She fell in
love with Rizal. Tottie helped him in his painting
and sculpture. But Rizal suddenly left London for
Paris to avoid Gertrude, who was seriously in love
with him.
7. Suzanne Jacoby
o They met at Brussels, Belgium
o His landladies had a pretty niece named Petite
Suzanne Jacoby. She was taken by Rizal's charm
and gallantry, and provided him good company.
o Rizal could have flirted with the lady, considering
that his beloved Leonor was far away and he was
a lonely man in a strange and foreign land, but he
realized he could not deceive her.
o Rizal left Suzanne when he went to Madrid in July
1890
8. Nellie Boustead
o They met at the Boustead family's residence, Villa
Eliada in France
o They did not end in marriage because Rizal
refused to be converted to the Protestant faith
death
o Because of this girl Rizal and Juan Luna almost
dueled to the death
o Nelly was the mestiza daughter of a Filipina and a
wealth French English merchant whose house
was frequented by Filipinos in France
9. Josephine Bracken
o They met at Dapitan
o Adopted daughter of George Tauffer from Hong
Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye
treatment.
o Rizal regarded Josephine as his wife until his last
breath
o The lonely Rizal was attracted to Josephine who
was a happy character despite having lived a
difficult life with her adoptive father
Lesson: If he cannot love others, how much more a
country?
ORIENTALISM BY EDWARD SAID
 Published on 1978
 Born - November 1, 1935
 Died - September 24, 2003 (Age of 67)
 Palestinian/American writer
 What is Orientalism??
o Orientalism is the imitation or depiction of
aspects in the Eastern world.
o Usually done by writers, designers, and artists
from the West.
o In particular, Orientalist painting, depicting more
specifically "the Middle East"
 Academic discourse has begun to use the term
"Orientalism" to refer to a general patronizing
Western attitude towards Middle Eastern, Asian, and
North African societies
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In Said's analysis, the West essentializes these
societies as static and undeveloped—thereby
fabricating a view of Oriental culture that can be
studied, depicted, and reproduced.
 Orientalism is a critique of the study of the Orient
and its ideology
 Introduces the concept of Orientalism, a force that
has shaped Western (Occidental) academic
scholarship, cultural imagination and production, and
public policy concerning the space known as the
Orient
 Explores the hierarchal relationship between the
West and East (Occident and Orient)
 According to Edward Said,Europeans divided the
world into two parts; the east and the west or the
occident and the orient or the civilized and the
uncivilized
 Occidents
o Sought to dominate the Eastern world
o Colonized the Orients
o Views themselves as the superior race compared
to the orientals
o They shaped the orientals the way they perceived
them
 Orients
o Easter Countries (Middle East and Asia
o Colonized by the Orients
o Regarded as uncivilized people
o Lazy, Irrational, uncivilized, crudeness
 According to Said
o Orientalism was created by Europe
o European culture gained strength and identity by
setting itself off against the Orient as a sort of
surrogate and even underground self
o They made the Orientals adopt their Religion and
Culture and defined Orientals according to their
own understanding
o The Occident set themselves as the standards to
which the orients must follow
Notes from Lecture:
 There is a division, a boundary. The globe is divided
based on spatial analysis. This alienates the occident
from the orient. It connotes that oriental countries
are inferior, underdeveloped and static. This sees
geographic location as a determinant of power. There
is an asymmetry of power. There is a hegemonic rule
of country. The orient is the favorite subject of the
west.
 Europe was the center of development. The
Europeans call the counties “Near east” or “Far East”.
They call themselves the first among equals, “Primus
inter pares”.
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Connection to subject: The Philippines is “Pearl of the
Orient”, we are part of the Orient. The orient has a
tendency to copy the West and think that they are
more advanced. This resulted to the patronization of
the West. Contrary to that, there are Eastern counties
that are developed. We should appreciate our
identity and slash the idea that the west is superior.
Invoke nationalism and patriotism. Love our own
country.
The idea of development for the West is different
from that of the East. Development is a
multidimensional concept. The West focuses on
economic development and. Development projects
by foreigners need to understand first the community
they are helping.